パシッグ river
| パシッグ river (Pasig River) | |
 | |
| Country | The Philippines |
|---|---|
| Area | Manila metropolitan area |
| Branch | |
| - The left branch | Pate loss - タギッグ river, sun fan River () |
| - The right branch | Malian kina river, ナピンダン river |
| City | Manila, Makati, Manda roux Yong, パシッグ, タギッグ |
| The source | バエ lake |
| - Coordinate | 14°31'33" N 121°06'33" E / 14.52583 degrees N 121.10917 degrees E |
| Junction place | Gulf of Manila |
| - The location | Manila |
| - Altitude | 0m (0ft) |
| - Coordinate | 14°35'40" N 120°57'20" E / 14.59444 degrees N 120.95556 degrees E coordinate: 14°35'40" N 120°57'20" E / 14.59444 degrees N 120.95556 degrees E |
| Length | 27km (17mi) |
| Basin | 570 km² (220 sq mi) |
 Figure of basin of the パシッグ - Mali kina water system | |
The river where the パシッグ river (フィリピノ word: Ilog Pasig, English: Pasig River, Spanish: Río Pásig) flows through the Philippines Manila metropolitan area. I drift to the west from the バエ lake which is the Philippines's biggest lake and flow into the Gulf of Manila of the Pacific. Extension distance is 27km and divides the Manila metropolitan area that included Manila to the north and the south. There are Malian kina river () and sun fan River in the main branch. The パシッグ river is one of the main rivers of Philippines and, with Gulf of Manila and バエ lake, forms the most important nature water system in Manila metropolitan area [1].
パシッグ river is the feeling tide river mouth catching the tidal range, and the direction of the current depends on a difference of the water level of バエ lake and the Gulf of Manila. The water level of the バエ lake is low in the dry season, and the direction of the current changes depending on the flow and ebb of tides. The water level of the バエ lake is high in rainy season, and the direction of the current leaves for the Gulf of Manila.
The パシッグ river was used as an important transit route and a water source in Manila of the rule era in Spain. I am awfully polluted by human wild life or industrial development, and the ecologist thinks that it is "the decease river" where a creature cannot maintain life. パシッグ river reproduction Committee (PRRC) is established to supervise an effort for the reproduction of the river, and I am supported by the private organization such as clean & green foundations. A campaign was filled "peso with in パシッグ" in the 1990s.
Table of contents
Geography
Duct
The パシッグ river flows through the 5 cities and 4 towns in southern Luzon for 27km for Gulf of Manila from the バエ lake which is the Philippines's biggest lake [2].
The water which flowed out of the バエ lake drifts between re-State of Sarh Thailand Thailand city and Manila metropolitan area タギッグ cities and enters the パシッグ city afterwards. A Malian kina river () and the part to the junction of the パシッグ Kawamoto style are known as ナピンダン river and ナピンダン water supply.
I drift to the パシッグ city to the junction with the タギッグ river with パシッグ river after having changed the name and form the border of Manda roux Yong city () (the north side) and the Makati city (the south side). The パシッグ river greatly changes a direction northeast and forms Manda roux Yong city and a border of Manila afterwards. I change the flow westward again and join the sun fan river which is another big branch. An upper reaches part and the middle-class part are linear relatively, but pass through the Manila city area while meandering in the down stream part [1].
All the main streams and most of the branches are included in the Manila metropolitan area. [1], the sun Jose hospital which are this river only island (central Japan) are located in the コンバレスセンシア island in the sleeve of the Ayala Bridge. 19 flows flow into the direct パシッグ river including a big branch [1].
Branch and waterway
There is タギッグ river in another river flowing out of the バエ lake, and it is in the local government boundary of a pate loss city () and the Makati city. It was the big scale, and the Malian kina river () opened up south sink, Mali kina valley from the re-Sarh mountainous district in the northeast of the Manila metropolitan area among the main branches which were two in the パシッグ river. The sun fan River attracts the water of the plateau where Kaesong city is located and flows into the パシッグ river with Diliman creek. Various waterways (canal) come and go on a cross in the Manila city area, and, as for the water of the north side, the water of the south side gathers in the パラニャケ river in the thallaKahn River.
