Hurdy-gurdy
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Because a wooden wheel (rotary board) which I painted with rosin via the bottom of the string put with kind of the stringed instrument rubs against a string, I pronounce the hurdy-gurdy (Hardie garfish D, English: from hurdy gurdy). The wheel performs a function similar to the bow of the violin, but it is operated with crank (steering wheel), and therefore it may be said that the hurdy-gurdy is a violin of a kind of machine device. The trunk has many guitar and lute-shaped things. The melody is played using a keyboard, but adjusts PHS by this keyboard pushing down the small wedge (usually wooden) called "a tangent", and pushing it to the string. The vibration of the string is extended through a resonant board.
Most hurdy-gurdy has plural "drone strings" other than a melody string, and pedal points always sound with a melody. Therefore, there is a place like a bagpipe having a drone sound in the same way and is often used in French folk music or the modern Hungary music as a substitute of with a bagpipe or the bagpipe.
It can see the performance of the hurdy-gurdy by many race music festival of Europe, but it is music festival performed in sun シャルティエ of French Indre on around July 14 that is famous in that.
Table of contents
The origin and history
It is thought that the hurdy-gurdy occurred in West Europe before the eleventh century. One of the oldest forms is a large-scale musical instrument having the neck having a long it which a keyboard (as for the range the diatonic scale of 1 octave) was installed in on a guitar-shaped body called オルガニストルム. オルガニストルム had a relatively small wheel having one melody string and two drone strings which shared a piece. For a large musical instrument, the performance was carried out in two people, and one turned crank, and one already raised a key. The operation to raise this key was difficult and therefore was able to play only a slow melody in オルガニストルム [1]. The pace (pitch) of オルガニストルム was tuned in Pythagoras tune and was used as an accompaniment musical instrument of the chorus music at a monastery and the church mainly. A short memo entitled Quomodo organistrum construatur (about "structure of オルガニストルム") where オドン de cru knee (-942) is pointed at an author is left [2], but there are only [3], the manuscript of after ages and is extremely doubtful whether it is a truth product. One of the oldest representation things of オルガニストルム includes the statue of two musicians playing オルガニストルム where corridors ('Pórtico de la Gloria) of the glory of the twelfth century building in Santiago デ コンポステーラ of the Spain Galicia district are in.
"オルガニストルム" was downsized later, and one player became able to operate crank and a keyboard at the same time. "Solo オルガニストルム" was seen in Spain and France, but it was replaced "sinfonia" (symphonia) which was small box-shaped hurdy-gurdy and hardly disappeared. The sinfonia had a keyboard of the diatonic scale with 3 strings. For development and the same period of the sinfonia, the new keyboard to push was developed by the bottom. The performance of the early passage became much easier and completely expelled the keyboard of the type to gradually raise from the top by this new keyboard. The keyboard of both types is seen in the representation of the sinfonia of the Middle Ages.
The hurdy-gurdy is high along with a bagpipe for the Renaissance period; was popular, and acquired the form called the short neck characterizing the hurdy-gurdy and a square-built body and the tail which curved. It is from this time that "a growl piece" comes up in a musical instrument drawn on the pictures. When "a growl piece" is a piece of the asymmetry form under the drone string, and the rotary speed of the wheel rises, one of the foot of the piece happens and vibrates apart from a resonant board and produces a growl called Boone. It is thought that the growl piece was borrowed from the rubbed string instrument of the single string called tromba marina () (tromba marina).
In hurdy-gurdy of the latter term Renaissance, two types of external forms developed. One resembled a guitar, and the other is a thing of the round body similar to the lutes having a rib. The body of the lute type is particularly frequent in a French musical instrument.
When it is the end of 17th century, the musical instrument which can play many voices with the change of the hobby of the music at the same time comes to be liked, and the hurdy-gurdy is driven to the position of the bottom layer. As a result, I came to be called, for example, "ベットラーライアー" (Bettlerleier) which meant "バウエルンライアー" (Bauernleier) and "lira of the beggar" to mean "lira of the farmer" in German. On the contrary, because rusticity was praised to the skies as by a rococo hobby of France in the 18th century, hurdy-gurdy was brought into the Imperial Court again and won popularity between the class of upper classes. A lot of music for hurdy-gurdy is composed at this time, too (the most famous works include) "faithful shepherdess" (Il pastor Fido) told to be Antonio Vivaldi product (today). At this time, "ヴィエル a ル" (Buddha: vielleàroue) of 6 strings which was form of the most common hurdy-gurdy was established now. The thing of 6 strings has two melody strings and four drone strings and, in what I sound a drone string and put out, comes to be able to cope with various 調 (e.g., a C and ト sound or ト sound and a two sound).
