Van rose bean
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Van rose bean Vigna subterranea is one kind of the plant of the cowpea genus. It is originally from West Africa and touches a bean in the underground like a peanut.
Table of contents
Name
Fame includes Bambara groundnut, Bambara-bean, Congo goober, ground-bean, hog-peanut[2], earth pea[3], jugo beans.
I am called 'tiganingɛlɛn, tiganinkurun by the Bambara and mean some "hard peanut" (as for "peanut" tiga). I am called voanjobory by the Malagasy, and this means "round peanut". I am called tindluwa by ntoyo (Bemba), katoyo (カオンデ word), mbwiila (Tongan), a beautifulness whang person in Swahili in njugumawe, Zambia. I am called "Lituu" by "Akwei", the Lozi by "Epa-kuta", the language of ガ by "Okpa", the Yoruba by "indlubu", the language of wart by "Nyimo", the ンデベレ word by "Ngangala", the Shona by "Kwam", the カヌリ word by "Gurjiya" and "Kwaruru", the ゴエマイ word of highlands in northern Nigeria () by the Hausa.
I am called "kacang poi" in Malay, but this is different from dish "kacang pool" eaten in the southern part of Malay Peninsula. Because it is cultivated in Bogor, in Indonesia, I am called "kacang bogor" (peanut of Bogor).
Habits
Under ideal environment, it takes 120-150 days for the completion of the life cycle. I soak a cleistogamic flower on 40–60 day after planting it and do selfing. A shell matures from pollination in 30 days, and the seed matures in the next 55 days, too [4]. I soak a new flower every 30th.
Agriculture
Native of West Africa [5]. It is cultivated at a tropical level of subSahara Desert Africa [4].
In the semidesert zone in Africa, it is the third most important beans [6]. A high temperature includes tolerance and can cultivate it in the soil which other beans do not grow [7]. I grow even a little soil [8], and the nutritive value is high, too, and carbohydrates, 18% are protein 65% [9]. For these reasons, I can control the risk that precipitation is poor or a crop completely fails in in the unstable area. It means that it is important to the African poor people that animal protein is not got to have abundant protein [8]. In the position of the crops (Neglected and underutilized crop) still minor in spite of such an advantage in the countries such as Benin [10].
Not only protein is used for food and a drink with richness, but also the seed may be used as a medicine for alimentary system. It is available as a green manure to perform nitrogen fixation [11]. I eat as a light meal by waving salt in West Africa, and parching it and I boil it like other beans and eat.
Cultivation
The soil of the sabulosity which does not keep water is suitable. The depth of the soil should not be fertile at 50-100cm. A range of 5-6.5 is suitable for pH and interferes with growth in 4.3 or less and 7 or more [11].
Latitude to be suitable for cultivation is 20-30 degrees, and the subtropical zone (from savanna climate Mediterranean climate) is the best from the tropical zone with the dry season. The temperature is less than 16 degrees Celsius at 19-30 degrees Celsius, and the cultivation in 38 degrees Celsius or more is difficult [11]. A drought includes strong tolerance [4], and, as for the cultivation, it is difficult when the necessary annual precipitation is lowest, and what is suitable for 300mm, cultivation exceeds 3,000mm at 750-1400mm [11].
There are the most unit yields in the savanna of Cote d'Ivoire, but the planting density varies 6-29/m2 [12], e.g., is planted by 25/m2 of density here [13].
The monocrop agriculture is performed, too, but manure is rarely given because the use as the interplants [11] such as Indian corn millet corn peanut ヤム cassavas is important. It is a leaf in the crop: A seed is removed in the ratio of 75:81 by a field, but will remove 55.7 kg of nitrogen, 26.2 kg of potassium, 25.1 kg of carbon, 7.8 kg of phosphorus, 6.6 kg of magnesium from a field when exchanging this to an element by harvesting 925 kg of leaves and 1,000 kg of seeds [14]. When I gave manure because nitrogen was the beans which could provide for oneself from all over the atmosphere through a root nodule bacteria, phosphorus became most important, and around 60 kg/ha were most suitable in form of diphosphorus pentoxide in the study in Nigerian ヨラ [15].
