Kiaochow Bay leased territory
The leased territory where Deutsches Reich owned the Kiaochow Bay leased territory (こうしゅうわんそしゃくち, Jiaozhou Bay) in the Shangdong peninsula South Coast in northern China. The peninsula of both sides of whole of Kiaochow Bay which heart-shaped, cut into the southeast of Kiaochow (a part of current Qingdao City) surface of the water and the entrance of the gulf was a domain. The area is 552 square km. The position is 120°14'E 44.3 seconds for 36 degrees N seven minutes 24.44 seconds. I existed from 1898 through 1914.
In the Kiaochow Bay leased territory, it was become "Kiaochow" "Kiauchau" "Kiao-Chau" and a Romaji in English in German based on pronunciation of "Kiaochow" in those days "Kiautschou". As an administrative center of the Kiaochow Bay leased territory, Germany built Qingdao (Tsingtau, current notation: Qingdao) in the peninsula of the gulf entrance east side.
Table of contents
Background
Consciousness to colony acquisition increased like other countries in Deutsches Reich which achieved unification in the times of the imperialism expansion of the 19th century, and this greatly influenced German colony construction in China. Furthermore, a characteristic of the German colony empire included an idea that it was ideal that the colony supported mother country economy. Therefore, I attracted attention very much as the export market of the German product, and China with much population became the target of the colonization. The thinker like Max Weber requests the government to adopt an aggressive colonial policy, too. It was thought that China market was the most relevant in world non-Europe market, and the opening and closedown became the matter of life and death again in those days for Germany for the Great Powers.
However, it was thought that world policy (de:Weltpolitik) was impossible without global military influence. For global military affairs influence, German navy fleet follows the profit of the time of peace of Germany as a leading figure of the gunboat diplomacy, and it is included in the wartime I defend paths of German trade, and to be able to interfere with paths of trade of the enemy country. Therefore, it was important that I built the naval base network of Germany in all parts of the world, and the home port of cruiser fleet, the Germany Orient fleet and the port where it was, and it was with call at a port ahead of ocean fleet (Hochseeflotte) in the Germany own country were necessary in China.
The securing of harbor in China was accompanied by the different purpose. In the German colony in China, it should have been in the advertising place of the German navy if I thought about strong strain out of Germany by the fleet reinforcement. The Kiaochow Bay leased territory was built towards a model colony from the beginning. As for all facilities and administrations, good efficiency, it was said to the thing which showed off an effective German colonial policy by far that it should be for a Chinese, the German nation and the world.
Occupation and lease by Germany
In 1860, an expedition fleet of the Kingdom of Prussia visited Asia, and the around Kiaochow Bay area was investigated at this chance. In 1861, the following day, it was signed a trade agreement of Prussia and 清. Ferdinand phone Richthofen recommends Kiaochow Bay as an ideal fleet base after the exploration from 1868 through 1871 in China.
The Alfred phone ティルピッツ admiral who was the commander of the German Orient fleet investigated this area personally at the time of 1896 after the Sino-Japanese War. What built the scaffold in China in comparison with Russian Empire and France which sold favor together for 清 looked for a delay, the area where did not still have the hand of other Great Powers by interference, and three Germany finally fixed on the Shangdong peninsula.
The case that two German propagators were murdered in 巨野県 (きょやけん, current 菏 swamp city) in western Shangdong on November 1, 1897 happened. This "鉅野事件" (Juye incident) gave an excuse of the aggression called "the protection of the German propagator" to Emperor German Wilhelm second. German Orient commodore phone ディーデリヒス (de:Otto von Diederichs) which was in Shanghai received the order of the Kiaochow Bay occupation operation start on November 7 before 清国政府中央 knew the details of this case (he will get the position of the Governor-General of military until March 7, 1898). On November 14, the German Marine Corps struck Kiaochow Bay on the pretext of the landing of the long-term voyage middle and land training and gave it an order for withdrawal than 1,000 清国兵 which was in the all the soldiers public office of 膠澳 without a battle and occupied the whole coastal line. 清国側 continued making useless efforts to withdraw this military unit. On November 20, 清独交渉 began, but, on January 15, 1898, the following day, terminated in the result called the settlement of the propagator case.
