Spring and summer
"Spring and summer" It is a history book of the chronological order about the Chinese Lu Ages when (しゅんじゅう) was recorded by annual of 魯国. It is said that Confucianism added the way of Confucius or Confucius made it and is done with one of the Chinese classics of Confucianism (the five classics of Confucianism or six Confucianism Scriptures) which are the sacred book.
Table of contents
Contents
The contents are the chronological table-like history books that a diplomatic article such as an obituary notice, war and the meeting faith of King and feudal lords, an article about the natural disaster (traditionally called 災異) such as a solar eclipse, an earthquake, a flood, the locust peril are serene, and they were written with a main thing every date.
As for the term, in the top, in the bottom, article content is the history around 魯 from 隠公元年 (B.C. 722) of 魯 in 242 years of (B.C. 481.called the end) for Prince sympathy 14 years. (but, in spring and summer placed in "the left he biography", I exist until the death of Confucius two years after "end".)
"Spring and summer" But, a name "Lu Ages" was born because it was the generation to treat it.
Appearance
"Spring and summer" Oh, I take the appearance called "month, day - article (season) year, time".
- A year: A monarch of 魯国, the round of the twelve horary years by the reign of 魯公 are spent.
- Time: A season. In other words, "spring, summer, autumn, the winter" of the four seasons is spent. I drink on the neck month of 4:00 and am written and am written on the next month in the same season in (a month of the beginning of the four seasons.in spring for New Year holidays in the summer in April in autumn in July in winter in October) in a neck month when there is not an article. When one season has no article, it is written on "spring New Year holidays" and the neck month.
- A month: "New Year holidays, February, March…"Is used.
- A day: "One of the zodiac signs, the second Ox, the third of the sexagenary cycle…The sexagenary cycle such as "is used.
- An article: I am comprised of a short phrase and do the enumeration of the fact all the time. There are few subjective words.
- King: The spring fastest letter which is written only once a month. It is said that this shows that I am engaged in the calendar of the lap dynasty (named which the crab of spring King New Year holidays, spring King February, spring King March).
I nominate 隠公元年, two years for an example (the sentence obeys the thing of "the left he biography").
| Year | The four seasons | Month | Day | Article | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The first year | In spring | King New Year holidays | |||
| March | And it is 邾 儀父盟于蔑 publicly | (隠公 exchanged faith with matter father of 邾 in despising you) | |||
| In the summer | May | 鄭伯克段于 鄢 | (鄭伯 won against a step in 鄢) | ||
| In autumn | July | 天王使宰 咺 来帰恵公仲子之 賵 | (I let a lap king dispatched 咺 of 宰 and send 恵公 and a funeral present to Nakako) | ||
| September | 及宋人盟于宿 | (I exchanged faith with a person of Soong at a hotel) | |||
| In winter | Ten Yuji months | 祭伯来 | (祭伯 visited it) | ||
| Rev. Kimiko gain is a graduate | (Rev. gain of Kimiko died) | ||||
| Two years | In spring | 公会戎于潜 | (隠公 met 戎 in 潜) | ||
| In the summer | May | 莒 人入向 | (a person of 莒 invaded 向) | ||
| 無駭帥師入極 | (無駭 invaded the pole with the armed forces) | ||||
| In autumn | August | 庚辰 | 公及戎盟于唐 | (隠公 exchanged 戎 and faith in Tang) | |
| September | 紀裂繻来逆女 | (I visited it so that 裂繻 of the period met a public woman) | |||
| In winter | October | 伯姫帰于紀 | (伯姫 married for a period) | ||
| 紀子帛 莒 子盟于密 | (子帛 and the 莒 child of the period were dense and exchanged faith) | ||||
| Ten Yuji months | 乙卯 | 夫人子氏薨 | (Mr. child of the wife died) | ||
| 鄭人伐衛 | (a person of Cheng cut 衛) |
Origin of the title of a book
The correct place is considered to be ignorance. According to the forest caretaker who made an explanatory note on "a left he biography", I take spring and the autumn in the four season with "spring and summer", and it is said that I showed "a year". The name of "spring and summer" in (1) in "Mozi" light ogre even if "used this title of a book in the countries for the age of civil strife in spring and summer "the spring and summer" of the lap so that there is it with in "spring and summer" of 斉 or "100 spring and summer" "spring and summer" of Soong "the spring and summer" of the swallow, "there is "梼 杌" of 楚 in the (2) "Mencius" legendary person in China edition "乗" of 晋 with "spring and summer" of 魯, and there is the viewpoint that is a history book of the country characteristic of 魯, and there is not the established theory.