Production
The amount of production in the whole world increases from 29,800 tons [16] of 1972 to 79,155 tons [16] in 2005, but, as for the study as the cultivation crops, the unit yield does not yet lengthen without being performed [17].
| Amount of production (2013) (Source FAOSTAT)[16] | Planted area (Ha) | Unit yield (kg/ha) | Amount of production (t) |
|---|---|---|---|
 Mali | 120,000 | 9,498 | 113,981 |
 Niger | 68,000 | 4,412 | 30,000 |
 Burkina Faso | 55,000 | 8,909 | 49,000 |
 Cameroon | 43,392 | 8,444 | 36,639 |
 The Democratic Republic of Congo | 4,828 | 750 | 14,000 |
| The whole world | 315,392 | 7,724 | 243,620 |
Pathogen
The blight is not considered to be the too important problem, but the following pathogen is reported [14].
- Brown spots (Cerscospora canescens & Phyllosticta voandzeia)
- うどんこ disease (Erysiphe sp.)
- Damping-off (Fusarium sp.)
- Leaf blotch (Phomopsis sp.)
- Sclerotium disease (Sclerotium rolfsii)
With the thing following for other pests [14].
- Aphids (Aphis sp.)
- Adzuki bean snout beetle (Callosobruchus sp.)
- Kind (Hilda patruelis ant Takarazuka Operetta Troupe swarms department) of swarms
- White ant
- ジャワネコブセンチュウ (Meloidogyne javanica)
- Rodents
- Parasitic plantAlectra vogelii ・Striga gesnerioides)
Footnote
- ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species." April 12, 2015 reading.
- ^ "USDA GRIN Taxonomy". April 12, 2015 reading.
- ^ "Definition And Classification Of Commodities (Draft): 4.Pulses And Derived Products." Food and Agriculture Organization (1994). June 21, 2013 reading.
- ^ a b c Nichterlein, Karin. "Vigna subterranea". Ecoport. March 16, 2011 reading.
- ^ Hepper, FN (1963). "Plants of the 1957-58 West Africa Expedition II: The bambara groundnut (Voandzeia subterranea) and Kersting' s groundnut (Kerstingiella geocarpa) wild in West Africa." Kew Bulletin 16 (3): 395–407. JSTOR 4114681.
- ^ Ocran, V. K, (1998). Seed Management Manual for Ghana. Accra Ghana: MOFA.
- ^ Yamaguchi, M (1983). World Vegetables. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
- ^ a b Baryeh, E.A. (2001). "Physical properties of bambara groundnuts." It is 321–326. doi: Journal of food engineering 47 10.1016/s0260-8774(00) 00136-9.
- ^ Doku, E.V. (1995). Proceedings of the Workshop on Conservation and Improvement of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean (L.). Harare Zimbabwe: University of Ghan.
- ^ Dansi, A.; R. Vodouhe; P. Azokpota; et al. (19 April 2012). "Diversity of the Neglected and Underutilized Crop Species of Importance in Benin". It is doi: The Scientific World Journal 2,012:932,947 10.1100/2012/932947. PMC 3349165. It is . PMID 22593712
- ^ a b c d e "Data sheet Vigna subterranea". Ecocrop. FAO. March 16, 2011 reading.
- ^ Rassel, A (1960). "Voandzou, Voandzeia subterranea Thouars, and its cultivation in Kwango". Bull. agric. Congo belge 51: 1–2e March 16, 2011 reading. .
- ^ Kouassi, N'. J; I. A. Zoro Bi (2010). "Effect Of Sowing Density And Seedbed Type On Yield And Yield Components In Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea) In Woodland Savannas Of Cote D' ivoire". Experimental Agriculture 46: 99–110. doi: 10.1017/S0014479709990498 March 16, 2011 reading. .
- ^ a b c Mkandawire, Ceasar H (2007). "Review of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) Production in Sub-Sahara Africa." Agricultural Journal 2 (4): 464–470. doi: 10.3923/aj.2007.464.470.
- ^ Toungos, M.D.; A.A. Sajo and D.T. Gungula (2009). "Recommended Fertilizer Levels on Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L) Verde) in Yola Adamawa State, Nigeria." Agricultural Journal 4 (1): 14–21. doi: 10.3923/aj.2009.14.21.
- ^ a b c "FAOSTAT". FAO. February 2, 2015 reading.
- ^ Massawe, F.J.; S.S. Mwale, S.N. Azam-Ali and J.A. Roberts (2005). "Breeding in Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.): strategic considerations. African Journal of Biotechnology 4 (6): 463–47f May 3, 2011 reading. .
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