Francis Bernard (the governor-general)
| First associate baron Francis Bernard Sir Francis Bernard, 1st Baronet | |
|---|---|
 | |
| The tenth New Jersey proconsul | |
| The term of office January 27, 1758 – July 4, 1760 | |
| Predecessor | John Redding |
| Successor | Thomas Boone |
| Massachusetts proconsul | |
| The term of office August 2, 1760 – August 1, 1769 | |
| Predecessor | Thomas Hutchinson (representation) |
| Successor | Thomas Hutchinson (representation) |
| Personal information | |
| Birth | Baptism day 12 July 171) England, Berkshire, Brightman well cam Soto well |
| The death | 1779June 16(66 years old) England, Buckinghamshire, ネザー Win Chan Don |
| Signature |  |
It was the manager of the British colony, and Francis Bernard (British: on Francis Bernard, the first associate baron, a baptism day for from July 12, 1712 to June 16, 1779) acted as the governor-general of New Jersey colony and the Gulf of Massachusetts Crown Colony in the 18th century. A policy and the severe tactics not to compromise with in Massachusetts angered a person from colony and would let you build the wide opposition movement for the rule by the British assembly in a colony and had an event to be connected for American War of Independence.
I was appointed in 1758 by New Jersey proconsul and I supervised the participation of the colony and generally built the friendly relations in the latter half of the French Indian war with the Volksraad. In 1760, become the governor-general of the Gulf of Massachusetts Crown Colony, and is serious with an assembly; was related. I came to let the populist in the colony oppose by an early action, and the reaction of Bernard to protest to a British assembly having been going to tax the colony let you deepen the crack. After the protest for the Townshend Acts happened in 1768, as for Bernard, British troops were stationed in Boston and demanded that I suppressed the person from colony. After the document which became critical was published about a colony, Bernard was called back by the own country.
After having come back to England, Bernard continued advice to the British Government about the circumstances of the colony and, for a problem to continue in Massachusetts that reached the top by Boston tea party case of 1773, required strong correspondence. I suffered from a stroke in 1771 and I left a big family in 1779 and died.
Table of contents
Early career
I was born in the Brightman well cam Soto well that there was Francis Bernard in Berkshire at the time of one of England, and belonged to Oxfordshire from 1974. As for father, it was done baptism on July 12, 1712 when clergyman Francis Bernard, mother of the same name were mer Jerry (maiden name Win's low) [1]. Father died three years later. Mother married again, but mother died of smallpox in 1718, too [2]. Later Bernard might be brought up for several years by an aunt. The stepfather failed in woman relations and came to cannot but run away to the Netherlands [3]. The Anthony Al sop of the stepfather returned to Berkshire several years later and continued the role of the rearer of Bernard [4]. The official education of Bernard began in 1725 at Westminster school and I spent it afterwards in Oxford between several years and got Master of Arts from Christ Church in 1736. I learned a law in a middle temple and was recognized as a trial lawyer in 1736 of (if usual seven years) only four years later [5]. I moved to the Kan Lin city and started law business and acted as various posts of the city. パウナル house went down in the neighbor in Kan Lin and crossed it in North America in John and 1753 of the son who acted in the colony administration, and there was Thomas nominated for the governor-general of the Gulf of Massachusetts colony in 1757 [6].
Bernard married daughter Amelia off Lee of the peace officer of Derbyshire in December, 1741 and was blessed with a large number of children. Eight children were born by 1757, and was life time [7]; [8]. I decided it in demanding the post in the colony to feed this big family because the possibility with a big income was thin in London [9]. John Adams expressed it about Bernard later saying "a big family to be avaricious so as to be very disgraceful, and to feed at the same time was poor because I was" [10].
New Jersey proconsul
A wife of Bernard was a cousin of the Lord Burlington, and Burlington became a representative from Privy Council in 1755 [11]; [12]. Through the connection to a person of this Burlington and パウナル, Bernard might get the nomination of the New Jersey proconsul on January 27, 1758. The position was vacant by death of Jonathan Belcher [13]; [14]. Mr. and Mrs. Bernard left some of the child to a relative and came to Perth Ann bellboy of New Jersey only with four children for North America on departure, June 14 [15].
