Franz Josef Haydn
| Franz Josef Haydn Franz Joseph Haydn | |
|---|---|
 Portrait by Thomas Hardy | |
| Basic information | |
| Another name | Symphonic father Father of the string quartet |
| The birth | 1732March 31 |
| Hometown |  Holy Roman Empire、Lower Austria grand duke country、Low bamboo pipe-stem |
| Death | 1809May 31 Empire, Vienna, Austria |
| Genre | Classical music |
| Activity period | 1740-1809 |
Franz Josef Haydn (Franz Joseph Haydn, March 31, 1732 kneader Esther Reich state low bamboo pipe-stem ) - May 31, 1809 Vienna, the Austrian composer that but Eisenstadt) represents classicism as for the corpse. In addition, younger brother Michael Haydn leaves the name as a composer, too.
I compose many symphonies, string quartet and am called symphonic father, father of the string quartet.
The melody of "protect emperor Franz God" is used for a German national anthem (German song) the emperor hymn that was used for the string quartet 77th second movement now.
Table of contents
Life
Most of the lives serve the Esterhazys, and therefore there is considerably the made music. Because there were not so the interchange with other musicians and contact with the trendy music then, it was to a gradually original musician.
Breeding, boyhood
In 1732, I am born in the kneader Esther Reich state (lower Austria grand duke country) low bamboo pipe-stem village located in the border with the Hungarian kingdom territory in those days. The low bamboo pipe-stem is a place with the hall of person of ハラッハ (Harrach). Talent of the music was recognized by Matthias Frank who did the principal of the music school of the ハインブルク Ann デア Danube () in uncles (husband of the younger sister of father) and began study of the music with Frank at the age of 6 years old [1].
Because talent was recognized in 1740 by George phone Reuters (Georg von Reutter) of the Stefan sanctuary of Vienna, I come to live in Vienna. I worked as a member of the choirs afterwards here for nine years (younger brother Michael Haydn joined the choir for four years of the latter half, too). Reuters hardly gave a member a meal, and the education was suitable, but the thing which Haydn got from experience in boyhood that I worked as a professional musician at the capital of the music was big.
It became impossible to sing the soprano for a strange voice by a choir in 1749 and was discharged and I came to settle down in the house of the friend afterwards and began the activity as the free-lance musician. This life lasts approximately ten years and engages in work wide during this period. I worked hard for study to make up for lack of knowledge and composed the first string quartet and opera. Reputation begins to be finished from these days.
The that works in the Esterhazys
In 1759, I got the Imperial Court master of court music's post of curl モルツィン 伯 (Karl von Morzin) of Bohemia. I instruct small opera here and compose a symphony for ensemble here again ([2] that but the symphony 37th has been already written in 1758 of the Vienna times). モルツィン 伯 was in a painful situation economically, and Haydn had been discharged, but got a grand seigneur of the western Hungarian eminence, the work called the vice-master of court music of the Esterhazys immediately afterwards in 1761. After Gregor Joseph Werner (Gregor Joseph Werner) of the master of court music who was old age died in 1766, I was promoted to a master of court music.
As a livery servant of the Esterhazys, I served three main residences. One is three of palace エステルハーザ (as for Eszterháza, the present Hungarian フェルテード) excellent newly built in the eastern part of palace of Vienna to go over a residence and the winter of Eisenstadt (now the state capital of the bulldog gene Lunt state) which is a main center of the Esterhazys in the western part of Hungary and Eisenstadt in the 1760s. I became people in charge such as the administration of composition and the orchestra, a performance of the chamber music, the presentation of the opera work here. These work was awfully broken things of the bones, but there was only work and was satisfied. Marquis present head of a household Nicolaus (ミクローシュ), Esterhazy of the Esterhazys was an understanding person for the music and showed understanding in the work of Haydn and lent the small orchestra, for example, contracted as the thing which was necessary for the growth as the artist every day and fixed the creation environment in various form.
In 1760, I married Maria Anna Keller (Maria Anna Keller). This was to maintain the position as his master of court music. The married life was not happy, and the child was not only born, too. Maria Anna died in 1800, but most of last ten years were in a separation state [3]. It is said that he might gain the singer ルイジャ ポルツェッリ wife (Luigia Polzelli) and one of the Esterhazys employing who went together for a long time or more children.