In addition, the hurdy-gurdy spread to the east at this time and diversified more in the Slav word zone west, the German zone and the Hungarian zone and was seen widely particularly in Hungary, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine. I was called "lira" in Ukraine, and a blind one-man band played most called the Lil meat (lirnyk) as an occupation. The program to play concerned religion mainly, but a lot of epic and dance music called ドゥマ (Дума) were played, too. However, the Lil meat from root こそぎにされ, 250 to 300 was almost executed as the society element which was not good for the Soviet Union society in the 1930s by the Soviet Union authorities.
Most of hurdy-gurdy almost became extinct in the early 20th century, but survive partly until today. It is French "ヴィエル a ル" and Hungarian "テケルーラント" (tekerőlant), Spanish "ソンファナ" to be particularly famous (zanfona). In late years movement of the revival becomes popular in Sweden, Germany, Austria, Czech, Poland, Russia, Ukraine, Italy, Portugal. It increases that hurdy-gurdy is used for the music of various new genres by movement of this revival.
Name of the musical instrument
According to Oxford English Dictionary, I say an onomatopoeia in the origin of the word "hurdy-gurdy". The wheel is made of wood, but it is said that a sound often shakes to be warped and expressed the state or growls and expressed the sound of the piece by changes of the humidity [4].
In addition, some etymologies theory including the following folk etymology is advocated.
A reel with crank which was used that Hardy (hurdy) was the buttock of the person and drew a fishing net into a ship with garfish D (gurdy). The disdainful name that was used for a French musical instrument in the U.K. in the 18th century.
There are many problems with this etymology theory. Above all, the English word "hurdy" not being known elsewhere, the word (I warn the point that is not "gurdy") "hurdy gurdy" pointing to the crank again can point out what is recorded as a word to come from the hurdy-gurdy as the musical instrument in 1883 for the first time [5].
There is the name called "a wheel fiddle" in English elsewhere, too, but is hardly used for a musician.
Or it is merely said in French with "ヴィエル" (vielle) "ヴィエル a ル" (vielleàroue) meaning "the fiddle of the ring".
And フォルゴラン (forgólant) of another name is a meaning of "the rotary lute" both (tekerő) "テケルーラント" (tekerőlant) of Hungarian, "テケルー" of the abbreviated designation. There is the onomatopoeia-like name "ニェニェーレ" (nyenyere) by Hungarian elsewhere, too. In addition, this word was used commonly in チェペル islands in the south of Budapest, but is a derogatory term in the Hungarian low land district. "ニニェーラ" (niněra) of Czech, "ニネーラ" (ninera) of Slovak are similar onomatopoeias, too.
In "ドレーライアー" (Drehleier) of German, "バウエルンライアー" (Bauernleier) means "lira of the farmer" with "a mawashi harp". draailier of Dutch is near, too.
In "ギロンダ" (ghironda) of Italian, "lira テデスカ" (lira tedesca) means "lira of Germany" "a thing to turn".
Swedish resemblance musical instrument ニュッケルハルパ (nyckelharpa) is a musical instrument to play with a bow.
Different musical instrument called the hurdy-gurdy
The name "hurdy-gurdy" was used for a hand organ in the 18th century. A hand organ was a box-shaped musical instrument to operate with the crank with the pipe of the organ, and a sound as the pipe which drove a pin turned around and set it beforehand sounded, and a poor street performer (one-man band) played a lot it. The operation necessary for a hand organ is only to turn crank, and the pipe which drove a pin or the paper roll which became vacant of the hole can play the music by an electronic module automatically recently.