When Bernard arrived at the colony; of the French Indian war was concerned. I built an assembly of New Jersey and the good relations to be able to change and was able to persuade a colony to find a budget to accomplish a setup, war to continue in the armed forces. Between New Jersey and Pennsylvania colonies, I signed the Easton treaty that was an agreement to fix a colony and the border of the territory of the Indian again between an Indian tribe (a レナペ group was main interest of New Jersey). It was in this way important because I reduced the surprise attack for the frontier and made it possible to address the armaments of the colony to war with nouvelle France [16]. This treaty and other agreements that Bernard negotiated let all of dominium of the Indian who stayed for New Jersey disappear. The negotiations with the レナペ group led to the establishment of the first official Indian settlement. It is brother ton near current Indian Milnes. In this settlement, population decreased, and the resident who stayed in 1801 joined a stock bridge Indian of up state New York, and a settlement became extinct [17].
Gulf of Massachusetts Crown Colony governor-general
Bernard had influence in a connection with the colony administration, but I was appointed late in 1759 by the Gulf of Massachusetts Crown Colony governor-general [18]. It was August 2, 1760 that Bernard arrived at Boston and, for dullness of a delay and the movement of the communication, was after. I was welcomed at first, but the duty in Massachusetts became difficult. A government official (including the government official of the government and the customs) of the Royal Family nomination had got a share of the profit from a ship caught in violation of a marine law and was going to force a marine law positively [19]. In front of the judge whom the Royal Family appointed, it would be inquired in the admiralty without the jury, and the legal procedure about these capture was extremely unpopular [20]. Bernard fought against the James Otis youth suddenly by nominating Thomas Hutchinson of the lieutenant governor for the Supreme Court Chief Judge of the colony. The top ermine was promised for father of Otis by several governors-general before it [21]. The Otis youth was upset about the betrayal and resigned the position (equivalent to the representative of the Royal Family, the prosecutor of the governor-general) of the law officer of the admiralty and conformed in doing public speaking because, on the other hand, a merchant defended the ship (sometimes nonpaying) [22]. Bernard takes office, and this early action will pull a clear line between "Royal Family party" (Hutchinson led you) supporting "Populist party" (Otis led you) and it which object to a British colonial policy [19].
It became necessary to reissue a help warrant to the tax collector of the customs, and, in late 1760, difficulty of Bernard was complicated with the death of British King George II. These warrants were search warrant without the limitation basically and were controversial legally and would be prohibited in the later American Constitution definitely because it was unpopular at all. It was the approval of this warrant that Hutchinson went as a Chief Judge first, and the popularity disappeared. Otis who insisted that the warrant performs an infringement in the right of the British subject will get popularity. I was picked in May, 1761 by a representative from Volksraad and was in a position to continue attacking it for a policy of Bernard there [23]. In 1761, Otis planned donation to Bernard of Mount Desert Island (existing State of Maine) in the session of the assembly and succeeded in a stratagem to avert attention of Bernard from the seizure by the customs partially [24].
O, Bernard your evil deed!
It is contrived to destroy our freedom and peace
The public eye is careful
I saw your effort and stared at our relief
The unpopularity of Bernard continued through other taxation-related all things including the sugar method of 1763 and the Stamp Act of 1765. I had a riot by reaction to Stamp Act in downtown while these both law was passed, and a protest movement happened, and many factions in the colony were integrated against the governor-general again [26]. In 1767, the Townshend Acts were passed in a British assembly, and a storm of the protest took place again in each colony [27]. Volksraad published circular letter to send to other colonies in Massachusetts and called you to join the boycott of the product taxed in the Townshend Acts [28]. In April, 1768, Bernard was given an order to start an assembly if I could not collect the circular letter from Lord Hills rag appointed by the colony charge minister who was just founded in those days to be dissolved [29]. An assembly refused this, and Bernard dissolved an assembly in July.
