M3 whippet tank

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M3A1

Performance specifications
Full length	4.53 m
The body head	It is the same on the top
Overall width	2.24 m
Overall height	2.64 m
Weight	12.9 t
Speed	57.9 km/h
Action distance	113km
The main battery	M6 37mm tank gun (103)
Vice-armament	M1919A4 *3 (7,220)
Armor	Gun turret Front part of manta 51.4mm 38.1mm Side, back 25.4mm Top surface 12.7mm The body Front upper part 38.1mm Front intermediate part 15.2mm Front lower part 44.4mm Lateral 25.4mm top surface 12.7mm Back 25.4mm Base front part 12.7mm Base rear 10.1mm
Engine	Continental W-670-9A 4 stroke air-cooling stars type 7 cylinder gasoline 262HP /2,400 rpm
Crew	Four people
I display a template

The whippet tank which the M3 whippet tank (English: Light Tank M3) was developed in the United States of America, and the alliance national military during World War II used.

"General Stewart" that I took the nickname added this car to by British troops made Ren dories from J E B General Stewart who led Confederate Army cavalry division at the time of the Civil War or "Stewart." I was called "honey" (pretty guy) from a soldier of U.K. using this car first in North Africa.

Table of contents

Process of the development

The M2 whippet tank which the United States developed before World War II was a superior car, and M2A4 whippet tank 36 輌 was performed a loan (only 4 輌 of them was only sent to Egypt, and the others deploy an own country) of in the British troops in June, 1941 by the Ren dories method, and a nickname of "Stewart" was attached. As for this, the thin armor which could not resist an antitank gun was done with a problem by a lesson by the actual fighting of the product made in product made in product made in Soviet Union by the former Spanish Civil War, Germany, Italy tank, and only 16mm strengthened the anterior surface of body armor which there was not to 25.4mm (1 inch) to M2A2. However, even this is insufficient for the 37mm antitank gun and will develop the new whippet tank which I strengthened to 38.1mm (1.5 inches).

As previously described, the important point of the improvement was put for the reinforcement of the armor, and body in itself was extended backward, too. The weight increased to 12.7 tons from 11.6 tons of the M2A4 whippet tank with increase of the armor thickness and upsizing of the body, but it was checked to make an instruction ring big, and to contact with the ground and considered increase of the grounding pressure. The armor was the rivet joining as well as an M2 whippet tank. A welding technology was unripe and was excusable choice, but when it was hit in head of the rivet in a shooting examination, a remaining part played it, and it flew, and it still became clear at that time to kill and wound crews in the car. The slant was not added to an armor plate, and 避弾経始 was not considered, but, on the contrary, the livability was good and was superior in mass productivity.

駐退復座機 was exposed with the production type with M2A4 whippet tank equipped with M5 37mm tank gun (basically as an antitank gun) with the armed aspect in earlier period of M3 whippet tank, but 駐退復座機 is put in a manta because M6 37mm tank gun for exclusive use of the vehicle installation was equipped with from a production type in the M3 whippet tank latter period. There is the turning steering wheel in the loading hand side and is hard to use it for the car head and a gunman and moves it in the other side in the British troops given to. They were added by M2A4 whippet tank, and there just remained it to an M3 whippet tank, but two 7.62mm M1919 machine guns which fixed it in the front part of スポンソン of the body right and left sleeve part, and were equipped with were removed later saying that they were useless. The opening of the armor was blocked by a patch, and スポンソン was considered to be a storeroom.

This car was adopted as "an M3 whippet tank" formally as of July, 1940 when I finished these improvement. But the start of production was March, 1941 because a doh re-company continued the production of M2A4 whippet tanks American car & F in charge of production yes.

During this time, various information was sent from the battlefield where the situation changed every moment, and various change points were added to this car in the middle of the production.

It carried a rivet joining-type gun turret (D37812) of the heptagon with the initial production type, but is changed from a production 279th car newly in a welding type gun turret (D38976). Furthermore, after the production 1946th car of 1942, a horseshoe-shaped gun turret (D39273) which I welded the homogeneity rolling armor which bent it, and was processed and the anterior surface of casting gun turret made and assembled was adopted, and a gyro stabilizer (砲安定装置) was added to the main battery by production car from mid-the same year more. I matched it with M3A1, and, with the most latter term model of the line product for produced British troops, the body was checked in a welding type for up of the productivity, too.

