Living-in-agency public servant
The generic name of the local bureaucrat who engaged in business of the land which a provincial governor rules over administration with the living-in-agency public servant (ざいちょうかんにん, ざいちょうかんじん) for Kamakura period from the middle of Heian era in Japan. The post named the living-in-agency public servant did not exist. With a living-in-agency (ざいちょう), agency official (the butterfly feel). It was the business bureaucrat whom a provincial governor of the central dispatch employed locally, and there was the character as the aide to provincial governor. There came to become little local starting for the new post itself of the provincial governor, and the thing with the powerful ability came to be called the living-in-provincial governor (ざいこくし) soon.
Table of contents
History
Outbreak
In Japan of the ninth to the tenth century, a big change occurred in the rule system. Before it, the Law Code system rule based on family register, taxation register, 班田収授 was carried out, but the Law Code system rule showed deadlock because it was about time when this, and vagrancy, an escape, the false family register of the people increased remarkably. On the other hand, the hierarchy called "the people of the millionaire" which assumed provincial governor, Gunshi, existence power farmers blood relationship appeared in each district and undertook management and the land tax collection of Nada from the land which a provincial governor rules over and has begun to touch economic power. In addition, they take place of the class of chiefs since the ancient times, and put a citizen under subordination through I loaning; of the local people rule was predominating.
Under such situation, the Imperial Court pushed forward the government reform that adapted to the fact (as for reform having progressed most the Kanpyo era, the Engi era period after 900 years ago), and, in the field of the local administration, large devolutions such as the 租税収取権, military affairs right were performed for a provincial governor first on the list official (the receipt) (dynasty nation). Receipt changed this authority expansion to 掾 (じょう), the eyes (it does not bloom) which it was hard to employ because of the same hierarchy blood relationship in old aides one-sidedly as a background to strengthen the rule in 租税収取, military affairs both sides and incorporated domestic powerful family, influential person and others in the system of the land which a provincial governor rules over. This is a living-in-agency public servant.
As for the living-in-agency public servant, a lot of people appointed by "people (the taxpaying farmer, minus number name layer) of the millionaire" which mentioned above contributed to 租税収取 of the provincial governor in what management, a land tax of the office of a provincial governor territory collected. Most of living-in-agency public servants were the class of aboriginality provincial governor, old Gunshi. An aboriginality provincial governor and the descendant served the regency families as the military noble who relatively had low social position at the center, and the class of former Gunshi was the existence that supported the district armaments as Kenji again and was the main constituent which provided the armaments to a provincial governor together. In this way, the living-in-agency public servant knew the know-how of 租税収取 and was existence abreast of military affairs. I get meritorious deeds by a military exploit of the peace and order maintenance among them later particularly people that meritorious deeds were recognized by Revolts of the Shohei and Tengyo periods become the core, and samurai social position will be formed.
The people who left administration to a living-in-agency public servant increased without the land which a provincial governor rules over government coming to be run by the hand of the living-in-agency public servant at the about mid-tenth century, and starting for the new post in the receipt to the job country. 遙任 means this. I dispatched one's family to the field as an agent, and 遙任国司 let the supervision of the living-in-agency public servant be successful. This agent is called an assistant governor. The living-in-agency public servants dealt with the business such as 租税収取, military affairs under the supervision of the assistant governor in a land which a provincial governor rules over.
The lateral that is different from the duties of the living-in-agency public servant
The office of a provincial governor without the provincial governor was called a provincial office responsible for administration in place of the governor who is often out of the province, and a post (titled lady (まんどころ), 調所 (ちょうしょ), furnishing workshop in an aristocrat's mansion (さいくどころ), Zeze (ぜんどころ)) which had jurisdiction over a post (is crowded Kenji place (whereabouts), police and judicial chief in ancient times place (けびいしどころ), stable place (うまやどころ)) which had jurisdiction over a post () such as tax place (ぜいしょ, beginning, Tadokoro (たどころ), 大帳所 (だいちょうしょ), receipt and disbursement place (すいとうどころ)) and military affairs to have jurisdiction over 租税収取, income issuing from the management of a fief, trivial routine duties was put and the living-in-agency public servant belonged to these posts and engaged in business.
The duty of the living-in-agency public servant diverged into many branches. When a new manor was authorized, the living-in-agency public servant performed border confirmation with a manor side and hit 牓 示 indicating the border. It was reorganized to a unit called town, 保, but it was a living-in-agency public servant mainly in those days the county where it was from a county, the volost where the country was in the ancient times in the Middle Ages that was appointed by Gunshi, Goshi, Yasuji who had jurisdiction over this to secure 租税収取 from the office of a provincial governor territory. I was engaged in the making of the land ledger which was the land tax account book which recorded a feudal lord, a paddy field area, the crops of domestic manor, 公領. In addition, when a dispute occurred in the country, I was appointed by a thief-arresting official, the commander in charge of suppression of rioters as the military affairs commander of the temporary country unit and I commanded country samurai and functioned as military power equal to the domestic peace and order maintenance. In addition, 参勤 made it a turn to be constipated to provincial governor building in a time of peace.