Such confusion concerning the name "hurdy-gurdy" was limited to languages such as English, Japanese adopting it again, but similar confusion is seen even in German and Hungarian for modern people because I become unfamiliar to hurdy-gurdy. I call the hand organ Orgue de Barbarie (Burberry organ) in French and call it Drehorgel (bogus organ) in German.
Structure
Today's hurdy-gurdy does not have the standard design, but French style "ヴィエル a ル" of 6 strings is best known and is used widely again. A certain characteristic musical instrument developed every area, but the thing except France is recognized with "a racial musical instrument" and is hard to find the fixed flow that you should adopt as a canonical form.
With the modern musical instrument, the form of the body greatly separates you, and there are two. One is a guitar type, and the other is a lute type. Both are seen in the French-speaking world, but a guitar type is common in other area. Among musicians making much of an ancient music player and a historical verisimilitude research, the box-shaped "sinfonia is used well, too".
Term
Because the hurdy-gurdy has a long tradition in France, a lot of French is used for the technical term that the player uses. Particularly important terms include the following.
- trompette (Tron pet): Drone string (having a growl piece) of the most high-pitched tone
- mouche (monsieur): The drone string which was tuned under 4 degrees or the five times of the Tron pet
- petit bourdon (プティ bourdon): The drone string which was tuned under the octave of the Tron pet
- gros bourdon (bizarrerie bourdon): The drone string which was tuned under the octave of the monsieur
- chanterelle(s) (シャントレル): A melody string. With the chanter (the term which is spoken all in best string (quint) of the violin for the will such as "a singing thing")
- chien (シヤン): Growl piece
- tirant (ティラン): With a small peg (spool) in the tail peace, I coordinate the sensitivity of the growl piece
String
The string is made with gut historically and I am considered to be the best material even today, but metal strings come to be used many in the 20th century and are used for the drone string of the low tone and the melody string of the low tone in particular. The nylon string is used, but there are many musicians who do not evaluate it.
The drone string sounds a pedal point by decided pitch. Melody string (Buddha： chanterelle(s), Hungarian： Because it is used to hold dallamhúr(ok)) in the tangent that a key has, the resonance head changes and can adjust pitch. I was tuned with the old musical instrument by Pythagoras tune, but various tuning was used with the musical instrument of after ages, and the temperament that the ensemble with other musical instruments was easy to do was liked in particular. But the hurdy-gurdy can support almost all tuning because the tangent can regulate a position every key. A modern standard musical instrument is 24 keys and covers the chromatic scale of 2 octaves.
