ヘルクラネウム

Excavation of エルコラーノ

ヘルクラネウム (Herculaneum) is a town of the ancient Roman age, and the remains are located in 40°48'21" N 14°20'51" E / 40.80583 degrees N 14.34750 degrees E / 40.80583, 14.34750 in コムーネ of Italian Campagna state エルコラーノ (the name that ヘルクラネウム made Italian). A part of the remains is shown for a fee and becomes the important tourist attractions now.

It is famous for what was lost by the eruption of the Mt. Vesuvius volcano which began with Pompeii, スタビアエ (English version), オプロンティス (English version) on August 24, 79 in the Christian era. The town was buried in high temperature 火砕物 and it got cold and became the tufa of the volcanicity. More than 150 human bones were discovered since ashes were discovered in 1981. ヘルクラネウム was a town smaller than Pompeii, and richer people lived at the time of eruption.

Table of contents

History

ヘルクラネウム excavation site sketch

It is indicated that the old legend connects ヘルクラネウム with Greek hero Hercules, and a town was built by a Greek [¹]. The ancestors of the Italian Samnite seemed to build the civilization in this place first at the about the end of sixth century B.C. I did it soon, and the town was in the Greek follower afterwards. The Greek named a town ヘルクラネウム and the Gulf of Naples might be near and used a town as a trade base. A Samnite ruled over ヘルクラネウム again in the fourth century B.C. and continued until the rule was defeated by aide ティトゥス dede Usu of general スッラ in alliance City war (war of the allied force for Rome) that ヘルクラネウム participated in, and it was in ムニキピウム of Rome in B.C. 89.

After the eruption of the Mt. Vesuvius volcano of 79, lava and soil and ash have covered the town of ヘルクラネウム with the thickness approximately 20 meters. The town slept with the approximately same figure afterwards in the underground more than 1,600 years until I was discovered in the worker who dug the well in 1709 accidentally. Excavation work was pushed forward since discovery, but is not still finished. Current エルコラーノ and ポルティチ are almost located in the place where there was ヘルクラネウム. The town of エルコラーノ was called レシーナ until 1969, but was changed the name in エルコラーノ which made ヘルクラネウム modern Italian in commemoration of an ancient town.

It was Hercules told to have created town and the Mt. Vesuvius volcano to have collected the faith of inhabitants most. Important God believed in elsewhere is lover of Hercules and believed Venus and Apollo.

The plural cities around the Mt. Vesuvius volcano including ヘルクラネウム were damaged by eruption. The black cloud expresses ash and the rough distribution of the descent of the cinder.

Eruption of 79

The eruption of the crushing Mt. Vesuvius volcano happened on the afternoon of August 24, 79. It was thought that the Mt. Vesuvius volcano stopped activity for approximately 300 years, and it was not recognized that it was a volcano generally anymore, but some intellectuals recognized that Mt. Vesuvius erupted in so far-off old days [²].

I can follow progress of the eruption by two letters which archeological excavation and small プリニウス addressed to historian Tacitus.

Ash and a cinder blew up from the Mt. Vesuvius volcano to several thousand meters of sky at about 1:00 on the afternoon of August 27. プリニウス describes the form that the upper part of the smoke when ejectamenta arrived at it between the troposphere and the stratosphere levelled out with Kasamatsu (English version). Because the wind blew to southeast, the ejection dropped mainly in Pompeii and the area of the rotation. Because ヘルクラネウム was to the west of the Mt. Vesuvius volcano, I did not suffer damage too much at the first stage of the eruption. Ash was piled up several centimeters in ヘルクラネウム, but most of inhabitants ran away at this stage whereas a roof of houses of Pompeii was destroyed by heaviness of the ejectamenta which fell.

It has been thought that almost all inhabitants barely evacuated because only a few human bones were discovered by early excavation for a long time. When excavation extended to the area of the boathouse of the shore in 1982, this opinion was changed. Archeologists discovered a human bone of 250 to gather around to be close together leaning on each other in 12 boathouses.

The boathouse where a human bone was discovered

During night, 達 っしていた ejection has begun to drop with the figure such as the pillar in Mt. Vesuvius in the stratosphere. Pyroclastic flow occurred and gas, ash, a stone of 400 degrees Celsius mingled and surged against ヘルクラネウム at 160km per an hour. The pyroclastic flow arrived at the boathouse at about 1:00 a.m., and the people who were waiting for help there lost a life by intense heat instantly. Because an ejection gradually covered the building by pyroclastic flow of this time and pyroclastic flow of subsequent several degrees from the bottom, the building was not greatly damaged.

According to the following factors, it seems that a building and matter of the inside were preserved in a very good state.

1. Because a building had been already buried among 火砕物 before wind changed, and ash descended in ヘルクラネウム, a roof was not destroyed.
2. Heat of the first pyroclastic flow was carbonized at the organic surface and removed water.
3. The tufa which had high density cut off ヘルクラネウム from air thick (I reach 25 meters) for 1,700 years.

Excavation

The excavation was begun at a place of current エルコラーノ in 1738. Though detailed publication Le Antichita di Ercolano (remains of ヘルクラネウム) by the support of both Shichi King Lear was a limited circulation, I had a very big influence on the European neoclassicism that began at that time. The motif of the design found in the furniture such as a tripod table, an incense lamp, the teacup from a decorative fresco in ヘルクラネウム appeared at the end of the 18th century. However, the excavation was stopped when a town of Pompeii nearby was discovered. Because Pompeii was approximately 4 meters whereas sediment overturned on the thickness of 20 meters, excavation was much easier for ヘルクラネウム. It is the 20th century, and excavation was reopened, but the personal and public building including the compound facilities of the plaza is non-excavation.