Bridge
19 bridges are built over the パシッグ river in total. A bridge near the バエ lake is a ナピンダン bridge, and next is earsenio Jimenez Bridge in fact. It is a bridge straight to intersect the ナピンダン water supply of the パシッグ river. ブティン スミランバシ connected butyne district and the Sumi orchid district of the パシッグ city in February, 2015 [3]. The C-5 line bridge connects Makati city and the パシッグ city. The エピファニオ De Los Santos Street who is the main expressway of the Manila metropolitan area is Guadalupe bridge, and the Makati city reaches the Manda roux Yong city (). Rockwell bridge and the Makati = Manda roux Yong boundary bridge link these 2 cities like Guadalupe bridge, too.
I enter the Manila city, and the first bridge is an orchid bottle cancer bridge of the Santa Ana district. Next is サモラ father Bridge tying up panga perception district and Santa mesa district, and south line of Philippines Japanese National Railways (PNR) runs on this bridge. The ナガターン street which is a part of the C-2 line runs to a マビニ bridge (former title ナガターン bridge). Ayala main street runs to the Ayala Bridge who is the Philippine oldest steel bridge and carries out the role to tie both sides and コンバレセンシア island of the central Japan to.
Furthermore, there are Kaesong Bridge linking キアポ district and the L Mita district, LRT-1 line Bridge binding central terminal station and Cali Edo Station together, MacArthur Bridge binding Santa cross district and L Mita district together, Jones Bridge binding ビノンド district and L Mita district together downstream. A bridge near the Gulf of Manila of the river mouth is Rojas Bridge tying up a tondo district and a port area district in fact (former title Dell bread bridge).
Landmark
Because Manila grew up along the bank of a river, the パシッグ river became the center of development and the historic event. The パシッグ banks of a river's greatest landmark is an in tram loss castle wall district located in the southern coast close to the river mouth. This district among city walls was built in the 16th century by the Spanish colony government.
Furthermore, there is sun Jose hospital built in the コンバレセンシア island that is パシッグ river only island (central Japan) upstream. The マラカニャン palace which is the official residence of the President of Philippines is built in the northern coast. The main campus of the Philippine college of engineering () is in the northern coast of the パシッグ river and the Santa mesa district of Manila.
There are a Saint hole racetrack, Rockwell commerce center, a high-quality office, a commercial area including the power plant lacing braid along the southern coast of the パシッグ river in the Makati city. ナピンダン waterpower control facilities are at the junction of パシッグ river and the Malian kina river and regulate a flow of the water from the ナピンダン waterway.
Illegal occupation
Approximately 12,000 barrack of the squatter is built in the bank of a river, and approximately 2,000 families live under water house or a bridge [2]. This situation unsuitable for the human residence jeopardizes the ship which, in addition, passes a river to themselves [2]. These barrack does not have sanitation, and the excrement is dumped in the direct river [2]. Becoming it moves mud of the bottom of a river by continuing dumping garbage and excrement, and polluted water flows into the residential area living in the bank of a river at the time of the flood [2].
Water sentence
The main basins of the パシッグ river gather in the level ground between Gulf of Manila and the バエ lake. The basin of the Malian kina river () water system occupies most of Mali kina valleys formed by a Malian kina fault line. The Mang Gahn flood control channel is a waterway built for the purpose of flood decrease of the kina Valley to happen in rainy season of Mali artificially, and other rivers exhaust the rainwater which cannot drain it of water in the Lake バエ.
High and low tide
パシッグ river is a feeling tide river catching the tidal range. Fish flow into the パシッグ river from the バエ lake in rainy season from June to December. The dissolution quantities of oxygen of the river increase at the time of the flood, and possibility of the aquatic activity rises [2]. Quantity of water decreases in the dry season from March to May, and increase of the pollution of the バエ lake and the rise in salinity are caused [4], and a flow is delayed, and it is virtually in "a river of the death" [2]. The water level of the バエ lake may reach less than Gulf of Manila in the time of the high tide, and, in that case, seawater flows backward in the バエ lake from the Gulf of Manila.