The engine was a W-670-9A star type 7 cylinder air-cooling gasoline engine made in Continental AG (output 262 hp), but I put the models equipped with a T-1020-4 star type 9 cylinder air-cooled diesel engine (output 245 hp) made in ギバースン company from July, 1941 together and was produced lines, and this was called "Stewart II" for gasoline engine-shaped "Stewart I" in the British troops. Two 25 gallons of fuel tanks which I could dump in the body rear for flying range up were added in the middle of the production.

In addition, I was made a regulation as M5 whippet tank after improvement to be equipped with two 4 stroke V-eights liquid cold water gasoline engines made in Cadillac Corporation was performed, and I was tested by a form name called M3E2 by an M3 whippet tank. The M5 whippet tank was called "Stewart VI" in the British troops.

5,811 輌 in total is produced by August, 1942 when production is canceled as for the M3 whippet tank (1,285 models mounted with gasoline engine deployment type 4,526 cars, a diesel engine).

Variation

The following variations are to the M3 whippet tank.

M3A1

People were equipped with a periscope for viewing it, and overall height lowered by abolishing a cupola for the car head, and making the hatch (this does not have good reputation saying that it is too small) of two right and left. A point of 砲 becomes early, and, in this D58101 type gun turret, aim flattery characteristics improve after the power D58133 type gun turret where come to turning-type, and is newer by adopting a gun turret basket, and, as for the tank head who served as a gunman, a role is changed to serve as a loading hand. However, in the British troops, the vice-operation hand and the front machine gun hand became a gunman at the time of a battle, and the tank head fell down to the back (cupola bottom), and rather the basket interfered because three entered the small gun turret. Therefore, I rode the new gun turret without the basket, and welding assembling and M3 (popular name, Stewart hybrid in British troops) that it was put the bodies together after the start of production of M3A1 for a while and did a line and continued being made. In addition, the 7.62mm machine gun which fixed it, and was equipped with by front part of battle room right and left was abolished from a beginning.

Development began in August, 1941, and the production started in May, 1942, and gasoline engine type 4,410 輌 and diesel engine type 211 輌 were completed by February, 1943 of the production end. The name in British troops a gasoline engine type "Stewart III" a diesel engine type "Stewart IV."

M3A2

The prototype which assumed the body of M3A1 welding structure. I was not mass-produced.

M3A3

Performance specifications
Full length	5.01 m
The body head	It is the same on the top
Overall width	2.55 m
Overall height	2.57 m
Weight	14.5 t
Speed	49.9 km/h
Action distance	217km
The main battery	37mm tank gun M6 (174 cannonballs)
Vice-armament	M1919A4 *3 (7,500 bullets)
Armor	Gun turret Front part of manta 51.4mm 38.1mm Side, back 31.8mm Top surface 12.7mm The body Front upper part 25.4mm Front lower part 44.4mm Lateral 25.4mm top surface 12.7mm Back 25.4mm Base front part 12.7mm Base rear 10.1mm
Engine	Continental W-670-9A Air-cooling star type 7 cylinder gasoline 262HP /2,400 rpm
Crew	Four people
I display a template

M3A3

Is become a regulation in August, 1942, and production is begun in December of the year; a last production of M3 whippet tanks type. Production has been already affected by the M5 whippet tank considered to be a start from March of the year.

The body completely became the welding structure, and a slant of approximately 20 degrees was touched to the front armor plate which became one piece of constitution and became slender. The front part of body armor which an area came to have a big decreased to thickness 25.4mm like the side, but was the defence that sheer 38.1mm armor was near in former verticality because a slant was touched. In addition, the body side armor stands perpendicularly in M5, but is slanted in M3A3.

The cockpit moved for lightweighting before again, and the body capacities increased. The number of the carrying of the 37mm cannonball increased to 174 from 103 with this, and two fuel tanks were added more, and flying ranges increased from 113km to 217km.

In addition, an air cleaner was attached to an engine. A sand shield was put on like M3 for British troops before it in the foot circumference, and a shape was changed to the gun turret.

3,427 輌 was completed by October, 1943 of the production end, but were given to the all foreign country (British Federales, Free French, the Chinese Nationalist Party forces) without being used in the U.S. forces which adopted M5. The name in British troops "Stewart V."

M5

The development type that it was equipped with two 4 stroke V-eights liquid cold water gasoline engines made in Cadillac Corporation to an M3 whippet tank and simplified body work and did front armor to a sloping board and did. It was become a regulation in February, 1942, and, from March, 1942 to December, 1942, 2,074 cars were produced. The name in British troops "Stewart VI."

The details refer to "M5 whippet tank"

M5A1

The improved model that I put a new gun turret of M3A3 on M5 whippet tank and did. From January, 1943 to June, 1944, 6,810 cars were produced. The name in British troops is the same as M5; "Stewart VI."