He composed work, many works in the Esterhazys between the thing for nearly 30 years. The style of the music improved more, too, and the popularity of Haydn rose outside the Esterhazys and came to write music to gradually publish the Esterhazys のためだけではなく. As an important work of this time, there were Paris symphony (symphony 82nd -87 turn), the thing such as "seven last words of Christ on the cross", but these were composed by the request from the foreign country.
In about 1781, Haydn became close to Mozart. Mozart composes six string quartet (Haydn set) from 1782 through 1785 and presents it to Haydn. In addition, Haydn takes care of the entrance into a school of higher grade (music studying abroad) of the orphan (Carl Thomas Mozart) of Mozart later.
Quitting a job post from the Esterhazys
In 1790, Marquis Nicolaus of the Esterhazys dies. Marquis successor Anton Esterhazy did not hardly show interest in music and hardly discharged a musician and has let a pension living do Haydn. But it was not the story that was necessarily bad that the stable income was provided at the same time while an opportunity to write music freely was given as for Haydn. Haydn accepted a profit talk from entrepreneur Johan Peter ザーロモン which played an active part in the work about music in Germany (plan to play a new symphony by a big orchestra in the U.K.) to complete some work that I left undone.
For 1791 through 1792 and the visit from 1794 through 1795 to the U.K. gained a great success. The audience gathered to hear a concerto of Haydn, and Haydn got fame and fortune soon. In addition, between these visits to the U.K., many most famous works ("surprise" "the armed forces" "drum repeated blows" each symphony of "London", string quartet "knight" or piano trio music "Gypsy rondo") of Haydn is composed.
Haydn thought about emigrating with British citizenship, but decided to finally return to Vienna. Haydn built own mansion in Vienna and started the composition of the religious work for a chorus and an orchestra. At this time, I compose six music for mass to give it to the oratorio "Creation" and the "four seasons" and Esterhazys ([4] that it became the present head of a household, but the Nicklaus second that Haydn took office as a master of court music of the Esterhazys again in 1796, and it was just, and the Esterhazys had an understanding in music again these days liked religion music of the old form as for the Nicklaus second). Haydn composes nine pieces ("the emperor" "the sunrise" "five times") of the last of the string quartet that I composed for a life much again. Haydn has been already over age 60 then, but the original will did not decline.
In 1802, as for Haydn, a chronic disease turned worse and became serious so as not to be able to compose it anymore. I seemed to be as comfort in playing the Austrian celebratory folk song that Haydn of later years ever composed by oneself with a piano.
In 1809, Haydn died in Vienna invasion of Napoleon.
The corpse is buried in Eisenstadt now. In addition, there was a mysterious story about the burial of Haydn, and, as for it, only the part of the head continued being separated for approximately 150 years. A man called Rosenbaum who did 尊崇 fired you and, with a person called Johan Peter who was an Austrian prison manager posthumously of Haydn, ever kept Haydn away in clerks of the Esterhazys. It was a believer of the popular phrenology (theory to be correlative in a frame and brain capacity and a personality) in those days, and Peter collected the skulls of some prisoners elsewhere and studied genius characteristics of Haydn and the correlation of the brain capacity. I announce the article that it is said, "the upheaval of the music hill was seen in the skull of Haydn". With the end of "the study", the skull of Haydn was made a grant of to Rosenbaum. It was found out in 1820 that there was not the skull, but the skull was not discovered by the search of the police either, and two skulls delivered by the business with the person of エスタルハージ by Rosenbaum were all imitations. The ghost story, "I groan while the skull of Haydn sounds a chin rattle-rattle and say and rushed about" comes. After having wandered an owner from place to place, the skull was delivered by association of Vienna comfort friend who finally owned the skull since 1895 in 1954 and was able to be finally buried with the body (the Soviet Union kept this after World War II, but was returned) afterwards in Eisenstadt [5].
Work
The work of Haydn covers all almost all genres (from opera to the arrangement of the folk song), and it is said that the total number of enormous works amounts to approximately 1,000 pieces. But the work only for unfinished pieces, the lost work and forgery are included, but 700 pieces (more than or it) are near even if they remove them, and are the total number as I set a shoulder beside Michael of the younger brother (they compose Michael more than 700 pieces).