Flood
It is weak, and the flood water does kina abandonment area in Mali for the flood that the パシッグ river takes place by a heavy rain with a main source. The Mang Gahn flood control channel is built to drain away flood water from the Malian kina river for バエ lake and functions as a temporary reservoir. I can handle a current of approximately 2,400m2/s, and the Mang Gahn flood control channel is designed and really handles approximately 2,000m2/s. In 1983, ナピンダン waterpower control system (NHCS) was built at the junction of Mali kina river and the ナピンダン waterway with パシッグ River to supplement a flood control channel between the バエ lake by managing the current [5].
History
Last Spain period and colony times
The パシッグ river flows through trade of Manila and the commercial center [6]. A Filipino, a Spaniard, a Chinese, the different race including the American lived mixedly for many centuries at the パシッグ bank of a river [6]. The Manila metropolitan area developed into the パシッグ river riverbank fish market and experienced a colony of Spain, a colony of the United States, an occupation bottom of Japan and saw creation, corruption, reproduction of Philippines society and the Philippines culture [6].
The パシッグ river was the point that was important to international trade since before the Philippines became the colony of Spain at the mid-16th century [2]. A village of the upper reaches part is the fishing village which greatly depends on パシッグ river and the バエ lake, and I urbanize the village of the down stream region early from upper reaches region, and the merchant of others district, other countries wants to do it historically [2]. Over the tenth to the 16th century, some of well-known kingdoms developed at the banks of a river of the パシッグ river during the history including raw Jan kingdom, my Chinese chives kingdom, the tondo kingdom in Philippines. A Spaniard built the Manila city in 1571 and set Manila of the seat of the prefectural government of the whole Far East. The Spaniard built the castle wall city of the in tram loss in the southern coast close to the パシッグ river river mouth.
Postwar pollution
After World War II, increase of the large-scale population, infrastructure construction, the dispersion of the economic activities to the suburbs of Manila caused the contempt for the パシッグ river. Population flowed into the Manila metropolitan area from the farm village part troubled with poverty, and most settled down in barrack of the bank of a river [2]. The Philippine Diet established the civil law including the article about use of land and the pollution in 1950, but this law was powerless for dramatic urbanization of postwar Manila [1]. By the population inflow that the industrialization and the urbanization of the Manila metropolitan area caused, the パシッグ river became the huge sewer [1]. An oil slick floated in the surface of a river, and an unpleasant smell occurred, and the color of the water became dull, and a float and excrement drifted [1]. Heavy metal, an insecticide, nitric, phosphate melted into it and let I deteriorated the quality of the water, and the ecosystem of the river be out of order [1]. The パシッグ river became the serious pollution state by the industrialization [7].
Because the excursion of the fish from the バエ lake decreased, there was the person who had already noticed the pollution of the river in the 1930s. Inhabitants of the bank of a river did not use the water of the river for washing in the 1960s, and the transport volume of the ferry boat decreased. I came to utter an unpleasant smell by the 1970s, and the fishery in the パシッグ river was prohibited in the 1980s. It became "the decease river" biologically by the 1990s [7]. The whole Manila metropolitan area was submerged by the flood of 1986 in water, and quantity of inundation reached the height of 2.1 meters in some areas, but this was caused by old drainage and blocking [2]. 25 kinds of fish and plant 13 kinds inhabited the パシッグ river before becoming the serious pollution state after World War II, but six kinds of fish and plant two kinds remain today [2].
Trial of the reproduction
The effort for パシッグ river reproduction has been made in the 1970s. A pioneer law about maintenance, beautification, the improvement of the パシッグ river was established in 1973, and パシッグ river development Committee (PRDC) to supervise activity of パシッグ river development (PRDP) was installed [1]. Imelda Marcos (wife of the tenth President Ferdinand Marcos) who took office as Governor of Manila metropolitan area in 1975 built a floating casino or the restaurant like Aberdeen district of Hong Kong and made a plan to let you navigate a gondola like Venice, and to attract a tourist [2]. The quay was painted, and a tree was planted in the river bank, but this plan came to nothing immediately [2].
