It is a strategy in the west
An expedition by worth Takeda performed with the strategy (せいじょうさくせん) (1573) (1572) in the west over April for Genki four years from September for Genki three years.
Table of contents
Background
Worth, Owari relations and area near Kyoto situation of the war-torn country period
Shingen Takeda performed Shinano invasion from the astronomy 10s for the war-torn country period and I bound Triple Alliance among Germany, Italy and Austria together with Hojo of Imagawa, Sagami of Suruga and confronted Kenshin Uesugi of the Echigo country and enlarged fief to the north Shinichi Zone. On the other hand, Nobunaga Oda of the Owari country unified Owari by the Eiroku era year and got Yoshimoto Imagawa of Suruga out in a fight of the pail interval in (1560) for Eiroku era three years and performed invasion to Mino. Rivalry with Uesugi converged with a fight of Kawanakajima in Takeda, and Motoyasu Matsudaira (Ieyasu Tokugawa) of Mikawa became independent by unrest of the fief by the present head of a household change in Suruga and gained power as original power. Diplomatic relations are seen from the Eiroku era year when fief has begun to touch it with Takeda, Oda both of them in such situation, and I show hostility for Oda who is our enemy of Imagawa in Takeda at first, but the aggressive intervention to the Mino situation takes the neutral situation without performing it.
Takeda and Imagawa continue alliance relations after a present head of a household change of Imagawa, but the relations gradually turn worse, and a disherison done case occurs by a rebellion in Mr. Imagawa present head of a household truth younger sisters room and 嫡男義信 of Takeda doing it in (1565) for Eiroku era eight years (Yoshinobu case). The heir of Takeda consists of disherison of Yoshinobu Katsusada Suwa (Katsuyori Takeda) of the Shingen bastard, but an adopted daughter (daughter of sister's husband, 遠山友勝 of Nobunaga) of Nobunaga is met in these before and after by Katsusada heir, and relations improvement is planned at Takeda, the Oda interval. I maintained an alliance by letting Nobutada Oda (嫡男 of Nobunaga) get engaged to a pine princess (six girls of sincerity pine nun, Shingen) in (1567) for Eiroku era ten years.
On the other hand, I receive dispute mediation from general Yoshiteru in rivalry with Echigo Uesugi in Takeda concerning the Kyoto bribe with Takeda, Oda both of them and strengthen the relations with Honganji in the Eiroku era year. On the other hand, Nobunaga conformed to general Yoshiaki Ashikaga in Oda (1568) on September 26 for Eiroku era 11 years and achieved a visit to the capital, and both cooperated, but Nobunaga let you thrust in the palace rules at Yoshiaki and approve it forcibly (1570) in January for Eiroku era 13 years to limit general power of Yoshiaki. Yoshiaki who had dissatisfaction towards Nobunaga gives off a private letter of a shogun which gives 本願寺顕如, Yoshikage Asakura, Miyoshi three a large number of people and others an order for the Nobunaga subjugation including Shingen, but Shingen does not in this way accept this concerning Oda.
Suruga invasion and worth, Owari-affiliated change
Takeda and Imagawa become running out of a hand, and Takeda starts invasion to the Imagawa, Suruga fief in cooperation with Ieyasu Tokugawa of Mikawa in (1568) for Eiroku era 11 years (Suruga invasion). The Suruga invasion disrupted the former homology faith with Hojo with Takeda after Sagami and I bound 越相同盟 with Echigo Uesugi together in Mr. back north article and added pressure to the Takeda fief, and, as for Takeda, it was antagonism over Imagawa fief cession with Tokugawa more. Nobunaga is about to have agreement reconsideration with Takeda toward Ieyasu in alliance relations, but Ieyasu moves as original power, and, on the occasion of Suruga invasion of Takeda, Shingen performs reconciliation (甲越和与) with Echigo Uesugi through general Yoshiaki Ashikaga through Nobunaga.
