The elephant chewing lice genus
| Elephant chewing lice | |||||||||||||||||||||
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| Haematomyzus (Piaget, 1869) | |||||||||||||||||||||
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| The elephant chewing lice genus |
Elephant chewing lice genus Haematomyzus is 1 genus of the insect which is parasitic on elephants. A way of speaking pushes it out for a long time, and there is a chin on the tip and thereby does sucking blood. It is thought that it is located at a louse and the middle of chewing lice.
Table of contents
General statement
The elephant chewing lice were discovered in the African elephant of the zoo first, and are a brown insect approximately 3mm in length. The form is a louse, but a way of speaking that I pushed out from the head for a long time is outstanding. A chin of the form to chew develops on the tip, and I drill a hole, and, as for this insect, the thick skin of the host can suck in blood using them. Only one kind was known for a long time, but three kinds are known including a thing discovered in a warthog now.
A mouth is thin in lice, and a chin develops widely, and there are 囓 る chewing lice, but, with lice absorbing blood, see feathers with the existence that this generic thing ties neither to; with one this genus with neither which is treated as a different independent suborder. There is the example which ゾウジラミ [1], an elephant louse [2] were used for in the Japanese name other than elephant chewing lice.
Form
I write it down in fact in line with elephant chewing lice H. elephantis known than old times [3]. As for the full length, 2.9-3.0mm in 2.0-2.2mm, the females in males; the head accounts for 1-1.2mm inward [4]. A way of speaking pushes it out for a long time forward from the head anterior extremity and has a strong mandible on the tip. The feeler goes out of the base of the rostrum and consists of five sections. In the edge where the rear, posterior border of the head are nearer with compound eyes [5]. The chest is short, and the border is strongly square-built widely. The chest limb takes suitable form to run unlike other lice and chewing lice into long pieces [6]. The tibia is long, and one nail is on the tip of the ふ clause. It is approximately circular, and the abdomen flattens it in a front and the back and has hair of one line of flat scale having a short it to each gnarl to a ventral, and there is two fur with sections of other colors in the meantime.
Process
It was 1899 that the insect of the place of origin was listed first, and this was collected by an African elephant of the Rotterdam Zoo. I was discovered in an Asian elephant and was collected from a wild individual afterwards. The thing that Sugimoto was discovered in an Asian elephant of the Maruyama Zoo of Taipei in 1929 is reported in Japan. This ground was Japan territory, but what was really discovered in the country was strongly late and was from the Indian elephant which was also imported in the Maruyama Zoo of Sapporo in those days in 1953 [7].
Only one kind of kind mentioned above was known to the place of origin for a long time, but a thing obtained from warthog Phaeocherus aefhiopicus was listed as another kind Clay in 1962 [8]. Another one kind is added and three kinds are distributed over Asia and Africa now and are to assume an elephant and a warthog a host afterwards [9].
Problem of the host
About this generic host, some problems are pointed out [10]. In the first place the distribution that the elephant chewing lice which are the first kind assume Asia and both kinds of Africa a host is mysterious. Because original discovery was a zoo, there seemed to be the direction that pointed out possibility of the secondary infection in the zoo. Because distinction is not seen in the population in both elephants, one is an original host, and the possibility that I infected the other in late years is pointed out. The distribution of this seed was wide in both Asia and Africa and was less likely to be infected with the other from one in late years.
There is the indication that I show that it evolved on one of the lone group called the elephant that the insect of the place of origin has the characteristic that is totally different from other lice and chewing lice. The warthog has common lice as a parasitic worm. I remind a warthog of some hypotheses that opened a host secondarily in Africa without a place of origin being parasitic on the common ancestor of Asia elephant and the African elephant that the current hosts except two became extinct, and thereafter it changing form that the place of origin had, for example, a wider host from such a thing.
Classification
That a way of speaking projects this generic thing for a long time; attracted attention; is characteristic, and at this point can distinguish it from both which chewing lice except it and the louse. I compose a suborder of this genus alone on the classification system. In addition, the butterfly feces chewing lice suborder may be used other than an elephant chewing lice suborder for sub-Mena, too [11].