Ministry of Philippine environment, natural resources got technical support by financial support from curl bath International, Inc. which was a Danish consulting firm from the international development agency in Denmark (DANIDA) in 1991 and investigated the degree and the situation of the pollution [2]. 45% of pollution of the パシッグ river were industrial pollution, and, according to this investigation, it was said that polluter that 315 factories were important particularly fiber business and food manufacturing industry were the greatest polluters among factories more than 2,000 located in the basin [2]. In addition, 4,400,000 people lived in the basin of the パシッグ river, but the inhabitants who were under the influence of the sewer system which handled drainage knew that the waste which only 12% (600,000), remaining 88% (3,200,000) started flowed into the パシッグ river as non-processing [2]. Metropolitan area water supply, sewer system (MWSS) which was a government office did not get a motion by lack of funds and was the situation that must give water supply supply a high priority than sewer management again [2]. パシッグ river reproduction program (PRRP) was drawn up by Danish international development help after the investigation as an adjustment organization a main organization in ministry of Philippine environment, natural resources [8].
1999年にはパシッグ川再生プログラムに代わってパシッグ川再生委員会(PRRC)を新たな活動組織とする政令が施行され、廃棄物や不法占拠者の強制移動の管理など機関の権限が拡張された[8]。2010年、テレビ局のABS-CBNとパシッグ川再生委員会は「パシッグ川のために走る」というチャリティマラソンを開始し、毎年10月にこのイベントが開催されている。
水上交通
マグサイサイ線
河川環境の汚染の進行により、1960年代にはパシッグ川で運航される渡し船が減少した。1990年にはある民間企業がマグサイサイ線の運航を開始し、マカティ・シティのグアダルーペ地区とマニラのエスコルタ通りの約15kmを結んた。フェリーは水面に漂う見苦しいゴミの中を走行せねばならず、乗客は悪臭に悩まされた[2]。さらには深刻な財政難に陥り、運航開始からわずか1年後の1991年には運航を終了した。
スタークラフト・フェリー
1996年には30艇の双胴船を用いて、1990年とは異なる民間企業がスタークラフト・フェリーの運航を開始した。現在運航されているパシッグ川フェリーと同タイプの船を用いており、エアコン付き30座席の船を30艇有していた。ゴミや悪臭などの問題は解決しておらず、1997年には営業を中止した。
パシッグ川フェリー
2007年2月14日には民間企業のSCC船舶交通サービスによって、双胴船を用いたパシッグ川フェリーという水上バスの営業が開始され、グロリア・アロヨ大統領によって運航開始が宣言された。この水上バスはパシッグ・シティのパナグブアタン地区とマニラのイントラムロス城壁地区を結んでいる。150人を収容できる水上バス10艇が使用されており、船内は空調が完備され、音楽・テレビ・トイレなども装備されている。当初は乗客数が伸び悩んだが、石油価格の高騰などで他の交通機関からの転換が進んだ。2008年7月以降には毎週15%ずつ乗客数が増加し、運航頻度を高めるためにさらなる船舶の購入が検討された。ゴミや悪臭の問題はかつてほど酷くはなかった。
2011年2月には営業が停止されたものの、2014年4月28日には営業が再開された[9]。
ギャラリー
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キアポ付近のパシッグ川
-
サンティアゴ要塞からの眺め
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パシッグ川と旧郵便局
-
パシッグ川とマニラの高層ビル群（右奥）
脚注
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Pasig River Pollution". Water Environment Partnership in Asia(WEPA). 2015年11月11日閲覧。
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "The Pasig River, Philippines". 国連環境計画(UNEP). 2015年11月11日閲覧。
- ^ "Blessing and Inauguration of Kaunlaran Bridge at Brgy. Sumilang and Buting". パシッグ・シティ. 2015年11月11日閲覧。
- ^ "Lake Elevation". バエ湖開発当局. 2015年11月11日閲覧。
- ^ "Laguna de Bay Masterplan". バエ湖開発当局. 2015年11月11日閲覧。
- ^ a b c "History". パシッグ川再生員会(PRRC). 2015年11月11日閲覧。
- ^ a b "Unknown". Pasig River Rehabilitation Program. 2015年11月11日閲覧。
- ^ a b "A dying river comes back to life". フィリピン政府情報局. 2015年11月11日閲覧。
- ^ "Unknown". フィリピン政府情報局. 2015年11月11日閲覧。
外部リンク
- Pasig River フィリピン政府情報局 （英語）
- パシッグ川再生委員会(PRRC) （英語）
- イロイロ・リバー （英語）
This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia パシッグ river
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