Nobunaga is soundly beaten by betrayal of sister's husband, Nagamasa Asai (1570) in April in the Genki first year though he performs Echizen expedition for the subjugation of Yoshikage Asakura (the Battle of Kanegasaki). Anti-Nobunaga power of each place rises to action, and, with this as a start, encircling the first Nobunaga is formed. Working was not still seen in Shingen though a fight of Ane River and a fight of the Noda Castle, Fukushima Castle were fought after this. However, in December of the year, I act as a younger brother of Shingen-in-law, and a letter calling for help from 顕如 which the corner of the encircling Nobunaga took is sent (a similar letter is sent from Hisahide Matsunaga of the Yamato again in May in the next year).
Because former homology faith was concluded again (1571) for Genki two years by death of Ujiyasu Hojou of October, Takeda secured Suruga, and the invasion to the Mikawa Tokugawa fief was enabled, too. [1]
Shingen Takeda called in 顕如 and let you raise a riot at all in Ecchu to check Kenshin Uesugi (1572) in August for Genki three years (Ecchu earnestness riot). Ecchu of this time was the thing that the riot was totally large and the daimyo of Yasushi Shiina paternal blood and others Ecchu participated other than a 勝興寺顕栄, 瑞泉寺顕秀 and others Honganji Bo official and fought against Kenshin. Therefore, Kenshin was devoted to the suppression of the riot, and the room that invaded and attacked in the Takeda territory disappeared (snow blocks up the border at the time when I performed a strategy more in the west).
Shingen requests Asai, Asakura both of them for a check to Nobunaga in October of the year and starts invasion to the Mikawa Tokugawa fief.
War
The dispatch of troops, early stages
I let Shingen Takeda left 3000 military power at 秋山虎繁 (Nobutomo) with Masakage Yamagata of the chief vassal (1572) on September 29 for Genki three years, and Mikawa who was fief of Ieyasu Tokugawa who was an alliance of Nobunaga invade and attack. And, on October 3, Shingen led 22,000 military power, too and took the field from Kofu and started invasion at 青崩峠 (or 兵越峠) in feudal tenure, Totomi of Ieyasu on October 10.
Masakage Yamagata who invaded and attacked to Mikawa let Damine lord of a castle, 菅沼定忠 which was called "Yamaga Mikata a large number of people" in local people feudal lords of the Hokusan River which I incorporated under conduct newly, farm-profit rights lord of a castle, Sadakatsu Okudaira, long Shino lord of a castle, 菅沼正貞 do guidance (really a brigadier of 貞勝 as for Sadayoshi Okudaira, the brigadier of 正貞 Mitsuru Suganuma direct) and marched to the Hamamatsu area and attacked Kakimoto castle of Shigetoki Suzuki located southeast of the long Shino castle. The Yamagata group who is escaping, and killed 重時 escaping from Kakimoto Castle is 越国 more. I joined the Shingen main force which conquered the Idaira Castle of Totomi, and beleaguered Futamata Castle in the beginning of November.
On the other hand, because the Iwamura castle lord of a castle Toyama view job that I was called seven Toyama in east Mino in May of the year and showed influence in died for illness, Nobunaga sent the Bo circle (at the time of Katsunaga Oda 3 years old) of the child as an adopted child as the inheritor with an army, and it was the woman lord of a castle, and an aunt, luster of Nobunaga who was a widow of the view job substantially governed it. However, I sent an army of Oda by the end of October when I knew the Shingen taking the field and went over to the Takedas and Shingen dispatched Nobuji Shimojo of subordinates on November 14 and requisitioned Iwamura Castle. This is described in "Mikawa story" saying "Shingen decided to appear from Mikawa to east Mino because there was a person introducing to the upper part". And Uemura battle is fought between luster and other Toyama ladies and gentlemen in December of the year. It was praised by Nobunaga that I made loyalty though Iwamura Castle became Takeda then in 延友佐渡守 and was given に 美濃国日吉郷, Kamado Hongo.