Each string is wrapped in cotton (cotton) or similar fiber to secure accurate pitch and sound quality. Using the cotton which is relatively light on a melody string, I use heavy cotton for a drone string. If コットニング is bad, sound quality is gritty at the soprano in particular. In addition, it is necessary to often regulate height of the contact with the surface of the wheel across the small little things (SIMM) between a piece and strings. This work is called "シミング" (shimming). Because the balance of the string is affected by both cotton and SIMM, you must perform シミング and コットニング at the same time.
Growl piece
The one of the drone strings has a thing having "a growl piece" in hurdy-gurdy. I am seen in French ヴィエル a ル and Hungarian テケルーラント well and am called in particular "レチェグー" (hum) in "シヤン" (dog), the latter in the former. 現代のフランス式楽器の製作家の中には、うなり駒の数を最大4つまで増やしている者もいる。
うなり駒はドローン弦の下にあるゆるい駒である。駒の一端は縦方向の細長いスロットに差し込まれている（ハンガリー式の楽器ではペグによって押さえられている）。うなり駒の押さえつけられていない側（「ハンマー」と呼ばれる）は響板の上に乗っていて、簡単に振動するようになっている。ホイールをゆっくり回している時には、トロンペット弦が駒を押さえつけ、ドローンを鳴らす。しかしホイールが加速すると、ハンマーが持ち上がって響板にふれながら振動し、独特のリズミックなうなりを発するのである。この効果はアーティキュレーションやびっくりさせる効果を狙って舞曲などで用いられる。
フランス式の楽器では、うなり駒の感度を「ティラン」というペグで調整できる。ティランはテールピース（緒止め）についており、トロンペット弦とワイヤーまたは糸で連結している。ティランを使ってトロンペットにかかる横方向の力を調整し、ホイールの速度に対する感度を調整するのである。
うなり駒を鳴らすには、ホイールの回転をどのポイントで加速するかなど、さまざまな技術がある。加速して「ヒット」するたびに、強いうなり音を得ることができる。「ヒット」は奏者が回すたびにコントロールするものであって、自動的に鳴るものではない。
ハンガリー式のテケルーラントでは、「レチェグーエク」というドローン弦を下に押さえつけるくさびを使って同じような調整を行っている。伝統的なテケルーラントの奏法では、うなり駒のコントロールは全て奏者の手首によって行われており、フランス式の楽器とは異なった音やリズムの可能性を持っている。
地域毎の変種
ハーディ・ガーディの分類は主にホイールの大きさと、うなり駒の有無および形式によって行われる[6][7]。
小型ホイール
ホイールが小振りのもの（直径14センチ以下）の楽器は、伝統的には中欧及び東欧に見られる。幅広のキーボックスを持ち、ドローン弦はキーボックスの中を通っている。ホイールが小さいため、一般的には旋律弦1本、ドローン弦2本の3弦の楽器であるが、時に4弦、また5弦の楽器もある。
- 弦調整式うなり駒
- ドイツの洋梨型ドレーライアー（Drehleier）：2から3本のドローン弦と1から2本の旋律弦、半音階鍵盤を持つ。ペグボックスは特徴的なV字型で、凝った装飾を持つものが多い。うなり駒を調整するペグは、通常、テールピースではなく弦のすぐ隣にあるブロックに設置されている。
- くさび調整式うなり駒
- テケルーラント（tekerőlant、ハンガリー）：通常2本のドローン弦（時に3弦）と1から2本の旋律弦、半音階鍵盤。ペグボックスは幅広で凝った装飾を持つことが多い。
- チロリアン・ドレーライアー（Drehleier、オーストリア）：テケルーラントとよく似ているが、通常は全音階鍵盤を持つ。テケルーラントの原型の可能性が指摘されている[8]。
- うなり駒なし
- リラ・コルボワ（lira korbowa、ポーランド）：ギター型で、ドローン弦2本、旋律弦1本、全音階鍵盤。
- リラ（lira/лира、ロシア）：ギター型。ドローン弦2本、旋律弦1本、全音階鍵盤。鍵盤は均等な間隔にならんでいる。
- リラ（lira/ліра、ウクライナ）：ギター型。ドローン弦2本、旋律弦1本、全音階鍵盤。ボディには2タイプあり、1つは一枚板から掘り出し、ギター型で、横向きのペグを持つもの、もう1つは複数の板を組み合わせてあり、ペグは縦方向である。鍵盤は均等な間隔にならんでいる。
- ニネラ（ninera/kolovratec、スロバキア）：ギター型。ドローン弦2本、旋律弦1本、全音階鍵盤。幅広のキーボックスを持つ。テケルーラントと極めてよく似ているが、うなり駒は持たない。
- グロダリラ（grodalira/vevlira、スウェーデン）：歴史的な楽器をもとに20世紀になって復元された。ボディには2タイプあり、1つは細長い箱型のもの、もう1つは長い洋梨型である。通常は全音階鍵盤だが、全音階鍵盤の下に追加された拡張鍵盤で半音階をカバーしているものもある（通常の半音階鍵盤を持つハーディ・ガーディは「白鍵」の上に「黒鍵」がある）
- ドイツのチューリップ型ドレーライアー：ドローン弦3本、旋律弦1本、全音階鍵盤。
