General system theory
 | There is the examination about this page in the notebook of this page. ABSTRACT: of the examination The division with "a system theory" |
A system theory (English: System theory) is a scientific theory to have the origin in "a general system theory" (English: general system theory) proposed in the discussion of the May sea meeting in the 1950s by scientist Ludwig phone ベルタランフィ, Anatole ラポポート, Kenneth E Boulding, William Ross Ashbee, Margaret Mead, Gregory Bateson and others. The general system theory arrested a phenomenon ranging from the artifacts such as the electronic circuit or computer, the body of the creature, the micro including the social group to macro as a system and was going to build the public theory that was applicable to these various systems.
An interdisciplinary role of the system theory is to collect theoretical principles from ontology, philosophical approach to science, physics, biology and engineering. The use is found including geography, social system science, political science, an organization theory, the management, psychotherapy (including the family treatment) and economics and others in a large number of fields.
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Table of contents
Summary
According to the general system theory, a system is the following things.
- The system consists of elements acting each other.
- The system cannot return it to a part.
- The system works towards a purpose.
- Plural low rank systems with the unique structure exist in one system.
- The lower system harmonizes while acting mutually and does in total large amount of existence.
The general system theory was the term which was spoken because a researcher spoke relations of an organization and the interdependence early. From a part to the organization of the part, At a point of [1] shifting from "a component" to "dynamic relations", the thought of this system is contrastive with a standpoint of the classic reductionism (I have one part as the subject). When I interact regularly or marry you, the group of activity / part constituting the new whole is connected mutually, and the system is constructed. In most cases, all has the characteristic that cannot be found by a component.
In the sentence of the Ludwig phone ベルタランフィ foundation, I can follow the design of the system of the general system theory from the agreement (Coincidentia Oppositorum) of the antagonist of Gottfried Leibniz of the 1600s and philosophy and him of Nicolaus クザーヌス. The complexity, the self-organization, the combination theory, the agenda such as the adaptation system have been already studied through a researcher such as Norbert Wiener and William Ross Ashbee, John von Neumann and H.J. Heinz phone フェルスター from 1940s through 1950s in a field near cybernetics. They do not use the latest tool, and it is said that I checked a complicated system using a pencil, paper, a calculation.
Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson performed similarly large-scale talks in social science to bring the interdisciplinary principle of the system theory such as the positive positive, negative reaction. John von Neumann discovered a cell automaton and a self-reproduction system only with a pencil and paper without using the computer. Alexander リャプノフ and Henri Poincare worked on the basics of chaos theory without using totally any computer.
But Howard T オーダム (radiant energy ecologist) recognized that I needed the language that could describe energetics and the kinematics in the system standard that how was the study of the general system at the same time. He developed a general system or the all-around language to satisfy this role based on an electronic electric circuit language. This language came to be known as an energy system language.
I suggested that statistical structure and complicated systems, Ilya Prigogine, プリゴジンセンター for studies in the University of Texas Austin school offered a relative because of a biological system and studied "a system (British: far from equilibrium systems) distantly away from equilibrium" for an urgent characteristic.
オートポイエーシス of Francisco Varela and Humberto Maturana brought the further development in this field.
In an online article, it is Béla H. I wrote down Bánáthy in the article of the title called "a system investigation" as follows.
"The system investigation "having value of the perfection as for the system theory that I am that a view of the world based on the self-control of the system investigation that is important to a system investigation judging from the viewpoint of the system is a construct of the systems, and what I mean the local external form that and a system is bound together by the Web of relations and was joined together, and the whole acts, and the group of the primer defines the relations between members as a family by a system, and ベルタランフィ defined the system saying "it is the element of standing relations" and integrates in Web to create a thing and relations to participate in makes a characteristic of overall Xinxing with the most common meaning, and these characteristics of the whole may not be found by the analysis of the part, and this cannot be seen in in a part" is system itself.
As a conceptual system, it has four correlations and coherent situation acts as a whole inside. It is system philosophy, a system theory, system methodology and system application. Furthermore, a system investigation receives two kinds of the orderly good investigation, The decision-oriented inquiry mode that the conclusion-oriented inquiry mode causes system knowledge applies system knowledge to the choice of the system method to take up a statement and the situation of the real world. 」[1]
Béla H. which commented that there was "profit of the human" for the purpose of science with the founder of the system society This theory was important and did extensive contribution by Bánáthy.
