Yoshiwara red light district
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Yoshiwara red light district (I quit it and say straw write) is a red light district recognized officially by the Edo Shogunate. There is the beginning in the Edo Nihonbashi neighborhood (current Nihonbashiningiyoucho), and, after a big fire of the Meiryaku era, move to Nihonzutsumi of Asakusa Teraura; the former former Yoshiwara the latter called it newly with Yoshiwara. Originally it is an opening that a part was moved from the two orders-cho red light district which were under the place of end of influential figure, Ieyasu Tokugawa, 駿府 (current Aoi-ku, Shizuoka-shi) castle.
Table of contents
History
Former Yoshihara
Ieyasu Tokugawa did 入府 in the Edo era on (August 30, 1590) on Tensho era August 1, 18, and when I was appointed in (1603) for Keicho era eight years by a commander-in-chief of an expeditionary force against the barbarians and opened the Edo Shogunate, Edo was energized suddenly, and it was afterwards in the capital of the samurai of Kanto since Kamakura. Because Ieyasu entered Edo at the Tokai district with a large number of vassals corps, the maintenance of the city function of Edo was pushed forward at a fast pace. Therefore it is thought that there were predominantly many men as for the sex ratio of the population of Edo because having gathered numbers of workers from the whole Kanto, the unemployed people whom the times of the war are over again, and a job was able to warm gathered in Edo for work (but, as for the record of the early period of Edo era, there is not the reliable thing in the middle of Edo era two-thirds of the population with the record called the man). It was dotted with brothels all over Edo City and came to begin business in a background in such times.
The Edo Shogunate had to enhance neighboring city functions including the maintenance of the samurai residence as the city that ruled the whole country while I pushed forward great building of Edo-jo Castle. Therefore moves were often forced on the common people, and a move was often demanded from the brothels above all. The embarrassing brothel has begun to petition the excessive numerousness by the setting of the red light district. When the Shogunate did not make a partner at first either, but, after a petition of several degrees, petitioned it as a representative in Jinnemon Shoji (formerly the master of the bawdy house of 駿府) who ran a brothel in (1612), former vow Teramae for Keicho era 17 years,
- I put up a visitor only overnight and do not permit a consecutive stay.
- The daughter who is feigned, and has been sold investigates it and returns it to the home.
- The criminals report it.
As a result of having petitioned it under conditions of という three, I was accepted. The Shogunate which was pressed by processing of Toyotomi although I was accepted at the time was more than a red light district and allowed you by a red light district Edo's first in (1617) in 甚右衛門 as the master of generic name, the setting of "the marsh of reeds" for Genna three years five years after the petition. The Shogunate pronounced that I did not put a brothel at all all over Edo City, that I said that not dispatching you, the thing which a building and the harlot of the brothel wore to the whole city of the harlot were not gorgeous again in addition to the condition that I reported to in the case of a petition of 甚右衛門 on this occasion. However, until the time of the Kanei era, I acted as a person in charge who a harlot went to the supreme court of the Shogunate in the Edo era, and gave tea. Received an alms offering (money paid to the authorities) from there by making a red light district public, and the Yoshiwara red light district began in the form that the interest of the advantage in the peace and order to manage the brothels in a city in a mass, the Shogunate which demanded the control of public morals and some brothels for the monopoly of the market agreed after all. But the history of the next Yoshiwara red light district is the history that repeated the competition with the illegal brothel (called it an unlicensed red-light district when they gathered) doing business without permission of the Shogunate in Edo City.
Judging from the whole Edo that grew thick of the reed at the time, the land which the Shogunate provided to the 甚右衛門 and others then was a remote place by two orders (approximately 220 meters) called the hut roofed with reed town where the shore equal to current Nihonbashiningiyoucho was near square division. The name of "Yoshiwara" comes from here.
(1640), the Shogunate prohibited night business for a red light district for Kanei era 17 years. Bath Yaja (maid at hot springs) came to appear a lot in this in a city, and a bathhouse went into the force in Yoshiwara.