A living-in-agency public servant seemed to be an obedient servant for provincial governor, but did not seem to determine the actual situation when I saw it as above. Originally it was a local influential person, and the living-in-agency public servant had the face as the local profit representative for the central provincial governor. Therefore it was often seen to resist a provincial governor if they formed a complicated network through the marriage, and the measure of the provincial governor did not fit own intention. Originality of the class of influential people was strong and, in the eastern country in particular, defied a provincial governor while being a living-in-agency public servant, and there were many people who woke up a military power dispute. In addition, Prince territory of county, volost, 保 tended to treat a national rice field as own feudal tenure when the living-in-agency public servant was appointed by Gunshi, Goshi, Yasuji. There was even the person who did oblation to a high-quality noble, existence power Buddhist temple and Shinto shrine (bribe influential family) among them. There were a lot of people whom the side as a development feudal lord, the village headman of the manor had both while having the side as the living-in-agency public servant to a living-in-agency public servant.
(the eleventh to the twelfth century), most of living-in-agency public servants will grow up as as a staying in the locale feudal lord and a samurai in this way after the peace middle. A land which a provincial governor rules over and military and economical strain over the rights and interests of the class of taxpaying farmer minus number names as the blood relationship mother's body of the class of living-in-agency public servants and the frequent occurrence of the military power dispute by it were greatly concerned in the process. The living-in-agency public servant stood on the side that brought the class of taxpaying farmer minus number names under control as the soldier who guaranteed the power of the Imperial Court, the land which a provincial governor rules over line on the revolt side as representative profit of the taxpaying farmer minus number name layer again once once and built the real power in the area. The tendency is particularly strong in Kanto, and movement to intend exclusion of the power to toss about the assistant governor of the land which a provincial governor rules over in the staying in the locale and the living-in-agency public servant such as the checkroom (あずかっそ) of the manor is connected to establishment of the Kamakura Shogunate. Actually, most of influential family of the Kamakura Shogunate are living-in-agency public servant native places.
Position of the living-in-agency public servant
What there was the difference of the position in among the living-in-agency public servants is known. It is the Kamakura era, but, in the case of Hitachi, it can call from a document that there were 掾官, leaving in midcourse, a student, the social position difference called other countries footman, country Zoushiki, a country palm, 国承仕, the Imperial son of one minute. It is considered that the descendant of the low-class provincial governor such as 掾 and eyes was aboriginal according to the name, and 掾官 often gets the office and rank such as officers below the rank of lieutenant commander of the office responsible for the guarding of the Imperial gates, and it is thought that I was in a leading position in a land which a provincial governor rules over. There are leaving in midcourse, student, one minute in the position next to it, and it is thought that the other countries footman, country Zoushiki, country palm, 国承仕, Imperial son and others were business bureaucrats.
Living-in-agency public servant after Kamakura period
The land which a provincial governor rules over administration led by the living-in-agency public servant continued even if I entered Kamakura period. However, the lord of a manor whom the Kamakura Shogunate posted in each place invades the rule range of the living-in-agency public servant. In addition, many living-in-agency public servants concluded homage with a general in the eastern country and got family social position and were appointed to a lord of a manor. With the Mongolian Invasions of the Kamakura middle, Shogunate power spread among the thirty-three holy places for pilgrimage in the Kinki district, and the land which a provincial governor rules over administration by the living-in-agency public servant gradually weakened.
When it is the Muromachi period, the protection is given strong authority, and the office of a provincial governor will be put under the control of the protection. The power of the land which a provincial governor rules over was unified to protection power, and the land which a provincial governor rules over government traced the way to extinction. Then the position called the living-in-agency public servant would lose an existence base, too, and the living-in-agency public servant shifted to the hierarchy called local people.
Most were incorporated in a downtrodden farmer of the protection, and the land which a provincial governor rules over territory that the living-in-agency public servant managed was reorganized to the protection territory that the protection ruled over, and the living-in-agency public servant who became local people was connected to the establishment of the protection fief system. On the other hand, in disfavor with a protection follower receiving it, there was the former living-in-agency public servant who planned the continuation as local people with the originality. In addition, taking advantage of confusion of the north and south dynasty period, there was the person (e.g.,: Ouchi) who grew up from a living-in-agency public servant to the protection.
Allied item
This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Living-in-agency public servant
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