Researcher
The researcher of the general system theory is classified roughly into three generations. Ludwig phone ベルタランフィ which built the dawn, Kenneth E Boulding, Ralph W Gerard, James Miller, George are clear, and the Anatole ラポポート and others are born during all 1900 through 1920. They were specialties of the different field of natural science, the social science each, but they gathered in the 1950s and proposed a general system theory. The first generation of the system science will in this way begin. In addition, it is raschel エイコフ, William Ross Ashbee, C.W. The church man diffused the concept of the system from 1950s through 1960s. The L Vin RAS low that studied under them, Fritjof Capra and others are the second generation of the system science and announce the article about a system theory from 1970s through 1980s. In conformity with this tide, I begin to engage in a study of the system science in the 1980s, and a researcher announcing the article from the 1990s is the third generation including Debborah Hammond.
Field of investigation
Systems dynamics
It is a method for situation, the systems dynamics of the system theory to understand the function of to become the driving force complicated system. Thing structure is recognition to be often important equally in relations - between the grappling component which was sometimes delayed by time that what kind of system - most circulate in the basics of technique deciding the action as the individual components. The example is a chaos theory and social dynamics. Because there is a characteristic of - which cannot be often found between the characteristics of the element in its entirety, similarly it is insisted on an overall action not being able to be explained about the action of the part in a certain case. The example is a characteristic of these letters which can give an oceanic rise for the meaning that there is not on a letter when I am considered only in them together. This explains means of the integration like a language as a still extremely stingy process of the human application of the easiest pass adaptability that I let a system tied closely go through more.
Sociology
The system theory was developed in sociology again. I acted to distinguish the Sociocybernetics feedback loop which the scholar quoted most widely in this field was Nikals Luhmann (I refer to Luhmann 1994) but (with a focus on Sociocybernetics) a few other people like the investigation committee 51 (Research Committee 51) member of the association sociological internationally were lectured on to when it operated mainly social administration. For example, based on a study conducted in an area of the education, Raven(1995) mainly lectured when it was these sociocybernetic processes that led our kind in a rate and injured a public action performed favorably consistently and to suddenly increase against the extinction now. He suggests that he will permit that the understanding of these system processes brings about the arbitration that an aim of - namely a kind of (not common sense) which is required to stop the destruction of the planet for a wrong thing was established by us (see a sustainability).
Organized theory
When it is the goal-oriented process that composition is complicated, and is active, the approach of the system to an organization theory is important in the same way. I depend on achieving negative entropy through patency (Openness) and feedback frequently for the systems approach to the organization. If the opinion of the whole body about the organization is interdisciplinary, it is like collection. In other words, and based on a common "cord" or it is based on official mechanism provided still more exactly by a system theory and integrates them and goes over the prospects of the individual training. It is not in the element of the system, and the systems approach gives the first place in mutual relations. It is from these dynamic mutual relations that the new characteristic of the system appears.
In late years the field of the systems thinking was developed to provide technique to investigate a system by a wholism-like method to make up for a still more traditional reductionism-like method. It is thought that some general system theories are expansion of the humanism of the natural science by the name by a more recent tradition.
Cybernetics
Because some authors showed the appropriate low rank group of the class of those systems including term "cybernetics" and "a general system theory" namely the feedback loop, they used it, but the term "public system theory" and "the cybernetics" were used as a synonym widely (the description here seems to come from article en:Cybernetics and Systems Theory of English version Wikipedia, but does not understand it well because they are deleted).
Cybernetics, a catastrophe theory (Catastrophe theory), a chaos theory and a composite theory have a common goal explaining a complicated system consisting of a large number of parts which interacts mutually and has a correlation about those talks. Cell automaton (CA), neural network (NN), artificial intelligence (AI) and artificial life (ALife) are associated fields, but they are not going to describe the general (universal) system which is complicated (is strange). As for the best context to compare the different "C"- theories about a complicated system, historic; and it just emphasizes a tool and the methodology that were different from pure mathematics at the beginning to pure computer science. From the beginning of the chaos theory that Edward Lorenz discovered a strange inducement material with his computer accidentally, a computer became an indispensable informant of the information. The person was not able to imagine the study of the complicated system without a computer today.
