Catenation

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The catenation (British: Catenation) is a term referring to a similar elemental atom being connected into a long chain form. The example of the catenation known best moves to the carbon atom, and a lot of carbon is connected by covalent bond and make a long chain and structure. It is the reason why there is an organic compound of the kind that these are enormous in the natural world. Carbon is the element which properties of the catenation are known to best, and it may be said that organic chemistry is study to check structure (カテネー British is called catenae) of carbon which woke up catenation fundamentally. However, it is the only element that carbon forms カテネー, and there is not it at all, and, besides, representative elements such as silicon, sulfur, boron are known to be able to form wide カテネー.

It is decided whether an element can cause catenation by binding energy with oneself basically. The atomic orbital which the binding energy overlaps, and makes combination opened more, and (high thing with an azimuthal quantum number) lowers more. Therefore, carbon having valence electron husk p orbit spreading out least can form a p-pσ-binding atom chain having a long it than a heavier element. The catenation ability depends on the electronic factor to mix steric hindrance and electronegativity and the molecular orbital and changes by the covalent kind. σ combination with the adjacent atom is strong enough and, in the case of carbon, can completely form a stable atom chain. Though 山程 was it in a disproof, in the case of a different element, it was ever said that this was extremely difficult.

Most of the useful chemical property of sulfur move to the catenation. In the actual state, sulfur exists in the form of S₈ molecules. I cleave when I heat this ring and I am combined with a different ring and form an atom chain having a long it more. As a chain becomes long, I can gradually prove this from viscosity becoming higher. Selenium and tellurium show a variety of such a structure, too.

Silicon can form different silicon atom and σ combination (disilane is the father of the compound of this kind). However, it becomes difficult Si_nH_2n+2 molecular (equivalent to saturated hydrocarbon alkane) preparation and to separate when n grows big than approximately eight. This is because the thermodynamics stability decreases with the increase of the silicon atom. Polysilane which is heavier than disilane disintegrates to a hydrogenation polysilicon (English version) and hydrogen [¹]; [²]. However, I can prepare polysilane (English version) (called ポリシレン polysilenes by mistake once in a while) equivalent to alkane if I substitute hydrogen for an appropriate organic substituent. Indicating the surprising electrical characteristic (high electric conductivities) to be caused by electronic, delocalizing it along the chain as for these long chain compounds [³].

The phosphorus chain is prepared (with the organic substituent), too, but is very fragile. A small cyclic compound and cluster are more common.

The silicon – silicon π combination is possible, too. However, these combination is not enough in stability than a case of carbon. Disilane extremely in comparison with ethane has high reactivity. ジシレン is very rare unlike alkene. An example of ジシリン (English version) which had been thought not to be able to isolate it for a long time because it was unstable [⁴] was reported in 2004 [⁵].

In late years silicon, germanium, arsenic, two folds, the triple bond between various metalloid elements including bismuth are reported. As for the catenation ability of the specific representative element, a study is pushed forward in the field of the inorganic macromolecule (English version).

Source

1. ^ W. W. Porterfield, Inorganic Chemistry: A Unified Approach, 2nd Ed.", Academic Press (1993), p. 219.
2. ^ Inorganic Chemistry, Holleman-Wiberg, John Wiley & Sons (2001) p. 844.
3. ^ Miller, R. D.; Michl, J. (1989). "Polysilane high polymers." Chemical Reviews 89 (6): 1359. doi: 10.1021/cr00096a006. 
4. ^ Karni, M.; Apeloig, Y. (January 2002). "The quest for a stable silyne, RSi ≡ CR'. The effect of bulky substituents." Silicon Chemistry 1 (1): 59–65. doi: 10.1023/A: 1016091614005. 
5. ^ Akira Sekiguchi; Rei Kinjo; Masaaki Ichinohe (September 2004). "A Stable Compound Containing a Silicon-Silicon Triple Bond." Science 305 (5691): 1755–1757. Bibcode 2004Sci...305.1755S. doi: 10.1126/science.1102209. PMID 15375262. [1]

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