In addition, for the thought of the traditional Confucianism thought, as for the countries editing a history book without permission, there is the forbidden opinion in the times of Amane Nishi. In this case consider that that there is the book "spring and summer" in the country of 魯 is a sin and be in "spring and summer" and is other names and is understood all negatively. Because each these is time with a few historical materials, I do not hit it with solid argument.
A text and explanatory note
"Spring and summer" The という book does not exist alone. Generally, the thing called (pass in autumn in spring) in "spring and summer" was contained by the commentary called "the biography" which hung it in former Han, and was produced by the war-torn country and was informed it. It is three of the "spring and summer left he biography" "Prince spring and summer sheep biography" "spring and summer grain beam biography", and the existing biography is called a biography (しゅんじゅうさんでん) in total in three in spring and summer.
Some differences are seen in each "spring and summer" when these three biographies convey it. I pass in the spring and summer of "the left he biography", and there is a biography to (Confucius is a graduate) until sympathy Koji 17 years in the Prince が sympathy summer of 16 whereas the "public sheep biography" "grain beam biography" is to Prince sympathy spring of 14 in the generation to treat it (end). It became the disputatiousness in an each generation dynasty which biography you chose because claims were different. The debate of Chinese characters in the Han period ancient writings of Han is famous for the early debate.
"Spring and summer" の author and 成書年代
It is said that Confucius was concerned with the establishment of "spring and summer" in the traditional Confucianism. But the interpretation is not same historically.
It is Mencius first to have advocated production in "the spring and summer" of Confucius. Though Mencius gave the history of the war and peace before 堯 reaching it at the present, and Confucius made "spring and summer" to rule the chaotic times by the decline of the lap dynasty, and the sentence was the history, I showed the justice that was the ideal of Confucius there (but we have various interpretation in "product spring and summer" of this Mencius, and there is the situation "where a lecture made" "spring and summer").
There is a description similar to Cima Qian "Historical Memoirs" of previous Han, and it is said that looking over does "Historical Memoirs (Hara "spring and summer") of 魯", and Confucius made "spring and summer". The school of Gongyang based on "the sheep biography which was going to investigate 微言大義 (important meaning hidden in delicate language) of Confucius exclusively from "spring and summer" public in spring and summer" bloomed in the study in this way in spring and summer of previous Han.
However, Old literature to assume Confucius 祖述者 of Prince lap bloomed when it became 後漢, and the Hermeneutik with spring and summer left he biography" took place in "spring and summer". I considered it to be "Historical Memoirs itself of 魯" that a government official in charge of archives and documents of 魯 which inherited a tradition of Prince lap wrote "spring and summer", and, as for Confucius, the viewpoint that 祖述 did it was commonly used without "speaking it, and making it".
When it was Tang charges, including "authority of history" 惑経 of 劉知幾, the claim to doubt とすることを after "spring and summer" has begun to appear. When I reached Wang Anshi of north Soong, I assumed "spring and summer" "断爛朝報" (scattered official daily gazettes) and the justice of Confucius was not virtually shown and came to consider the passage with a lacuna to be a simple defect. On the other hand, the viewpoint that was going to find the justice of Confucius like Hu biography in spring and summer was continued.
Hitachi school took up Han charges school of Gongyang again when I became Kiyo, and it was said that Confucius as 改制者 created six Chinese classics of Confucianism that I included "spring and summer" in.
A doubt old group to preside over a magazine "ancient history valve" when it was modern times appeared and completely denied the relations with Confucius and "spring and summer" afterwards. As for the strong claim called the book, there are thing recognizing some kind of relations of the few thing, both things to have nothing to do at all now.