As for historian Paulin Mair about the American War of Independence, the letter which Bernard sent to London had a big influence on a British government official, but says that they "twist" reality and put it away. The wrong persuasion that "a faction" adopted, for example, violence as main means for objection does not let recognize it with the peacekeeping effort of radicals; needed it....I say that it was dangerous equally that careful testimony of Bernard made up poor evidence [30]. G B Woden of the historian prevented Bernard from calling for the armed forces openly in London, but insists when necessary としているこを is strong, and the exaggerated testimony suggested it. In the autumn of 1767, Bernard warned it about the possibility that a riot happened sometime in Boston and did the exaggerated report that "the armed forces gave an impression that it was the only method to about the disturbance in 1768 again to surely force it to obedience to Lord Hills rag in Boston". Woden pays attention to other important government officials of Boston having sent a document about "a similar hysteria state" to London [31]. The British troops of 4,000 people arrived at Boston in October, 1768 and raised feeling of strain more. Bernard was disparaged in a local newspaper, and it was blamed that I sent the document which let a British minister misunderstand the situation [28]. I received a statement to show those documents, but refused it. The agent of the opposition of London could acquire a little of the document and was sent to "sons of Boston of the freedom" in April, 1769 [32]. Those documents were placed with "the Boston gusset" of radicals immediately, and the deliberation result of the governor-general council was put, too. Because particularly one document changed the charter of Massachusetts, and Bernard required that I strengthened the authority of the governor-general by adding to the dependence of the council, I became a target to take it, and to receive particularly severe treatment [33]. The assembly will demand that "I remove him forever from the seat of the proconsul" formally. Bernard was called back in London, and Hutchinson of the lieutenant governor became acting governor-general. When Bernard left Boston on August 1, the town performed a festival of the celebration immediately and decorated a tree of freedom and sounded a church bell [34].
For achievements in Massachusetts of Bernard, there was the construction of the house of the summer according to pound of the design of the Harvard hall of Harvard University and the existing Boston city Jamaica plane [35].
Return to England
When Bernard came back to England, I demanded a hearing about a petition for the colonial rule and was accepted. Examined a petition, and "there were no grounds, and the Privy Council of February, 1770 rejected all of accusations as abuse of authority, a scandal" after examination [36]; [37]. Though Bernard proved one's legitimacy in this way, I resigned the governor-general in 1771. The proprietary rights of Mount Desert Island were confirmed. This demanded the certification since he was given it in 1761 [38]. A pension of rank and 1,000 pounds of the baronetage was promised for the serving the work, but, after the return in England, the pension knew what was reduced to 500 pounds. The associate baron Nettle ham digit was given for the expense of the Royal Family [39]. The final appeal about this pension was rejected at first, but when Frederick North became the prime minister in 1770, a pension was increased, but was rearranged afterwards because I was nominated for the commissioner of the Irish Ways and Means Committee immediately. A salary of the same amount was got from the job [40].