New Yoshiwara
I continued spreading during Edo City, and the daimyo's mansion in Edo of the daimyo came to be next to Yoshiwara, too. The Shogunate gives it an order for a move of Yoshiwara (1656) in October for Meiryaku era two years while it looks like it. The proposed site was Nihonzutsumi of Asakusa Teraura or an original place. The Yoshiwara side appealed for the same business, but agreed to a move to Nihonzutsumi of Asakusa Teraura without being taken after all. In doing so, Kitamachi prefect, Sadakiyo Ishigaya offers it the following convenience.
- I charge an extra the land which can be open of Yoshiwara 5 (three orders every direction)
- I admit night business
- I take an owner of a bathhouse (at a public bath doing business of offering food and entertainment the competition of the red light district) holding bath Yaja (street walker) 200 down
- I exempt the correspondence to neighboring fires, festivals
- 15,000 investment
It is indicated that the prosperity of the bathhouse was a reason of the moves from these contents. The Shogunate forbids putting bath Yaja in September of the year (there is the record before it). As for the correspondence exemption to neighboring fires, Yoshiwara brought the ironical result that was often reduced to ashes in fact without support being provided from the circumference when, on the contrary, a fire occurred in Yoshiwara. Doing it had a big fire of the Meiryaku era (1657) for New Year holidays for Meiryaku era three years, the following day in an occasion and was the time when the city structure of Edo greatly changed. The move was behind the plan because of a big fire a little, but the brothel which was burnt out by a big fire in June of the year, and was open in a booth moved all. I call the place after the move new Yoshiwara former Yoshihara at the place before the move. Kyoumachi one or two chome, Edomachi one or two chome, Nakanocho, a redlight district, a corner town were in new Yoshiwara (they read all with a butterfly other than Kyoumachi).
51 master of bawdy house, harlot 512 were arrested for Kanbun eight years by the den of prostitutes control in (1668), Edo City and were moved to new Yoshiwara. Because there were many native places of Sumizome red light district of Fushimi and 乳守遊郭 of Sakai in these harlots, the division established in the within the castle newly as a new address was called "Fushimicho new road" "Sakaimachi new road". In addition, I established the status of harlots who entered at this time with a "style of a brothel" (さんちゃ) "lower prostitute" (with うめちゃ, a lower prostitute) and had a big influence on the rating in the red light district.
Yoshimune Tokugawa gave it an order for a national census in Kyoho November, 6, but there is a record of the number of people of new Yoshiwara. It is 182 landlords, tenant 620, harlot 2,105, hairlessness 941, servant 2,163 2,375 men following 463 people, 15 years old or older 8,171 惣 (mom) number of people higher, 15 years old or older in 4,003 women, following woman 330, right. There is that the total does not match in this, but remains documents. [1]
The fire in new Yoshiwara was 22 times for 191 years from Enpo era 4 to 1866. By the fire caused by the earthquake of Ansei two years, as for the dead person of the within the castle, only a harlot counts 530 other people 1,020 other people. If there was an accidental fire, the fire fighter flocked, too, but waited for extinguishment of a fire without entering Daimon. What burnt this down when there are remains after a fire is because the business in the booth is not permitted. As for the business by the temporary abode, there was the taste, too, and there was the person by a fire when secret. [2]
The article that it was a person of Susa-mura of Owari country Chita-gun to have established new Yoshiwara is announced in "Chita Peninsula local history traffic 4" (solder local history meeting for the study). The author is superior in the west of the writer. The brothel of the Yoshiwara red light district is approximately 20 total number, and, according to west article, it is said that it is a death register and the donation record of the local temple that more than 13 houses of those are from Susa-mura, Chita-gun and became clear. I announce that 千賀志摩守 should have been in the rear.