And ruling party, Kagetsura Amano of Ieyasu who showed influence in north Totomi surrendered for fear of influence of Shingen immediately and acted as guidance of Shingen when Shingen main force invaded and attacked in Totomi. On October 13, Shingen divided a main force into the 2 corps and let I left a 1 corps approximately 5000 at Nobuharu Baba of the chief vassal and let you only capture Fukashiro, and Futamata castle attack it, and 17,000 Shingen main forces to remain only dropped all Tokugawa Zhucheng of north Totomi including sky castle, Ichinomiya castle, Iida castle, 挌和城, the Mukasa castle in a day.
Fight of the word slope, Futamata Castle
I couldn't but be opposed only with 8000 that was military power of Totomi without being able to change the military power here for Ieyasu Tokugawa because Masakage Yamagata invaded and attacked from Mikawa. It is less than the half of the Takeda forces. However, he considered that the unrest of friend local people was inevitable for invasion of Shingen if he did not show movement as it is, and Ieyasu took the field on October 14 in order to fight against Shingen. However, the Tokugawa forces who clashed with the Takeda forces in 三箇野川 and the word slope which are a branch of Otagawa are defeated by a quantity of the military power. However, there was the activity of chief vassal, Tadakatsu Honda and Tadasuke Okubo and others of Ieyasu, too, and Ieyasu withdrew safely in Hamamatsu castle. I am informed it when I let the activity of Tadakatsu Honda of this time has Shingen and admire it.
On October 15, Shingen captured Sagisaka Castle. I joined a military unit of Nobuharu Baba who merely already captured Fukashiro on October 16, and surrounded Futamata Castle. The Futamata Castle was a strategic point located in the central part of Totomi. Besides, like the name, it was an impregnable castle built on the hill of Futamata that Futamatagawa joined a dragon river. Masateru Nakane of the lord of a castle thoroughly made resistance against it with military power while being a predominantly disadvantageous viewpoint and tormented the Takeda forces. However, a channel for fire-fighting was quitted by flooding performed by a stratagem of Shingen and a military unit of Masakage Yamagata who invaded and attacked to Mikawa more joined the Shingen main force and did it.
The report "that the Takeda forces surrounded the Futamata Castle" to Oda in the end of November arrived (description of Prince Nobunaga). Nobunaga dispatched Nobumori Sakuma, Hirohide Hirate, Nobumoto Mizuno and others immediately.
Masateru had it subject to the mercy of the defender of a castle on December 19 and surrendered it and fell into the Hamamatsu Castle. Most of Totomi became the Takeda territory, and most of local people, place of Totomi samurais in this way supported the Takeda forces again, too. When reinforcements of Oda arrived, the Futamata Castle had already fallen, and the Takeda forces attacked the Horie Castle (description of Prince Nobunaga).
Battle of Mikatagahara
Shingen disliked wear and long war of the military power until I fought against Nobunaga. The castle, Hamamatsu Castle of Ieyasu was 420 meters of east and west, 巨郭 of 250 meters of north and south and was an impregnable castle partitioned off in many gay quarters. Furthermore, reinforcements 3000 (Oda account of war) - 20,000 (Koyo forces model) of Nobumori Sakuma, Hirohide Hirate and others Oda joined Tokugawa and increased in 11,000-29,000 in all.
Therefore, Shingen went into Oiwake that was a place of north 5 kilos of the Hamamatsu Castle and provoked Ieyasu and lured it from a castle. And it was gone to war in the situation that the Allied Forces was disadvantageous to, and the Battle of Mikatagahara performed on December 22 was over by the landslide victory that the Takeda forces were unilateral in only two hours. 200 people a few as for the dead person of the Takeda forces. The Allied Forces was the situation that Masateru Nakane, Sadaji Aoki, Masatoshi Ishikawa, Yasushi Ogasawara next, Anko Ogasawara (the cheap next child), Tadazane Honda, Masanobu Yonezu, 大久保忠寄, Tadahiro Torii and others 2000 was killed or injured including Hirohide Hirate. Ieyasu receives a violent attack of Masakage Yamagata then and is informed it when I defecated because of too much a reason and fear when I barely escaped into Hamamatsu castle while Yoshinobu Natsume of the vassal becomes the victim [the source required]. However, the Masakage Yamagata and others who had doubt toward a plan of Sorajo that Ieyasu used did not attack it to Hamamatsu castle.