Bernard became the adviser of the north government with the matter about the colony. Generally I preferred a hard line to Thomas パウナル of the predecessor. パウナル was one to speak for for the profit of the colony in an assembly. A thought to play a key role by Massachusetts governance in 1774 not to be chosen as the suggestion that Bernard performed in 1771 by an assembly, and to restrict the political power of the colony including the councilor whom the governor-general nominated strictly was included [38]. Bernard might achieve one role by the problem about Benjamin Franklin being recognized as an agent of the colonies. After the recognition of Franklin was refused by a colony charge minister, Franklin met with Bernard in another room [41]. Colin Nicholson of the biographer says that the existence as the adviser for the minister of Bernard was a thing "posing a shadow for American means about Massachusetts virtually" which the minister examined. というのも、植民地人とロンドンの政府の間の信頼関係を壊し、マサチューセッツ政治を先鋭化させたことに、バーナードが関わっていたからだった[42]。
1774年、ノース政権がボストン茶会事件に対する対応を検討している時に、バーナードは「貿易と統治に関する選別文書」を出版し、植民地で続いている問題にどう対処するかという提案を入れていた。それには、イギリスの議会にアメリカの代議員を入れることで、イギリスと急進派アメリカ人の制度的不平を和らげることを提案していた[43]。この「貿易と統治に関する選別文書」において、1764年に起草した「法と政治形態に関する原則」という随筆を含めており、帝国の統治に関する見解を逐一披瀝していた[44]。その考えの幾つかは法制化された。その中でもマサチューセッツ統治法の中に組み入れられたものがあり、ボストン港を閉鎖すると言う提案はボストン港法として法制化された。これはロンドンであっても、植民地に同情的なトマス・パウナルなどを激怒させた[45]。
晩年と死
1771年後半、子供の時から親しかった従弟が死んで、ネザー・ウィンチェンドンの荘園を遺贈された。アイルランドの役職を受けた後に、家族の様々なメンバーがどこに住むかという不確かな問題と組み合わされ、状況によって生じたストレスにより、バーナードは卒中を患った[46]。体の動きが損なわれたが、サマセットのバースで温泉に入り、体の快復が促された。アイルランドの地位については辞職を申請し、ネザー・ウィンチェンドンの荘園に入った。1774年、その辞意が認められ、母校であるクライスト・チャーチから名誉民法博士号を贈られた[47]。その健康状態故に、1772年には近くのアリスバーリーの小さな家に移転した。バーナードは1779年6月16日、ネザー・ウィンチェンドンでてんかんを起こした後に死んだ[48]。
遺産
バーナードは、マサチューセッツで経験した問題が個人的なものだと考えることはなかった。その責任を認める代わりに、ロンドンから実行を指示されていたことから発する政治に関する問題の責にしていた[49]。ジョン・アダムズは、バーナードのマサチューセッツの事情に関する「敵対的報告書」は、イギリス政府の政策立案者をして植民地の利益に反する方向に向けさせることになったと記した[50]。アメリカ独立戦争が始まった後、マサチューセッツで「政府に対する著名な陰謀家」のリストの先頭にバーナードの名前が挙げられ、そこにあった彼の資産の大半が没収された[51]。マウントデザート島はその全体が没収されたわけではなかった。バーナードの息子のジョンは戦中にメインに住んでおり、アメリカ人の側に付き、島の半分についてマサチューセッツから権利を受けることができた[52]。
1786年、マサチューセッツ州知事にジェイムズ・ボーディンが選出されたとき、ウィリアム・ゴードン牧師がその説教で、ボーディンはバーナードが行っていたように州議会の危険性を無視していると警告した[52]。
ニュージャージー州ビールタウンは、1715年頃に最初に入植され、バーナーズ・タウンシップにあった町だが、1840年にバーナードの栄誉を称えてバーナーズビルと改名された[53]。マサチューセッツ州バーナーズトンは、バーナードが総督だったときに法人化され、かれにちなんで名付けられた[54]。バーナード自身はマサチューセッツ州バークシャー郡を生まれ故郷によって、同州ピッツフィールド市をイギリスの首相大ピットにちなんで名付けた[55]。
脚注
- ^ Higgins, p. 1:173
- ^ Higgins, pp. 1:174–176
- ^ Higgins, pp. 1:177–178
- ^ Higgins, pp. 1:178–179
- ^ Nicolson (2000), p. 25
- ^ Nicolson (2000), pp. 29–41
- ^ Higgins, pp. 1:193–219
- ^ Nicolson (2000), p. 34
- ^ Higgins, pp. 1:215–217
- ^ Adams, p. 33
- ^
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911) "Barrington, William Wildman Shute, 2nd Viscount" Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.) Cambridge University Press - ^ Higgins, p. 1:215
- ^ Higgins, p. 1:220
- ^ Nicolson (2000), p. 41
- ^ Nicolson (2000), pp. 42–45
- ^ Nicolson (2000), p. 44
- ^ Martinelli, pp. 70–71
- ^ Nicolson (2000), p. 45
- ^ a b Galvin, p. 25
- ^ Galvin, pp. 24–25
- ^ Galvin, pp. 22–23
- ^ Galvin, pp. 24–32
- ^ Galvin, pp. 28–34
- ^ Galvin, p. 42
- ^ Walett, p. 224
- ^ Galvin, pp. 74–76, 89–108
- ^ Walett, p. 217
- ^ a b Walett, p. 218
- ^ Knollenberg, p. 56
- ^ Pauline Maier (1973). From Resistance to Revolution: Colonial Radicals and the Development of American Opposition to Britain, 1765-1776. W.W. Norton. pp. 151–52.
