C70 fullerene
| C70 fullerene | |
|---|---|
 | |
| (C70-D5h)[5,6]fullerene | |
| Another name Fullerene-C70, rugbyballene | |
| Identification information | |
| CAS registration number | 115,383-22-7  |
| PubChem | 16131935 |
| ChemSpider | 17288599 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI: 33195 |
| |
| |
| Characteristic | |
| Chemical formula | C70 |
| Molar mass | 840.75 g mol-1 |
| The appearance | Black acicle |
| Density | 1.7 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | I sublimate in ~850 ℃ [2] |
| Solubility to water | It is indissolubility in water |
| Bandgap | 1.77 eV[1] |
| I can put a case, the data without the special mention for normal temperature (25 degrees Celsius), the ordinary pressure (100 kPa). | |
C70 fullerene (C70 fullerene) is fullerene molecules comprised of 70 carbon atoms. In the form similar to the rugby ball, I consist of 25 hexagon and 12 pentagons. バックミンスターフラーレン of related compounds is made of 60 carbon atoms.
In 1985, I was composed intentionally for the first time by Harold black toe of the Rice University, James heath, scene O'Brien, Robert curl, Richard Smalley. Black toe, curl, Smalley won Nobel Prize in Chemistry of 1996 by discovery of fullerene. The name is associated with バックミンスター Fuller that designed the geodesic dome which the form of molecules is similar to [3].
Table of contents
History
 |  | |
| Harold Kroto | Richard Smalley |
There was the theoretical prediction of fullerene molecules from the beginning for the from the end of 1960s to 1970s [4], but hardly attracted attention. In the early 1970s, a study of the placement of unsaturated carbon was conducted by a black toe of the Sussex University, David Walton and others. In the 1980s, technology development to isolate these materials was accomplished by Smalley of the Rice University, Carl and others. They created the lumps of the atom using the laser vaporization of the appropriate target numerator. The black toe as a target using the graphite [5].
I curled in 1985, and C70 was discovered by black toe, Smalley. By laser vaporization of the graphite, they discovered a lump comprised of more than 20 carbon atoms, but, as for the one which there was the most, the number of of the carbon atom was a thing of 60 and 70. By this discovery, they won Nobel Prize in Chemistry of 1996. They intended to create plasma of carbon to reproduce interstellar matter, and the discovery of fullerene was unanticipated. By mass spectrometry, it was suggested that it was spherical carbon molecules [4].
Synthetic
In 1990, W Kretschmer and D R Huffman developed the method that could easily compose a gram, fullerene of the kilogram unit efficiently, and a study of fullerene advanced at a stretch. I generate soot of carbon by letting you make an arc discharge between two high-purity graphite electrodes in helium in this technique.
Or I produce soot by laser ablation of the graphite or thermolysis of the aromatic hydrocarbon. Fullerene is extracted from soot by a multi-stage process. At first I dissolve soot in an appropriate organic solvent. At this stage, C70 of C60 and 15% of up to 70%, solution consisting of other fullerene are made. I isolate this using chromatography [6].
Property
Molecular
The C70 molecules have 37 aspects with D5h symmetry. The structure is similar to C60 numerator, but has an obi made of six hexagon to an equator part. The intramolecular combination head is eight kinds in the range of 0.146nm from 0.137. Each carbon atom covalently links with three other atoms [7].
C70 becomes C706- by one reversible electron reduction, but the oxidation is irreversible. ... 1.0V (Fc/Fc+) is necessary for the first reduction and shows that C70 is an electronic receptor [8].
Solution
| Solvent | S (mg/mL) |
|---|---|
| 1,2-dichlorobenzene | 36.2 |
| Carbon disulfide | 9.875 |
| Xylene | 3.985 |
| Toluene | 1.406 |
| Benzene | 1.3 |
| Carbon tetrachloride | 0.121 |
| n-hexane | 0.013 |
| Cyclohexane | 0.08 |
| Pentane | 0.002 |
| Octane | 0.042 |
| Decane | 0.053 |
| Dodecane | 0.098 |
| Heptane | 0.047 |
| Isopropanol | 0.0021 |
| Mesitylene | 1.472 |
| Dichloromethane | 0.080 |
Fullerene slightly dissolves in many aromaticity solvents and carbon disulfide such as toluene, but is indissolubility in water. The solution of C70 is chestnut brown, and a crystal of the mm size of C70 grows up from solution [10].