On March 6 several months later, Deutsches Reich links 独清条約 and will lease Kiaochow Bay from 99 年間清国政府. The town of these outskirts's greatest Kiaochow was not included in this leased territory, but, as for the East-West peninsulas which surrounded all the surfaces of the water of the gulf and the gulf, the islands inside and outside the gulf, it was in a leased territory. The area of neighboring 50km in width became the neutral zone, and freedom of the traffic of the German forces was recognized totally, and the China side was not able to give an order and disposal without Germany recognition of government. On April 6 six weeks later, this area was placed under protection in Germany publicly and opened as a treaty port on July 1, 1899. The population in the leased territory was 83,000 people at this point in time.
As a result of lease contract of 清独, the Chinese side will abandon all sovereignty of in the leased territory and the neutral zone of neighboring 50km in width. In addition, it was a territory of 清国, but, in "Government General of Kiaochow Bay" (Gouvernement Kiautschou), in the lease period, the state as the German protected country will continue while being under sovereignty of Deutsches Reich. Furthermore, 清国政府 conceded Deutsches Reich two railroad laying right and mining right of neighboring mines, coal mines. The various places throughout Shangdong except the Kiaochow Bay leased territory under the protection in Germany was included under influence of Germany in this way, too. Though the lease treaty did a constant brake for power expansion of Germany, I have been connected for a lease in sequence for similar 99 years to Russian (Dalian) British (the New Territories of 威海衛 and the Hong Kong outside) France (Kwangchowan) ("9" leads to "久", and the example that it becomes after a long absence, and 99 means the eternity, and the U.K. leased the New Territories is a model).
Political of the leased territory
Because it was the home port of the German fleet and had a role called refueling to vessels and the coal digging of that purpose in this protectorate, and there was the importance called the place to raise fame of the Germany navy more, in the Kiaochow Bay leased territory, it was the jurisdiction of Department of the Navy (Reichsmarineamt) not the Germany Ministry of Foreign Affairs colony station (colony ministry, Reichskolonialamt after 1907).
The top of the leased territory was appointed in the governors-general (as for all the each generation governors-general of Gouverneur, five a naval officer) directly by Minister of the Navy ティルピッツ. The governor-general held the military authority and administrative power in the leased territory. Lieutenant governor (navy military command director) ran the military affairs, and "civil administration director" (Zivilkommissar) ran the government. In addition, the bureaucrat who performed an important function in Kiaochow Bay leased territory was a judge of a court, the High Court and "Director China problem" after harbor, city construction director, 1900. "Chinese committee" (Chinese committee) became the consultative body of the governor-general after governor-general's office cabildo (Gouvernementsrat) and 1902, too.
A financial part, Building Department, the medical affairs department were the direct control of the governor-general, and it was healthy, and these were comfortable, and economy and trade played a serious role in the duty called the making of model colony that turned around smoothly. Planting, waterworks and the sewer, a hospital and an elementary school, Germany and the virtue sinter University to the neighboring mountains which were the strict financial system to assume the original currency, Qingdao dollar the cause, the liberalization of the duty of the import and export, the maintenance of a system, a wharf and the dock which allowed you to trade land by the purchase and surveying of the land from a Chinese safely, the cityscape that the building code was strict in Europeanness, the making of for the Chinese who let you emigrate division, the maintenance of the roadside tree and a bald mountain by the co-funding of 清 realized it in this ground. 膠澳 which was a small port town accomplished development to big mercantile port, Qingdao where a lot of green of commerce, the legal system was regulated. Aoshima got much annual revenue by the export of wharf and dockage, farm products and coal.
Because the Kiaochow Bay leased territory was the place that advertised a fleet further, the Department of the Navy laid emphasis on development of the culture in economy and the next. I concentrated on only naval base construction, and the first governor-general (Kurt Rosen Dahl de:Kurt Rosendahl, from March 7, 1898 to February 19, 1899) ignored economy or the city maintenance, but colony city construction accelerated it to charges of governor-general Otto Ferdinand Paul イェシュケ (Otto Ferdinand Paul Jaeschke, from February 19, 1899 to January 27, 1901) for the second generation after I was replaced. The third governor-general max roll man (de:Max Rollmann, from January 27, 1901 to June 8, 1901), the fourth governor-general Oscar トゥルッペル (Oskar Truppel, from June 8, 1901 to August 19, 1911) were the fifth, and, with last governor-general Alfred Mayer = ヴァルデック (de:Alfred Meyer-Waldeck, from August 19, 1911 to November 7, 1914), a naval officer followed all.