- ^ G. B. Warden, Boston 1689-1776 (1970) pp 213-14
- ^ Walett, p. 219
- ^ Walett, pp. 220–221
- ^ Walett, p. 222
- ^ "A Brief History of Jamaica Plain". Jamaica Plain Historical Society. 2012年8月24日閲覧。
- ^ Higgins, p. 2:209
- ^ Nicolson (2000), p. 206
- ^ a b Nicolson (2000), p. 210
- ^ Higgins, pp. 2:205, 210–211
- ^ Higgins, p. 2:213
- ^ Nicolson (2000), p. 214
- ^ Nicolson (2000), p. 215
- ^ Select Letters on the Trade and Government of America: pages 33-34
- ^ http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=1050
- ^ Nicolson (2000), p. 221–223
- ^ Higgins, p. 2:233
- ^ Higgins, p. 2:235
- ^ Nicolson (2000), p. 236
- ^ Nicolson (2000), p. 224
- ^ Nicolson (2000), p. 231
- ^ Nicolson (2000), pp. 235–236
- ^ a b Nicolson (2000), p. 237
- ^ Lurie, p. 74
- ^ Nason and Varney, p. 146
- ^ Smith, p. 132
参考文献
- Adams, John; Carey, George (ed) (2001). The Political Writings of John Adams. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing. ISBN 9780895262929. OCLC 248150786.
- Barrington, Viscount William Wildman; Bernard, Sir Francis (1912). The Barrington-Bernard Correspondence and Illustrative Matter, 1760–1770. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. OCLC 2433914.
- Galvin, John (1976). Three Men of Boston. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell. ISBN 9780690010183. OCLC 1530708.
- Higgins, Sophia (1903). The Bernards of Abington and Nether Winchendon: a Family History. London and New York: Longmans, Green. OCLC 4277811. (Volume 2)
- Knollenberg, Bernhard (1975). Growth of the American Revolution, 1766–1775. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-02-917110-5.
- Lurie, Maxine (ed) (2004). Encyclopedia of New Jersey. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813533254. OCLC 53131560.
- Martinelli, Patricia (2012). New Jersey Ghost Towns: Uncovering the Hidden Past. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 9780811709101. OCLC 755699329.
- Nason, Elias; Varney, George (1890). A Gazetteer of the State of Massachusetts. Boston, MA: B. B. Russell. OCLC 35077879.
- Nicolson, Colin (2000). The "Infamas Govener" Francis Bernard and the Origins of the American Revolution. Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press. ISBN 978-1-55553-463-9. OCLC 59532824.
- Smith (ed), J. E. A (1869). The History of Pittsfield (Berkshire County), Massachusetts, Volume 1. Boston, MA: Lee and Shepard. OCLC 3578710.
- Walett, Francis (June 1965). "Governor Bernard's Undoing: An Earlier Hutchinson Letters Affair". The New England Quarterly (Volume 38, No. 2): 217–226. JSTOR 363591.
関連図書
- Nicolson, Colin (1991). "Governor Francis Bernard, the Massachusetts Friends of Government, and the Advent of the Revolution". Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society (Third Series, Volume 103): pp. 24–113. JSTOR 25081034.
Nicolson, Colin, ed. The Papers of Francis Bernard, Governor of Colonial Massachusetts, 1760-69, 6 vols. Colonial Society of Massachusetts and Univ. of Virginia Press, Boston: 2007-. Vols. 1 to 3 published to date.
外部リンク
| 公職 | ||
|---|---|---|
| 先代： John Redding （枢密院長） | ニュージャージー植民地総督 1758年 – 1760年 | 次代： Thomas Boone |
| 先代： トマス・ハッチンソン （代行） | Massachusetts proconsul August 2, 1760 – August 1, 1769 | 次代： トマス・ハッチンソン （代行） |
| グレートブリテンの準男爵 | ||
| 新設 | 準男爵 （ネトルハム） 1769年–1779年 | 次代： ジョン・バーナード |
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