Mikawa invasion
It was Shingen Takeda who won a great victory in Mikatagahara, but saw the old year out in Osakabe of the Hamanako northern coast without invading and attacking to Mikawa immediately. Osakabe is the point that is located the 20 kilos this side of Mikawa, the Totomi border. It is unknown why Shingen did not invade and attack to Mikawa immediately. I am said for a check of the Hamamatsu Castle of Ieyasu, but there cannot be the room that can fight against Shingen with the Battle of Mikatagahara to Ieyasu soundly beaten by. Probably it is guessed probably because a chronic disease of Shingen turned worse or even if this may be because Yoshikage Asakura who was a friend withdrew in Echizen.
New year began, and Shingen reopened a march (1573) on January 3 for Genki four years and invaded and attacked to Mikawa at last. And I surround the Noda castle which is a strategic point of the Tosan River. Noda Castle was a small castle, and there was only a defender of a castle approximately only 400. Sadamitsu Suganuma of the lord of a castle refuses a surrender advice of Shingen and thoroughly made resistance against it, but cannot be opposed to big army 27,000 of Takeda. However, Shingen did not perform the Noda Castle attack by a power attack and performed flooding to let Kanabori a large number of people destroy the well to know underground of the castle. It is unknown why Shingen performed such a castle attack of the time in this way, and it is February 10 that a channel for fire-fighting is cut off, and Noda castle surrenders.
Withdrawal
With the opinions which was invited to a beautiful sound from a flute when was said to the reason why time suffered from for a Noda Castle attack castle war that a chronic disease (there are opinions such as the snail fever that is pulmonary tuberculosis, stomach cancer, local disease in Koshu in Japan) of Shingen turned worse rapidly, and Shingen surrounded Noda castle with the description of Matsudaira, and Honjin was shot by a person named torii and a half Shiro when appeared, and got injured (imitate this opinion in the movie masterminds of Akira Kurosawa).