The details refer to "M5 whippet tank"

T18

The prototype of the self-run howitzer which established the fixed battle room made by large-scale casting belonging to a ceiling on the number of cars of the M3, and was equipped with M1A1 75mm howitzer.

Prototype 2 輌 having a battle room made of soft iron was produced, but the regulation of the M8 75mm self-run howitzer which had ball turret became the development cancellation by making it it in April, 1942 without being able to start a result to be satisfied with tall battle room and front heavy が cause in the examination in the Aberdeen proving ground.

The details refer to "T18 self-run howitzer"

T56

A tank expulsion car (tank destroyer) which carried 3 inches (76.2mm) of antiaircraft gun M1918 on the number of cars of M3A3. A prototype. There is a manta on the front of 砲. I moved an engine the body ahead and carried 砲 to the body rear.

T57

A tank expulsion car (tank destroyer) which carried 3 inches (76.2mm) of antiaircraft gun M1918 on the number of cars of M3A3.

A prototype. I moved an engine the body ahead and carried 砲 to the body rear. An engine of T56 replaced it with Continental R-975 system same as an M3 medium tank for lack of output for weight and removed a front manta of 砲 for weight reduction.

It was development cancellation in February, 1943 without being able to give the result that T56 and T57 satisfied both in the examination in the Aberdeen proving ground.

Deployment and operational

The mass-produced M3 whippet tank was given to the Soviet Union, France, Australia, China as well as a weapon made in many other United States including the ally U.K. The British troops cast this car into a fight in the North Africa and were called by a nickname called "honey" with friendly feeling from high reliability.

Operation クルセーダー was exercised right after this car arrived at the North Africa, and this one car regiment (approximately 150 輌) participated. The M3 whippet tank was utilized as a substitute for cruise tank here, but heat, armor was short together and gave much damage. The M3 whippet tank possessed high reliability and was a whippet tank superior in mobility, but big lowering it 砲 not having been able to be equipped with the body and 履帯幅 were small, and there were the faults such as grounding pressure being high, the thing that a flying range had a short. Therefore, the battle duty in the North Africa was replaced by M4 shaman medium tank supplied newly, and the M3 whippet tank came to be invested in a reconnaissance duty.

M3A1 of the U.S. forces which fought after this in Tunisia challenged a German tank and started great damage, and the whippet tank of this class has been shown the limit of what a tank battle and a foot soldier supported to Germany forces partner. Furthermore, after mid-1942, new M5 whippet tank began to be deployed and was excluded from the front line equipment for U.S. forces in the form that was gradually pushed in 1943. M3A3 continued being used in the Free French and free Paulhan Dodgers, the British troops of the Burmese area, but I remove a gun turret of M3A3 in European British Federales, and there are many things remodeled into the ammunition truck shop gun tractor. In addition, it is remodeled into the Stewart レッキ reconnaissance car which after all removes a gun turret of M3A3 in the British troops of the Italian front, and lightweights armament only as a machine gun, and increased mobility.

On the other hand, the 192nd tank battalion (M3 whippet tank 54 輌), the 194th tank battalion (53 輌) were deployed in the Philippines at the time of the outbreak of war in the Pacific War. When the Japanese military struck Luzon on December 22, 1941, M3 whippet tank 15 輌 which was over this for interception fights with 95 sets of whippet tanks of the tank fourth regiment second squadron first platoon position. 95 sets of front armor of the M3 wanted to reject all the 37mm guns of the whippet tank, and 5 輌 could not act in bodily crash or 履帯切断 of the enemy platoon leader car, and (the armor accomplishment power of 94 sets of 37mm tank guns of 95 sets of whippet tanks was poor beyond comparison with the antitank gun of the general 37mm class) was repulsed. In addition, this is the Japan and the United States's first tank battle.

In addition, an M3 whippet tank (total number approximately 150 輌) of the second tank regiment position of the British seventh airplane former brigade position played an active part in the fight around Rangoon of Burma in February, 1942. The front armor of the M3 whippet tank could not penetrate with 94 sets of 37mm machine guns and tank gun of the powerless Japanese military, and the 37mm gun of the M3 was able to penetrate the armor of all Japanese tanks from a long distance adversely. Therefore M3 of 十数輌 performs a battle to annihilate 95 sets of whippet tank 4 輌 of the tank second regiment whippet tank squadron position from distance more than 1,500m in the peg neighborhood located to northeast 80km of Rangoon. But the British troops escape from Rangoon in March, 1942 without being able to finish burying it to overwhelming military power differences and this side and that even with the activity of the tank corps, and the city falls into the hand of the Japan forces.