Solid
In the solid state, C70 is connected by van der Waals forces strongly. Monoclinic crystal, hexagonal crystal, rhombohedral crystal and face-centered cube structure mix it at the room temperature. It is more than 70 degrees Celsius, and face-centered cube structure is a stable crystal aspect of C70. The existence of these aspects met a law of nature as follows. In the solid state, the C70 molecules take the face-centered cube placement, and the overall symmetry depends on the relative direction. When the turn of molecules stops for temperature or a distortion, the symmetric low monoclinic crystal is observed. Of the hexagonal crystal which is more highly advanced by the partial turn along one axis of symmetry or the rhombohedral crystal become symmetric, and it is in cube structure when molecules begin a turn freely [1]; [11].
In C70, a bandgap forms a brown crystal of 1.77 eV [1]. This becomes the n-type semiconductor by oxygen spreading in a solid from all over the atmosphere [12]. The unit cell includes four octahedrons and 12 tetrahedral cavities and has enough size to accommodate an impure atom [13]. When the electronic grant atoms such as alkali metals are taken in in this cavity, C70 changes conductivity to a conductor to up to two S/cm [14].
| Symmetricalness | Space group | No | Pearson sign | a (nm) | b (nm) | c (nm) | Z | ρ(g/cm3) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Monoclinic crystal | P21/m | 11 | mP560 | 1.996 | 1.851 | 1.996 | 8 | |
| Hexagonal crystal | P63/mmc | 194 | hP2 | 1.011 | 1.011 | 1.858 | 2 | 1.70 |
| Cubic crystal | Fm3m | 225 | cF4 | 1.496 | 1.496 | 1.496 | 4 | 1.67 |
Source
- ^ a b c "Rotational Dynamics in C70: Temperature- and Pressure-Dependent Infrared Studies." J. Phys. Chem. C 115 (9): 3646–3653. (2011). doi: 10.1021/jp200036t.
- ^ EijiŌsawa (2002). Perspectives of fullerene nanotechnology. Springer. pp. 275–. ISBN 978-0-7923-7174-5 December 26, 2011 reading. .
- ^ Press Release. Nobel Prize Foundation. 9 October 1996
- ^ a b Katz, 363
- ^ Katz, 368
- ^ Katz, 369–370
- ^ "Fullerenes, nanotubes, onions and related carbon structures." Materials Science and Engineering: R 15 (6): 209–262. (1995). doi: 10.1016/S0927-796X(95) 00181-6.
- ^ Buckminsterfullerene, C60. University of Bristol. Chm.bris.ac.uk (1996-10-13). Retrieved on 2011-12-25.
- ^ Bezmel'nitsyn, V.N.; Eletskii, A.V.; Okun', M.V. (1998). "Fullerenes in solutions." Physics-Uspekhi 41 (11): 1091. Bibcode 1998PhyU...41.1091B. doi: 10.1070/PU1998v041n11ABEH000502.
- ^ Talyzin, A.V.; Engström, I. (1998). "C70 in Benzene, Hexane, and Toluene Solutions." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 102 (34): 6477. doi: 10.1021/jp9815255.
- ^ a b "The structure of different phases of pure C70 crystals." Chemical Physics 166 (1–2): 287–297. (1992). Bibcode 1992CP....166..287V. doi: 10.1016/0301-0104(92) 87,026-6.
- ^ "Relationships between crystallinity, oxygen diffusion and electrical conductivity of evaporated C70 thin films." Solid State Sciences 4 (8): 1009–1015. (2002). Bibcode 2002SSSci...4.1009F. doi: 10.1016/S1293-2558(02) 01358-4.
- ^ Katz, 372
- ^ "Conducting films of C60 and C70 by alkali-metal doping." Nature 350 (6316): 320–322. (1991). Bibcode 1991Natur.350..320H. doi: 10.1038/350320a0.
Allied documents
- Katz, E. A. (2006). "Fullerene Thin Films as Photovoltaic Material". In Sōga, Tetsuo. Nanostructured materials for solar energy conversion. Elsevier. pp. 361–443. ISBN 978-0-444-52844-.
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