The stigmata of a place of origin and the core course are as follows [12].
- The splinter of the surface of a body makes the line of the limited number and does not become into a ramentum form.
- A bill is tubular, and the head projects for a long time and opens the mouth in the anterior extremity.
- As for the feeler, close to five sections.
- The tibia is long in the leader of the foot, and the base does not have a projection [13].
System
As described above, this genus is distinguished from others to the level of the suborder. It was old, and the lice were divided into louse eyes and chewing lice eyes, but both were unified to louse eyes by the judgment with the system afterwards. It was hematophagous, and, in the place of origin, it was thought that I tied both in that while having the trophi of chewing lice.
It was summarized in 咀顎目 by a judgment that they were included in the system of the wood louse more afterwards. As a result of divergence taxonomic study based on a morphological characteristic, it is said that the louse suborder that was old louse eyes and the ヒゲナガハジラミ suborder that is a part of chewing lice eyes and the elephant chewing lice suborder that the place of origin belongs to do a single system in that. A louse suborder and an elephant chewing lice suborder diverged in that from the base of the ヒゲナガハジラミ suborder, and a place of origin branched a single system these two groups from the base of the louse suborder in watches of the night, also known as the eggplant, and a result that the elephant chewing lice genus did sisters group for all louse suborders was provided. This result has been accepted widely [14]. The information of the molecular system almost supports these, too [15].
Damage
About the elephant chewing lice, I have an itch in the elephants under the breeding very much, and there is a report that an action to put a body on the walls was seen. But I did not develop into a further wound [16]. Possibility becoming the factor to cause a skin disease is suggested in the outdoor elephants [17].
Source
- ^ Sugimoto (1929)
- ^ Matsuo other (1998)
- Less than ^, mention are Yasumatsu other (1965),p.68
- ^ Yamashita, Nakamada (1955)
- ^ Yamashita, Nakamada (1955)
- ^ Yamashita, Nakamada (1955)
- ^ Yamashita, Nakamada (1955)
- ^ Clay(1962)
- ^ Smuel et al.p.10
- This ^ clause from Clay(1962)
- ^ Yasumatsu other (1965),p.33
- ^ Sugimoto (1929)
- A pick-formed のふ clause of the tip and the projection of the tibia base face each other with ^ lice and can put hair during this period.
- ^ phthiraptera/Treeof life Web Project
- ^ Iwatsuki, Mawatari supervision (2008),p.368
- ^ Murata (2002)
- ^ Matsuo other (1998)
References
- Kunio Iwatsuki, the Shunsuke Mawatari supervision, Ryosuke Ishikawa editing, "arthropod variety and system" ,(2008), bio diversity series 6 (kimono Hanafusa)
- Keizo Yasumatsu et al., "原色昆虫大圖鑑 [Vol. 3]," it is (1965), 北隆館
- About Jiro Yamashita, Mitsuru Nakamada will, "a form of elephant louse Haematomyzus elephantis Piaget," it is (1955), Hokkaido University department of agriculture Japanese sentence bulletin, 2(3): pp.164-166
- Sugimoto Masaatsu, "ザウシラミ" (new designation) ,(1929), Jap. Journ. It is p.259-263 Vet, Sci. 8
- About Koichi Murata, "elephant chewing lice parasitism and treatment approved on breeding lower Asia elephant," it is (2002), Japanese Journal off zoo and wildlife medicine. 7(2): P,145-148
- Kayoko Matsuo et al., "the parasitosis of the Sumatra elephant in the Indonesia way canvas national park nature elephant training center," it is (1998), Japanese Journal off zoo and wildlife medicine. 3(2): p.95-100.
- William M. Samuel et al. Parasitic Diseases of Wild Mammals. Iowa State University Press Ames
- Theresa Clay, 1962. A New species of Haematomyzus Piaget (Phthiraptera, Insecta). Proceedings of Zoological Society of London,
This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia The elephant chewing lice genus
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