Because fame of Haydn was high-pitched, I might often publish music of the another person in the name of Haydn. The symphony of the toy which was ever said to be a product of Haydn, string quartet work 3 (including the music with the name of "the serenade of Haydn"), the choral (known as the variation by the subject of Haydn) of Saint Antony are works of Haydn neither.
Ho baud Ken number (Hob.) is generally used for a work of Haydn. I distribute this number by a genre by XXXI from I and almost touch serial numbers in the order in the inside in the composition times, but do not necessarily agree with the composition order to be known now. The number of the Landon version is used other than Ho baud Ken number in the piano sonata, too and is easy to confuse both. Opus (Op.) may be soaked elsewhere depending on a field.
Because it is difficult for the total number of works to collect to enormous numbers and these all together, see the following. But it wants to be taken into account by a researcher that the conclusion is not constant.
- List of stage works of Haydn
- List of symphonies of Haydn
- List of musical performance musical pieces of Haydn
- List of concertos of Haydn
- List of string quartet of Haydn
- List of piano trio music of Haydn
- List of baritone works of Haydn
- List of piano sonatas of Haydn
- List of piano music of Haydn
- List of vocal music music of Haydn
- List of songs of Haydn
- List of canon works of Haydn
Symphony
104 pieces of +4 piece. The symphony of Haydn is a too popular person in now, but, in fact, I am an unexpectedly minor person until the first half in the 20th century, and, as for the performance, a work is sometimes played in the latter period, and it is said that it was surprised at recording that Arturo Toscanini recorded a symphony 101st "clock" on twice very. Antal Dorati completed the complete series of symphony of Haydn for the first time in the world. The symphony of Haydn came to be made much of as a repertory of the old musical instrument performance afterwards.
Musical performance musical piece
Concerto
Cello trumpet piano concertos are played well, but write a concerto for the rare musical instrument such as baritone and lira オルガニザータ. There are considerably many works of unknown forgery and truth, too.
Stage work
Haydn composed many operas, but there is few you in the opportunity when most are played with a thing for the Esterhazys in coming ages. "Only soul of the philosopher or オルフェオ and Eurydice" are the things which they wrote for trip to London, but were not really played.
The doll opera (marionette drama opera) composed seven pieces throughout a life, but there were very few things which existed and almost disappeared.
Only nine pieces of Singspiel is left. Three pieces of those disappear, and, as for other one piece, the truth becomes undetermined.
About the drama incidental music which only seven pieces remain, five pieces disappear, and I beat, and, as for one piece, the original title of the drama becomes unclear. In addition, the script of the original is lost, and a model at the time of the Haydn composition is completely thought that there is few it in future at an opportunity to know because I am scattered and lost.
Indoor musical piece
String quartet
A number (Ho baud Ken number) of the composition order was referred as string quartet of Haydn 83 pieces by Anthony station wagon Ho baud Ken, but, as for the number of of the original string quartet of Haydn, it is 68 pieces when I correct a false classification and it was become clear with forgery later (six pieces of op.3) and remove the arrangement (nine pieces including op.51) from an other music class. But the removed number is just used for a missing number because the number of the referred composition order has been used conventionally till then. It is custom that these 68 pieces of string quartet is composed every six pieces or three pieces.
Piano trio music
It is said that the piano trio music composed it more than approximately 41 pieces. Only two pieces of those become the doubt product.
Baritone trio music
Because Prince Esterhazy was a baritone player, Haydn leaves the baritone trio music of approximately 126 pieces. There is few you in the opportunity when it is played because the musical instrument called the baritone is very rare now. However, it is late years, and these works are given as the complete works (by the Esterhazy ensemble).
Other
Two violins (or a flute) and trio music (Hob. IV-1..4) for cellos written in 1794 are got close to in the name of "the London trio".
Music clock
The music clock has many things of the arrangement of the existing work. There are few existing works, and it is thought that I composed it more than approximately 31 pieces.
- Work F major Hob. for music clocks XIX-1 (forgery?)
- Andante C major Hob. for music clocks XIX-10
- Work C major Hob. for music clocks XIX-15
- Fugue C major Hob. for music clocks XIX-16
- Presto C major Hob. for music clocks XIX-18
Work for pianos
Piano sonata
It is thought that approximately 65 pieces of piano sonatas composed it. The work placed in the sonata album is well known.