I it after the Meiji era
Politics, the society place of the financial world moved to the geisha town (entertainment district) near the center of Tokyo when it became the Meiji period later, and the Yoshiwara red light district was gradually forced to reduction.
When the approval is established, and the Anti-Prostitution Law is enforced (1957) (1956) on April 1 in 1957, the following day on May 21 in 1956 by exercise of woman moral reform society that is Christianity woman group advocating the principle of purity after the war, the Yoshiwara red light district takes down a curtain in the history, and a part turns into "Turkish bath" (massage parlor).
Scale
In Japan, a large-scale red light district existed in not only Edo but also Osaka and Kyoto, 駿府, Nagasaki until the Anti-Prostitution Law was always enforced in the Edo era, and a small red light district existed much in the local city. The Yoshiwara red light district was proud of the largest scale in them. The plottage is 20,000 tsubo rests. It is said that there were several thousand harlots in the golden age. It might be said that it was the largest downtown in the whole Edo City, and Yoshiwara and comic play town and Nihonbashi of the theater town were said to be the place where 1,000 fell into a day in Edo.
Position
The Yoshiwara red light district was the greatest society place of the man, but the rival always existed for Yoshiwara red light districts through the Edo era. There was the brothel which was covered with bath Yaja, the owner of a bathhouse called the bathhouse woman for former Yoshihara Era, and did business. Edo was dusty in the land where volcanic ashes of Mount Fuji deposited, and a bathhouse propered, but a lot of work that became covered with muddiness, dust because early stage of Edo was at the height of the urban development might let put a woman in that, and play it with the visitor [3]; [4]. "Bathhouses with pretty bath girls" are the examples.
In addition, the Yoshiwara red light district came to be exposed to intense competition when Edo continued expanding afterwards, and Fukagawa could do an unlicensed red-light district and came to serve as the pleasure place where the's first post town of each highway could go to easily. Still the Yoshiwara red light district continued maintaining a position as the greatest downtown in the Edo era through the Edo era.
The Yoshiwara red light district is reduced when it becomes the Meiji period later, but still I count it until the Anti-Prostitution Law enforcement of April 1 (1957) from the times of former Yoshiwara in 1957, and the Yoshiwara red light district will continue being open for 340 years.
Harlot
Many harlots were made to work in form called the service under indentures. They committed a constant term or were freed if they could repay an amount of money that bought a harlot, and the rates to be over newly in the term of service from Yoshiwara establishment to the Tenpo era year always exceeded 80%. But most of the harlots contract a disease for the infectious diseases such as venereal diseases, and the health condition is bad, and, as for the harlot whom there is not of the product value and the person who approached at the death, there is the indication that the shop side considers to have done by substantial discharge and driving out to abandon the term of service in the term of service to omit the trouble such as funeral services by malnutrition, insanitary communal living again. (Yoshio Nagai "introduction to illustration Yoshihara" Gakken)
Some harlots finished a life in a red light district. I repeated age, and the person who came to have difficult work as the harlot was employed again by "person of ability" "cooking" "needleworkers". Because "the dead harlot was buried in 浄閑寺 called the temple taking care of unidentified bodies for diseases in the case of Yoshiwara red light district, and it is written down to the death register with posthumous Buddhist name and in a black-letter day and "○○ shop prostitute of the harlot", and neither the secular name nor the nickname taken by a court lady from The Tale of Genji is written down, and the corpse of the person of "double suicide" person who "damages the pillow, and broke rules of Yoshiwara including" (stealing the wallet of the visitor) "personal contract (the letter which I addressed to a favorite visitor) excessive issue" "foot omission" (escape) "secret communication "阿片喫引" in the within the castle" is done for another view by candor and be wrapped up in a wild matting (bony parts) and curses it later when I was thrown in by 浄閑寺 and bury it as a human being, I treat it like a dog and a cat, and it is done with a thing by the Hell of Beasts when it depended on a superstition dropping, but depends on being done with the method not to drop it adversely by the Hell of Beasts, and throwing it in, and 浄閑寺 having still buried what came to be called a temple taking care of unidentified bodies in this temple according to the homepage of 浄閑寺 when more than 600 harlots did the death [6] by Ansei Edo earthquake of) (November 11, 1855) on Ansei October 2, 2.
