Organic chemistry

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The organic chemistry (ゆうきかがく, English: organic chemistry) is the manufacturing method, structure, the use of the organic compound, a chemical section studying about the properties [¹].

There are fields such as structure organic chemistry, reaction organic chemistry (organic reaction theory), synthetic organic chemistry, the creature organic chemistry.

Most of carbon compounds are organic compounds, but the reason why only a compound of carbon is taken away in an element more than 100 in particular is because the thing only consisting of elements except carbon is much inferior to a thing containing carbon among known compounds now [the ^{source required}]. In addition, protein and nucleic acid, sugar constituting the living body, all the compounds such as the lipid are carbon compounds [²]. This is because it is the only element which only any number repeats a chain such as -C-C-,-C-O-,-C-N-, and carbon can covalently bind [the ^{source required}]. Silicon has a property similar somewhat, but does not have variety like carbon because stabilities such as Si - Si combination or Si = Si combination are lower than carbon [the ^{source required}].

Table of contents

History

"An organic compound," "a life theory" and "the chemical history are referred to, too"

The human used various organic matter since before organic chemistry was born. Fragrance, soap or alcohol such as musk or camphor are the fine examples without being equal if I say about the food. The soap reacted oils and fats with a metal salt of plant ash and was made. Therefore, it is controversial to define the beginning of organic chemistry.

It is thought that the early organic chemistry was to analyze the property that organic matter has. Is because it was thought that is born by mysterious power of the life without the organic matter composing it artificially [the ^{source required}]; (life theory). Because can make carbon dioxide if burn charcoal and a tree, do not depend on vitality; was said that was inorganic. In other words, it was thought that the material which I could make only by a creature was organic matter without making it by a person.

The life theory in the chemistry was broken in 1828 by German Friedrich Bela. He showed that the urea which was organic matter was provided by heating of the ammonium cyanate. Various organic matter had been composed after this, and the life theory collapsed. The organic definition in this way changed.

The property of various organic compounds was checked, and many reactions were discovered afterwards. Notable things include the discovery of aromatic compounds in that. Found aromatic compounds are benzene first. The structure of benzene knew that [^{note 1}] provided by Friedrich Kekule had the property that there were few kinds of reactivity being low and the substitution derivative, and was strange for a material having double bond. Quantum mechanics is introduced, and it is after that the cause of this strange property is elucidated.

Furthermore, the times dated back, and nylon which was the first synthetic macromolecule was created in 1934 by Wallace カロザース. Rubber and adhesive, resin come to be composed with development of the organic chemistry before long and are applied in the field ranging from socks to a spaceship.

Organic chemistry is study to treat the material which originally constitutes a creature and is related to biochemistry extremely closely. The technique in the organic chemistry is applied to the understanding of the chemical reaction in biochemistry or the analysis of the living body material. The organic chemistry is placed as the basics of biochemistry and high polymer chemistry now.

Theory

I can classify the theory of the organic chemistry roughly into a structure theory and a reaction theory [³].

Structure theory

• Chemical bond theory
  • Lone electron pair, covalent electron pair
  • Octet 則
  • Electronegativity
  • Polar combination
• Resonance theory
• Quantum chemistry (concept of the hybrid orbital, concept of the orbit, atomic value binding method, the molecular orbital method)

Reaction theory

• Chemical reaction formula
• Reaction mechanism by the organic electron theory
• Quantum chemistry、Quantum organic chemistry（Frontier theory of orbitなど)

Experiment operation

Because the basic experiment operation of the organic chemistry is considerably refined in the present age and is almost established as a thing guaranteeing the validity of the safety of the experiment and the result, it is demanded that at first the experimenter wears them well. But each procedure may delicately vary among researchers and can sometimes suppose a school (native place laboratory) from there.

• List of labware
• Isolate・The refinement（Filtration、Extraction、Column chromatography、Recrystallization/Reprecipitate、The distillation）
• Structure decision（Nuclear magnetic resonance、Mass spectrometry、Ultimate analysis、Infrared spectroscopy、X-rays structure analysis）

Carbon skeleton and functional group

When I think about the synthetic method of the compound by organic chemistry, I often classify roughly for construction of the carbon skeleton and functional conversion.

The general organic compound assumes chain hydrocarbon (alkane, alkene, alkyne) or a cyclic organic compound (cycloalkane, aromatic hydrocarbon, heterocycle) a frame and has the structure that a functional group (hydroxy group, carboxyl group) connected there.

It is relatively easy to convert a functional group. For example, I can convert the alcohol into aldehyde or carboxylic acid by using a suitable oxidizer and can convert it into amide and ester from carboxylic acid more (with the explanation detailed about the functional group in the basis).

On the other hand, it is very difficult to build carbon skeleton. Aldol reaction and Grignard reaction had been used for a long time, but it was difficult to compose carbon skeleton to expect efficiently. However, in late years the efficient reaction including Suzuki coupling and the metathesis reaction is developed; as for the complicated, huge molecules such as taxol and the Shiga toxin all; can compose it.

Footnote, source

[Help]

Footnote

1. I straighten ^, and the objection is advocated about the episode "that Kekule showed structure of benzene", too. Refer to an item of Kekule for the details of this matter. プリズマン and デュワーベンゼン were proposed as structure of benzene particularly, but were rejected after all.

Source

1. ^ "Iwanami physics and chemistry dictionary" Iwanami Shoten
2. Judging from ^ abundance, there are rather many inorganic compounds.
3. ^ Tatsuaki Yamaguchi "notebook fourth edition Sankyo publication in response to the question of the theory student of the organic chemistry", 2007

Allied item

Wiki books have a commentary book about organic chemistry, a textbook.

Portal chemistry

The whole

IUPAC glossology - acid and base - oxidation and reduction - hydrolysis - stereochemistry (chemical structure, projection formula, optical isomer, asymmetric carbon atom, absolute configuration, three-dimensional placement)

Organic compound

Hydrocarbon（Alkane、Alkene）- Unsaturated hydrocarbon - Aromatic hydrocarbon - Heterocycle

Substituent - Alkyl halide - Carboxylic acid（Acid amide、Acid halide、Acid anhydride）

Living body material

Nucleic acid base - Nucleoside - Nucleotide - Nucleic acid

Amino acid - Polypeptide - Protein

Sugar - Monosaccharides - Disaccharides - Many sugar（Starch、Cellulose） - Carbohydrate chain

Lipid - carbohydrates

Chemical industry

Oil - Macromolecule（Biopolymer、Rubber、Resin、Synthetic fiber） - Inorganic chemistry - Oils and fats

Others

Chronological table of biology and the organic chemistry

Outside link

• Organic chemistry Museum

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