Other piano music
Vocal music music (cantata, madrigal)
- Oratorio "return Hob. of Tobias" XXI-1
- Oratorio "Creation" Hob. XXI-2
- Oratorio "four seasons" Hob. XXI-3
- Seven last words Hob. of Christ on the cross It is left なとが for orchestral music version and piano by XX-2 - Haydn
- Cantata "any now doubt" is Hob. XXIVa-4
- Cantata "storm" Hob. XXIVa-8
- Cantata "election Hob. of the capellmeister" XXIVa-11 (the truth product characteristics are not proved)
- Cantata "APRA Usu" Hob. XXIVa-6
- Music for mass first F major mass pre-vis Hob. XXII-1
- Mass Hob. of the praise to Blessed Virgin blessed music for mass second strange E major XXII-4
- Music for mass third C major St. Che Chile a mass Hob. XXII-5
- Music for mass fourth G major St. Nicolai mass Hob. XXII-6
- Music for mass fifth strange ロ major key choir organ mass Hob. XXII-7
- Music for mass sixth C major Maria Zell mass Hob. XXII-8
- Mass Hob. of the music for mass seventh C major wartime XXII-9
- Mass Hob. of the praise of St. Bernard of music for mass eighth strange ロ major key オフィダ XXII-10
- Music for mass ninth D minor Nelson mass Hob. XXII-11
- Music for mass tenth strange ロ major key tele the a mass Hob. XXII-12
- Music for mass eleventh strange ロ major key Creation Hob. XXII-13
- Music for mass twelfth strange ロ major key ハルモニー mass Hob. XXII-14
- Te Deum C major Hob. XXIIIc-2
Song
Canon
Folk song arrangement
- Collection of Scottish folk songs Hob. XXXIa-1~273
- Welsh folk song Hob. XXXIb-1~60
When William Napier fell into a crisis with poor sales of the collection of Scottish folk songs, during London stay, Haydn knew it and arranged the Scotland folk song to help him and published it in 1792 [6]. Because this was popular, I arranged it in sequence until the most later years. Most depend on a request from George Thompson, and Thompson asks play L and Beethoven for arrangement elsewhere.
ハイドンの最初の編曲はバイオリンと数字つきバスの伴奏によるものであったが、後のものにはチェロが加わっている。ハイドンによる編曲は2005年に429曲のリストが作られ、その全貌がようやく明かになった[7]。ただし、ハイドン自身でなく門人に編曲させたものもまじっているという[8]。
Other
顕彰
1950年に発行された20オーストリア・シリング紙幣に肖像が使用されていた。
ハイドン没後100周年記念作品
ハイドン没後100周年に当たる1909年、フランスの音楽雑誌「レヴュー・ミュジカル」がハイドン特集を企画し、その付録としてハイドンの名より導かれた「シラレレソ」という音列に沿った主題にそった小品を依頼した。サン＝サーンスなど断った人物もいたが、結局、以下の6人のフランス人作曲家が応じた。
- モーリス・ラヴェル「ハイドンの名によるメヌエット」
- クロード・ドビュッシー「ハイドンを讃えて」
- ポール・デュカス「ハイドンの名による悲歌的前奏曲」
- レイナルド・アーン
- ヴァンサン・ダンディ「ハイドンの名によるメヌエット Op.94」
- シャルル＝マリー・ヴィドール
特にラヴェルの作品は、「シラレレソ」という音列を原形だけでなく逆行したり楽譜を反転して巧みに活かしながら作曲している。詳しくはハイドンの名によるメヌエットの記事を参照。
ハイドンの公刊されている異稿について
現在、オイレンブルク、ペーテルス、プライトコップといった代表的な権威ある出版社の版に限っても、それぞれにかなりの異同が認められる。後世の筆耕者による読み間違い、ハイドンの意向に必ずしも忠実に沿ったものではない第三者による楽譜自体への勝手な改変、改作、音楽記号の改変などを含んでいる。
脚注
参考文献
- 大宮真琴 『新版 ハイドン』 音楽之友社、1981年。ISBN 4276220025。
- Larsen, Jens Peter; Feder, Georg (1982) [1980]. The New Grove Haydn. PAPERMAC (MacMillan). ISBN 0333341988.
- アントン・ノイマイヤー 『現代医学のみた大作曲家の生と死 ハイドン モーツァルト』 礒山雅;大内典訳、東京書籍、1992年。ISBN 4487760801。
外部リンク
This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Franz Josef Haydn
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