The harlot had a rank and had wit and good looks and was able to climb the high rank among harlots if it was the woman who could gain popularity of the man. 遊女の最高のランクは宝暦年間まで太夫と呼ばれ、以下「局」「端」とされていたが、江戸の湯屋を吉原に強制移転したさいに「散茶」が構成され、その後は花魁とよばれた。 花魁は振袖新造と呼ばれる若い花魁候補や禿とよばれる子供を従えており、気に入らない男性は、なかなか相手にしてもらえなかったといわれる。
そのような中で、粋に振舞うことが男性のステータスと考えられていた。そしてまた、客から金品を貢がせるのが遊女のテクニックではあったが、その理由として遊女の生活用品や光熱にかかる費用、また妹分の禿や新造への養育費、また自身の装身具、化粧品などはすべて遊女の自己負担であり、高級遊女になるほど負担額が増えるという店のシステムにも起因すると考えられる。しかし、現代で言う「ボッタクリ」を店が行うことは良しとはされず、ぼったくり行為を行った店の主人が処刑された例もある。
江戸時代の多くの時代を通じて、ランクの高い見世（遊女屋、妓家）の遊女と遊ぶためには、待合茶屋（吉原では「引手茶屋」と呼ばれる）に入り、そこに遊女を呼んでもらい宴席を設け、その後、茶屋男の案内で見世へ登楼する必要があった。茶屋には席料、料理屋には料理代、見世には揚げ代（遊女が相手をする代金）が入る仕組みであった。
吉原遊廓では、ひとりの遊女と馴染みとなると、他の遊女へは登楼してはならないという掟があった。ほかの遊女と登楼すると、その遊女の周辺から馴染みの遊女のもとに知らせが行き、裏切った客は、馴染みの遊女の振袖新造たちに、次の朝に出てくるところを捕まえられて、髷を切り落とされるなど、ひどい目に遭う男もいたとされるが、宝暦以降はこのような掟も廃れた。
文化の発信地としての吉原遊廓
多くの下級遊女たちの悲惨な境遇にもかかわらず、吉原遊廓は新しい文化の発信地でもあった。さまざまな女性の髷や、衣装などが、吉原遊廓から新しいファッションとして始まったことからも分かる。そして、それらは芝居と呼ばれた歌舞伎と相互に作用して、音曲や舞踊、その他の雑多な芸能とともに江戸市中で評判となった。
これは、男性と女性の間に起こる悲喜交々が、人々の耳目を引いたためであろう。それは面白可笑しいことがらとして、あるいは悲しいお話として、芝居となり、浄瑠璃として語られ、唄に歌われた。
吉原遊廓を描いた資料
出典
- ^ 石井[2012:42-45]
- ^ 石井[2012:90-93]
- ^ 『江戸時代の男女関係』 田中香涯著 (有宏社, 1930)
- ^ 『遊女の時代色 : 趣味史談』武田完二著 (大同館書店, 1934)
- ^ 都司嘉宣『千年震災』ダイヤモンド社、2011年
- ^ 北原糸子『安政大地震と民衆』三一書房、1983年
関連項目
外部リンク
- 明治中期の新吉原大門 - 小川一真撮影
- 吉原 - 玉村康三郎撮影
- 吉原 - 撮影者未詳
- 『洞房語園』 - 吉原遊郭の歴史・人物談などについて江戸時代に書かれた本。庄司勝富著、享保5年（1720）
- 松樓私語 - 吉原の女郎屋「松葉屋」の1年を大田南畝が聞き書きしたもの。
- 『新吉原略説并元吉原町起立』仏庵著、江戸後期
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