The M3 played an active part in a fight of Guadalcanal Island or the fight of New Guinea afterwards, but when new M5 whippet tank and stronger M4 shaman medium tank came to be deployed here, I was gradually raised by a front, and it was a spare weapon. In addition, a flame emission tank "Satan" equipped with a flame thrower as the measures to effectively utilize of the M3 that became the spare was made and was cast into the actual fighting by a fight around Mariana Islands.

M3 and M3A1 スチュアルト (Russian reading of Stewart) were given for Ren dories use for the Soviet Union during until March in the next year from January, 1942. These play an active part in the battle in the North Caucasus area where U.S. and British tanks were used many for. しかしディーゼルエンジン型ではなく、他のソ連戦車より使用する燃料のオクタン価の高いガソリンエンジン型が供与され、運用に問題があったという。

1944年11月、イギリス軍の支援によりダルマチア海岸にM3A1（1輌）、M3A3（56輌）からなるユーゴスラビア第1戦車旅団が上陸し、チトーのパルチザン部隊を支援した。これらの一部は砲塔を撤去し、ドイツ軍から鹵獲した7.5 cm PaK 40や2cm Flakvierling38を搭載した対戦車自走砲や対空自走砲に改造された。

2015年末の時点ではパラグアイ陸軍が少数をM4中戦車とともに訓練用戦車として使用されている^[1]。

日本軍での鹵獲運用

 

日本軍に鹵獲されたM3軽戦車－1942年1月、フィリピンにて

太平洋戦線で鹵獲されたM3軽戦車は日本軍戦車より機動力・防御力が優れ、37mm戦車砲M6の攻撃力も九七式中戦車改の一式47mm戦車砲と変わらなかったために重宝された。なお、当時の日本軍は戦車開発において列強から取り残されつつあり、「日本が実戦に投入した最強の戦車は鹵獲したM3軽戦車」などというジョークが存在する^[2]。

1942年（昭和17年）4月のコレヒドール島要塞攻略作戦にあたり、本土から急派された九七式中戦車改を中核として編成された臨時戦車中隊には九七式中戦車改2輌や九五式軽戦車4輌に混じって1輌のM3軽戦車も参加している。このうち、実際にコレヒドール島に辿り着けたのは中戦車2輌とM3のみだった。しかし予期せぬ戦車の投入によりアメリカ軍守備部隊は恐慌をきたし、結果的に難攻不落とされたコレヒドール要塞も同日中に陥落することとなった。なお上陸地点から台上に進出する際、登板能力に勝るM3が自力で登ることのできない中戦車を牽引したというエピソードも残っている。

また、インパール作戦に参加した戦車第14連隊では第1，2，3中隊がM3軽戦車を装備する軽戦車小隊を保有していたほか、作戦発動前には戦力強化のためにM3を装備する第4中隊が新たに編入された。作戦初期の1944年（昭和19年）3月には日本軍のM3軽戦車が英印軍のM3中戦車と戦闘を交え、これを撃破している。しかし無謀な作戦計画による補給の不足や強力な中戦車を前面に立てて戦闘を行う英印軍の前に戦車14連隊は壊滅した。

登場作品

ゲーム

『R.U.S.E.』

アメリカの軽戦車として登場。

『World of Tanks』

アメリカ軽戦車M3 Stuartとして開発可能。イギリス軽戦車Stuart I-IVとして開発可能。ソ連軽戦車M3 Lightとして配布（M3 Stuart Lend Leaseから改名）。

『コール オブ デューティ2 ビッグ レッド ワン』

『ブラザー イン アームズ ロード トゥ ヒル サーティー』

M3A1 スチュアート戦車としてChapter 8の「ヴィエルヴィルでの交戦」とChapter 9の「死の曲がり角」において登場する。

『虫けら戦車』

脚注・出典

1. ^ Paraguay keeping M3 Stuart, M4 Sherman tanks in service by Erwan de Cherisey, Paris - IHS Jane's Defence Weekly, 29 December 2015
2. ^ UTP実行委員会著『帝国陸軍陸戦兵器ガイド 1972-1945』 新紀元社刊^{[要ページ番号]}

関連項目

ウィキメディア・コモンズには、M3軽戦車に関連するメディアがあります。

• 戦車一覧
• M2軽戦車 - M3軽戦車の前身に当たる車両。
• M4中戦車 - 同時期に運用されたアメリカ軍の主力戦車。シャーマン戦車とも呼ばれる。
• M5軽戦車 - M3軽戦車の発展型。

この項目は、武器・兵器に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（プロジェクト:軍事／Portal:軍事）。

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