General system theory as the systemic purpose
Many early system theorists were able to explain all scientific fields by a general system theory. I aimed at finding a general system theory. The term led the science of the organicism that he observed by his work as a biologist, and a purpose of ベルタランフィ should have let you gather under one. I return to a book of ベルタランフィ of the title called the general system theory (General System Theory). His desire was to use the word "system" to describe those principles that was common to the system of the whole mark. He wrote it with this book as follows. "...A model exists there. A principle and a law exist if I spread generalize a system or a subset, saving it. Not the system of the special kind, as for finding the theory of the universal principle applying to a system generally, it seems legally. "( GST p.32)
However, "a catastrophe rages" is a general system theory, and system philosopher Irvin ラースロ (Ervin_Laszlo)[2] writes down English translation in the preface of the standpoint of the book of ベルタランフィ from German that a general system theory has. [3]
"The original concept of the general system theory was Allgemeine Systemtheorie (or Lehre), and "theory" (or Lehre) only just had the meaning that was wider than the nearest English word "theory" and "science" in German as Wissenschaft (a translation into Japanese: science), and, in Wissenschaft, it was not thought that it was true science in the English direction for uses, and it was self-evident or applied to even what kind of set shown systematically of the philosophical concept, and "it was consistent with his viewpoint that he suggested a new standpoint, the new method that he scientized to, and, in other words, as for its being "the theory of the general system" (scientific), he often made a new theoretical frame for theoretical development about the importance that was bigger than one) theory and it could be always feigned so that it was that it aimed at the aerial partner I was not consistent by interpretation put in "the public system theory" directly, and to criticize it as such a thing, and phone ベルタランフィ opened anything much more extensive and we just knew it and to usually have livings at a moment in what kind of organism of the knowledge including Geisteswissenschaften (a translation into Japanese: the humanities) regardless of whether it, too, and and a theory was empirical when phone ベルタランフィ talked in it about Allgemeine Systemtheorie."
Life stem theory
A life system theory (Living systems theory) of James Greer mirror (James_Grier_Miller) described by Elaine Parent:
"The system theory that lives and they develop and how all biological systems conserve oneself and how they change how it is "does it function?" is a general theory."
In "a definition, the biological system organizes the environment of with a characteristic of the life and (he, it) and others and a system acting mutually by oneself, and I am shown, and this gets up using information and exchange of the material energy."
And "it is simple (such as European Economic Community), or it can be complicated, and the and others survive the valid system regardless of the complexity of and others almost as same as a single cell (he, it) almost as same as a supranationality organization and depend on 20 subsystems (or a process) that are the each same indispensability to continue spreading of the class of and others or the type (he, it) more than one generation." [2]
Footnote
- ^ Laszlo, Ervin.(1996)The Systems View of the World. Hampton Press, NJ. ( ISBN 1-57273-053-6.
- ^ http://projects.isss.org/Main/PerspectivesOnGeneralSystemTheory
- ^ von Bertalanffy, Ludwig, (1974) Perspectives on General System Theory Edited by Edgar Taschdjian. George Braziller, New York
References
- 2006, John N. Warfield, AN INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS SCIENCE, World Scientific [2]
- 2006, Korotayev A., Malkov A., Khaltourina D. Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth. Moscow: URSS. ISBN 5-484-00414-4 [3].
- 2004, Charles François, Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics, Introducing the 2nd Volume [4] and further links to the ENCYCLOPEDIA, K G Saur, Munich [5] see also [6]
- 1999, Charles François, Systemics and Cybernetics in a Historical Perspective
- 1984, Niklas Luhmann, Soziale Systeme. Grundriss einer allgemeinen Theorie, Frankfurt, Suhrkamp.
- 1979, Daniel Durand La systémique, Presses Universitaires de France
- 1975, Gerald M. Weinberg An Introduction to General Systems Thinking (1975 ed., Wiley-Interscience) (2001 ed. Dorset House).
- 1968, Ludwig von Bertalanffy General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications New York: George Braziller
- 1956, Herman Kahn, Techniques of System Analysis, Rand Corporation
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This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia General system theory
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