I insisted when it became after modern times when Tadao Iijima sailed it up by the saros period when the solar eclipse listed in "spring and summer" entered at the West around B.C. 300 and was incorporated (1941 for "China ancient essay on history" 1925, supplementary sections with corrections). In contrast, the solar eclipse listed in "spring and summer" did not necessarily stop by in a saros period, and Shinzo Shinjo criticized an Iijima theory if there was not the influence of the rule of calendar from the West (current all history of all "history of Orient astronomy study" nine parts book 1933 ・" Orient astronomy study ten parts Chinese enlarged edition 1936).
Saying that because Kuniharu Saito, Kenji Ozawa inspects a solar eclipse listed in "spring and summer" mathematically when it is the present age, and the rule of calendar of 魯 is a solar eclipse based on the real observation record whereas the solar eclipse hitting ratio of the China each generation history book (perform estimation of a solar eclipse) is low with 70%, the hitting ratio is 95% in 37 solar eclipse total number (37); ("inspection 1992 of the ancient astronomy record in China").
The solar eclipse listed by an opinion like Kuniharu Saito, Kenji Ozawa in "spring and summer" concludes 張培瑜 to be observation authentic record ("Chinese ancient rule of calendar" 2007).
By the way, I pointed out the point where a calendar was used for for four minutes high suddenly when it was in "spring and summer" whereas only simple rule of calendar that Chinese rule of calendar was a "hair poetry" "Chinese administrator", and Masao Kojima observed a planet in days, and to decide a date was seen and stated that I sailed it up, and it was redecorated by the Cali POS rule of calendar that entered at Europe in around B.C. 300 in "spring and summer". But this opinion is the same as an Iijima theory essentially, and there is not the truth newness. In addition, Kojima states that a high four minutes calendar is used, but there is not the concrete ground, and there is not the description about the planet for a "hair poetry" "Chinese administrator" again, too.
In addition, in late years the new view is submitted, but it is the present conditions that it is said that it is vexed, and do not see established opinion.
References
- Masao Kojima "preliminary essay "Daito Bunka University bulletin 20" 1982 that I get the rule of calendar of spring and summer"
- For Takao Hirase "pre-foreword Kodansha modern new book, 2,000 years of the Chinese ancient times", it is ISBN 4061495089
Spring and summer study
It is written with the writing style such as the extremely concise chronological table in "spring and summer", and the special thought does not seem to enter at a glance there.
However, a viewpoint that the thought of Confucius was hidden in various places of the text in coming ages became common (indirect criticism). For example, there is the sentence "that a viscount (in 襄公) of Soong did for meeting faith depending on an appeal of 桓公.". However, actually, Soong was a country of the dukes. In contrast, the scholar of coming ages interprets it saying "襄公 came over to the meeting faith in spite of a grieving period of father and lowers the rank because I am unfilial and wrote it.".
The spring and summer study that was going to read the thought of Confucius by such a way of thinking from "spring and summer" happened.
董仲舒 which advocated study in the spring and summer based on the public sheep biography appeared and, at the age of Wu-di of previous Han, honored "spring and summer" as a book indicating the rule principle to change in one of the philosophical schools of ancient China thought. Five classics of Confucianism doctor was installed, and a "public sheep biography" "grain beam biography" was put up by a study official, but Liu 歆 put up "left biography" to the study official newly afterwards. The left biography was not opened in 後漢 by a study official, and school of Gongyang was performed exclusively, but 服虔 made a note based on exegetical studies of Confucianism in "left biography" and did it and overwhelmed school of Gongyang before long. Any rest pointed out a note in a public sheep biography against this, and made "春秋公羊解詁", but did it, and forest custody of 西晋 put an explanatory note for one by text of a sutra and "left biography" in "spring and summer"; make "a Chinese classics and their explanatory notes book of interpretations in spring and summer"; afterward in spring and summer of studies became standard. "Spring and summer justice" of 疏 for "spring and summer Chinese classics and their explanatory notes collection of interpretations" was made to Tang charges. However, after Tang charges, three biographies (particularly "the left biography") came to be caught as an explanatory note of "spring and summer" negatively, and when it was Soong charges, three biographies were expelled, and annotation of confucian text-books was made.
I assumed "spring and summer Chinese classics and their explanatory notes collection of interpretations" an original text, and "左氏会箋" which enlarged an explanatory note of Kiyo was written in Japan in the Meiji era by Shinnichiro Takezoe.
Footnote, source
Allied item
This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Spring and summer
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