大型ホイール
ホイールが大型のもの（直径14から17センチ）は、伝統的には西ヨーロッパに見られる。このタイプは一般的に幅の狭いキーボックスを持ち、ドローン弦はキーボックスの外に張られている。また、弦の数が多く、複数の旋律弦を持つものが多い。現代の楽器には15弦も持つものもあるが、もっとも多いタイプは6弦である。
- 弦調整式うなり駒
- ヴィエル・ア・ル（vielle à roue、フランス）：通常はドローン弦4本、旋律弦2本だが、更に拡張弦を持つ場合も少なくない。ボディには2タイプあり、1つはギター型であり、もう1つはリュート型である（ヴィエル・オン・リュット、vielle en luth）。フランスの楽器は通常、キーボックスが細く、ドローン弦はキーボックスの外に張られている。伝統的には2本の旋律弦、4本のドローン弦にうなり駒を1つ持つ。現代の楽器では更に弦が多いものが多い。例えば著名な演奏かジル・シャブナ（Gilles Chabenat）の使用楽器は、4本の旋律弦がヴィオラ用のテールピースに張られており、4本のドローン弦がチェロ用のテールピースに張られている。また3本のトロンペット弦を持っている。
- ニニェーラ（Niněra、チェコ）：ギター型。2つのタイプがあり、1つは一般的なドローン弦と旋律弦の配置だが、もう1つは旋律弦とドローン弦が交互にキーボックスの中に張られている。両タイプにそれぞれ半音階と全音階の鍵盤のタイプがある。またトロンペット弦のうなり量の調整方法も独特である。
- うなり駒なし
- サンフォナ（Zanfona、スペイン）：通常はギター型で、ドローン弦2本と旋律弦3本を持つ。古い楽器には全音階鍵盤のものがあるが、現代製作されている楽器のほとんどは半音階鍵盤である。サンフォナはハ長調に調弦されており、旋律弦はピアノの中央のハ音と同じ高さに調弦され、バリトン・ドローン弦がその1オクターヴ下、バス・ドローン弦がそのさらに1オクターヴ下のハ音に調弦される。ドローン弦は聴力を高めて二音に調弦されることもあるが、旋律弦はハ音に調弦されたままである。
- ニニェーラ（Niněra、チェコ）：うなり駒のないタイプ。
脚注
- ^ Christopher Page, "The Medieval Organistrum and Symphonia. 1: A Legacy From the East?," The Galpin Society Journal 35:37–44, and "The Medieval Organistrum and Symphonia. 2: Terminology," The Galpin Society Journal 36:71–87
- ^ Scriptores ecclesiastici de musica sacra potissimum, 3 vols., ed. Martin Gerbert (St. Blaise: Typis San-Blasianis, 1784; reprint ed., Hildesheim: Olms, 1963), 1:303. http://www.chmtl.indiana.edu/tml/9th-11th/ODOORG_TEXT.html にてオンライン入手可能。
- ^ Franz Montgomery, "The Etymology of the Phrase by Rote." Modern Language Notes 46/1 (Jan. 1931), 19-21.
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary entry for hurdy-gurdy.
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary entry for hurdy-gurdy
- ^ Lommel, Arle, and Balázs Nagy. forthcoming (2007). "The Form, History and Classification of the Tekerőlant (Hungarian Hurdy-Gurdy)". The Galpin Society Journal 60.
- ^ Description of types based on Nagy, Balázs. 2006. Tekerőlantosok könyve: Hasznós kézikönyv tekerőlant-játékosok és érdeklődők számára / The Hurdy-Gurdy Handbook: A Practical Handbook for Players and Aficionados of the Tekerő (Hungarian Hurdy Gurdy). Budapest: Hagyományok Háza, pp. 23–40
- ^ Lommel, Arle, and Balázs Nagy. forthcoming (2007). "The Form, History and Classification of the Tekerőlant (Hungarian Hurdy-Gurdy)". The Galpin Society Journal 60.
関連項目
- 冬の旅 - フランツ・シューベルト作曲の歌曲集『冬の旅』最終曲で、年老いた辻音楽師が演奏している楽器・ライアー（Leier）として登場する。
- 灰野敬二 - 日本では数少ないハーディ・ガーディを用いたソロアルバムを多数発表しているアーティスト。
外部リンク
- ハーディ・ガーディ・ウィキ
- Olympic Musical Instruments Hurdy-gurdy Reference Pages - ハーディ・ガーディに関するリンク集
- Sean Folsom's Vielle a Roue by Tixier a Jenzat - 音や写真を用いたハーディ・ガーディの説明サイト（英語）
- Lira Organizzata - さまざまなハーディ・ガーディを写真や音サンプルで紹介するサイト（英・仏・独）
- Musica Antiqua's Hurdy Gurdy page - シンフォニアなどの古い形のハーディ・ガーディを音や写真などで紹介
- フランスの製作家 Dominique Engles のサイト（フランス語）
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