Nobunaga Oda who had doubt toward slow movement of such Shingen turns in counteroffensive from February. I let I gave Katsuie Shibata and Nagahide Niwa, Yoritaka Hachiya, Mitsuhide Akechi of the chief vassal an order, and Kagetomo Yamaoka of the Oomi Ishiyama Castle surrender on February 26 and defeated Yoshikata Rokkaku and others of the Imakatata Castle on February 29.
甲陽軍鑑によると、このような信長の動きを知った信玄は、3月に重臣の馬場信春に命じて東美濃に侵攻させて、信長が率いる織田勢を破って岐阜城に追い払ったとされている。ただし上記の通りこの頃の信長はまだ武田を攻撃する動きは見せていないため、甲陽軍鑑の記述は辻褄が合わない。
しかし信玄の持病は良くならず、4月には病気療養を目的にして甲府への撤退を決意する。しかし4月12日、信玄は信濃駒場で急死し、西上作戦は頓挫することとなったのである。森田善明は、武田軍の北上は撤退ではなく、当初計画通りの神坂峠からの美濃侵攻が狙いであったとの説を唱えている[2]。
研究史
西上作戦をめぐっては上洛を前提とした意図であるのかが論点となっている。文書上においては足利義昭の信長討伐の御内書や『伊能文書』では織田信長を討つ好機であると述べているなど畿内勢力に対して上洛を喧伝していたことが指摘されており、『甲陽軍鑑』においては「遠州・三河・美濃・尾張に発向して、存命の間に天下を取つて都に旗をたて、仏法・王法・神道・諸侍の作法を定め、政（まつりごと）をただしく執行（とりおこな）はんとの、信玄の望む是なり」と、信玄の目的が信長包囲網の形成に基づいた上洛であったとものとしている。
一方で、西上作戦時点での信玄の狙いは上洛ではなく、遠江・三河平定であるという説もある。これは長年徳川家と続けていた局所戦闘の延長であり、畿内勢力への上洛の喧伝は政治工作であるとするものである。もっとも、西上作戦の本質が徳川家との局地戦闘であったとしても、織田信長が徳川家との同盟関係を破棄しない場合には、中央の動向と深く関わる形で信長との対決も迫られていく側面もあった[3]。
元亀年間の武田氏による遠江・三河侵攻の意図を巡る評価については研究史があり、主に上洛説・遠江領国化を目的とした局地戦説に別れて所論が展開されているほか[4]、2007年には鴨川達夫により元亀2年の三河・遠江侵攻の根拠とされた文書群の年代比定に関する誤りが指摘され、通説による武田氏の三河・遠江侵攻は西上作戦に際したものではなく、勝頼期の天正3年（1575年）の長篠の戦いの直前にあたる出来事であったことが指摘されており（鴨川『武田信玄と勝頼』（岩波新書、2007）、一定の承認を得ている。
鴨川の指摘を受けて近年では元亀3年以降の遠江・三河侵攻に関しても再検討が行われ、従来の信長包囲網に基づく上洛・局地戦説の視点だけでなく、武田氏と朝廷・幕府・権門との外交論や戦国期室町将軍論や地域権力論の視点を取り入れた研究も展開されている[5]。
近年では鴨川達夫はさらに西上作戦の位置づけに関しても修正を行い、議論が行われている[6]。
脚注
- ^ 通説では、元亀2年（1571年）2月から4月にかけて信玄は信長包囲網に呼応するため大軍により三河・遠江に侵攻したといわれ、2万5000の大軍を率いて三河・遠江に侵攻し、徳川方の属城であった野田城などいくつかの城を攻略したとされる。しかし、長期間にわたって戦線を維持することはできず、特に要所・高天神城を落とせず間もなく甲斐へと撤退し、野田城などの陥落させた諸城もすぐに奪還されたものとされている。しかし、近年では根拠となる文書群の年代比定の観点から実際には天正3年の出来事であったことが指摘されている（詳細は#研究史を参照）。
- ^ 『図解 戦国10大合戦のウソ』（ＷＡＣ、2011年）
- ^ 柴裕之「戦国大名武田氏の遠江・三河侵攻再考」『武田氏研究』第37号、2007
- ^ 上洛説は渡辺世祐（『武田信玄の経論と修養』、1928）、奥野高廣（『武田信玄』、1959）、磯貝正義（『底本武田信玄』、1970）、染谷光廣「武田信玄の西上作戦小考-新資料の信長と信玄の文書-」『日本歴史』360号、1978、小和田哲男（『三方原の戦い』、1989）、柴辻俊六『信玄の戦略』（2006）、平山優『武田信玄』（2006）らによる所論があり、遠江領有を目的とした局地戦説は高柳光寿（『三方原之戦』）、須藤茂樹「武田信玄の西上作戦再考」『武田氏研究』第3号、1988）などがある。なお上洛説においても上洛を前提とした信長打倒作戦であったとする見解や、局地戦説においても上洛を最終目的とする見解も見られる。
- ^ 鴨川『武田信玄と勝頼』、同「武田氏滅亡への道」『山梨県史』通史編2中世（2007）、柴裕之「戦国大名武田氏の遠江・三河侵攻再考」『武田氏研究』第37号、2007、丸島和洋「信玄の拡大戦略 戦争・同盟・外交」『新編武田信玄のすべて』新人物往来社、2008など
- ^ 柴裕之「戦国大名武田氏の遠江・三河侵攻再考」『武田氏研究』第37号、2007、柴「長篠合戦の政治背景」『武田氏年表 信虎・信玄・勝頼』武田氏研究会編、2010
参考文献
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