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The last of the leased territory
Just after the World War I outbreak of war, Japan gave final note for Germany to return Kiaochow Bay leased territory to China. On August 23, 1914 of the deadline Japan to Germany; declared war (Japan and Germany war). I was going to make a cruise (the main force has already escaped at the time of the outbreak of war from Qingdao), and the German Orient fleet was defeated by the German own country by South American Falkland offing sea fight for fear of the confinement of the gulf. The Japanese military which struck the Shangdong Peninsula in September continued the battle with the land route Germany forces toward Kiaochow Bay, and there was a fight between the vessels inside and outside the gulf. As a result of fight of Qingdao from October 31, the Japanese military occupied Kiaochow Bay on November 7, 1914. In addition, the activity in the Indian Ocean of light cruiser Emden which got away from Qingdao just before the Japan and Germany war outbreak of war is famous.
Occupation of the Japanese military
They required what free promulgated to Japan empire government official with a purpose to return all of the Kiaochow Bay leased territory (Qingdao) in the China country (the Republic of China) on "German government prefecture ニ 与 ヘタル empire government ノ advice" (August 15) that Japan gave off on three World War I to the German government unconditionally, and the cancellation of the Kiaochow Bay leased territory and the return to the China country were からの plans at first. However, I thought that Japanese Government and a Japanese should succeed the commerce rights and interests, and a difference of promptly this recognition became the problem after Qingdao occupation because I required it that, on the other hand, the Republic of China side canceled occupation immediately in the wartime by the Japanese forces and delivered it to the Republic of China side. Japan went to war with Germany, and it was necessary to continue the military occupation of the Kiaochow Bay leased territory that was an overseas territory of Germany by international law in time of war, and it was necessary for the last agreement that I included return in to wait for a peace treaty with Germany. The Japanese Government moved for the breakthrough of the situation by performing face-to-face talk with President Yuan Shikai (anti-sinter 21 demand negotiations). As a result, Japan succeeds the rights and interests of Shangdong by a made Article 2 approximately 13 land tax officer formally, and the Japanese forces will govern Qingdao until peace in Germany again.
The Qingdao defense military headquarters establish military administration until October, 1917, and a civil governor performs administration afterwards. At this time, all the German street and the neighboring place name were exchanged with a Japanese name. Mitsuomi Kamio, Mitsue Yui and others successively hold Qingdao defense military commander. For the rule that gained success as such in Germany, as for the military military administration in Japan, there are the documents seen with cold eyes from a field person [1].
In the Kiaochow Bay leased territory, the claim on the Republic of China side which should be returned to the Republic of China directly was rejected at the Paris peace conference in 1919 by Germany and would be transferred to Japan, and the Chinese people and student strongly resisted it (May Fourth Movement in particular). I decided that Japan abandoned Kiaochow Bay leased territory in the pressure of the influence such as boycott campaigns of the Republic of China which had already increased and the international news campaign as originally planned, and Japan returned Kiaochow Bay to the China government on December 10, 1922 (山東還附). The Kiaochow Bay district became special district, 膠澳商埠 of the central government direct control. At this chance a transfer to some Japan of the right of management of franchise and the glia finished railroad to the local administration of the foreigner was decided, but the feelings around Shangdong to Japan have already turned worse in the extreme, and there was not the thing that the rights and interests is ignored without being carried out, and these agreements are protected.
20,000 Japanese settlers live in Shangdong of this time, and write the Japanese military from 1927 through 1928 after this, and Shangdong sends troops, and occupational administration does Qingdao from 1937 through 1945.
Allied item
Footnote
- ^ 。 I refer to the quotation from http://homepage3.nifty.com/akagaki/8-seto3.html communication minister's secretariat "Shangdong general view"
References, outside link
- Tsingtao Germany soldier captive meeting for the study
- Germany and Qingdao
- Qingdao management - Kochi University scientific study report Vol. 49 humanities separate volume (2000) Takehiko Seto by Germany around Qingdao (Tsingtao) and Japanese (3) Germany
- Qingdao construction by Germany, Japan and Germany war, a captive camp and chronological table (Kochi University, Takehiko Seto) about the activity of the captive and the captive study
- Summary (education lecture Yuji Tateoka of Naruto University of Teacher Education society origin) of German Shangdong colony and Qingdao
- Kiautschou
This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Kiaochow Bay leased territory
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