Human bone

The pyroclastic flow took the life of the inhabitants who failed to get out in time immediately. The figure of the people who lost a life in ヘルクラネウム was not stored with gypsum unlike Pompeii.

When the worker of the public works project of supervisor Italy of the Dr. ジュセッペ Magus dug the drainage in ヘルクラネウム in 1981, I discovered ashes. It was pressed Dr. Magus, and the Italian government official invited Sarah C Beissel of the physical anthropologist for conduct of the excavation and the study of ashes from the United States. This investigation was served by a fund of association of National Geographic.

There were few Roman bones which I could use for a scientific study until this discovery because the ancient Roman usually cremated it. By the excavation of the port area of ヘルクラネウム, human bones (adult male 30, adult woman 13, child 12) more than 55 were discovered. The human bone was found by the sea. It is thought that they were going to escape from eruption from there. The woman (Ring Lady) of the ring named by the ring which I attached to the finger is included in this human bone.

The Dr. Beissel was able to get deep knowledge about health and the nourishment state of inhabitants of ヘルクラネウム by the chemical analysis of these remains. There was the thing that highly-concentrated lead was detected in the ashes, and lead poisoning was doubted [³]. New knowledge was provided by the analysis of the bone. For example, I was able to suppose the number of children whom a woman had by a pelvic scar.

Problem of the preservation

The water, the ash, the cinder which covered ヘルクラネウム played a role to save remains in a very good state with the great high temperature that attacked it at first for 1,600 years. However, the remains which were exposed to the atmosphere when excavation began have begun to go bad gently. This was unavoidable by the technique of the archeology that it was original and had stolen of the excavation of the town to establish the principal objective in obtaining valuable remains than the preservation of all the remains at the time. The preservation of ashes became the priority by instructions of the Dr. Sarah C Beissel in the early 1980s. When the carbonized remains were exposed to air, organic matter deteriorated during a few days. Therefore, many remains were lost before the preservation method was established.

The damage is taking place with most of the area shown by sightseeing and intentional destruction today. In addition, it is eroded foundations of many buildings part by water flowing from the town of current エルコラーノ. The trial of the rebuilding often became the opposite effect, but the effort of the recent preservation achieves an effect. The excavation work is stopped once now to appropriate a budget to the preservation of the town.

A large number of remains excavated in ヘルクラネウム are kept by Naples, Kunitachi archeology Museum.

World heritage

The details refer to "remains area of Pompeii, ヘルクラネウム and トッレ アンヌンツィアータ"

Photo e

• 

  ネプトゥーヌス and the house (the 22nd house) of Amphitrite are famous in トリクリニウム (dining room) and ニンファエウム (haikal given to a nymph) for the wonderful summer given glory with a mosaic.

• 

  The mosaic which was drawn on ネプトゥーヌス and Amphitrite, the wall of the 22nd house

• 

  Stone pavement of the street of ヘルクラネウム

• 

  Water pipe made of lead

• 

  Fresco of the first style

• 

  Floor of the fitting into marble

SATOR AREPO TENET OPERA ROTAS

SATOR AREPO TENET OPERA ROTAS is a palindrome with the Latin.

The oldest thing is found in the remains of ヘルクラネウム.

Footnote

1. When Hercules built ヘルクラネウム in the place that killed son Kirk of Vulcan who stole one's cow in the myth conveying the beginning of the ^ town, I do it
2. ^ Kaneko (2001), cf. 139-143 pages.
3. It has a lot on ^ Kaneko (2001), 201-202 pages.

Allied item

• A novel of the setting that super huge eruption happens in Japan by "city in ruins Japan" - 石黒耀. A dire disaster to be exterminated is described in the pyroclastic flow which the people who were waiting for a ship fell down from the Mt. Vesuvius volcano in order to get away from ヘルクラネウム by the prologue.

References

• For Shiro Kaneko "day Orient place abounding in books when Pompeii died out", 2,001 years, it is ISBN 978-4,887,214,972
• National Geographic, Vol 162, No 6. Buried Roman Town Give Its Dead, (December, 1982) which improves
• National Geographic, Vol 165, No 5. The Dead Do Tell Tales, (May, 1984)
• Discover, magazine, Vol 5, No 10. The Bone Lady (October, 1984)
• The Mayo Alumnus, Vol 19, No2. An Archaeologist's Preliminary Report: Time Warp at Herculaneum, (April, 1983)
• Carnegie Mellon Magazine, Vol 4, No 2. Bone Lady Reconstructs People at Herculaneum, Winter, 1985
• In the Shadow of Vesuvius National Geographic Special, (February 11, 1987)
• 30 years of National Geographic Special, (January 25, 1995)

Link

Wiki media Commons has the media in conjunction with ヘルクラネウム.

• (Italian) Area Vesuvio
• The Friends of Herculaneum Society
• Herculaneum: Destruction and Re-discovery
• The local archaeological authorities
• It is Year of Destruction AD 79
• The Philodemus Project will publish Philodemus' works on poetry and on rhetoric.
• Brigham Young University: Herculaneum Scrolls
• Images of Herculaneum

It is acquired by "https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= ヘルクラネウム &oldid=58044260"

This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia ヘルクラネウム

This article is distributed by cc-by-sa or GFDL license in accordance with the provisions of Wikipedia.

Wikipedia and Tranpedia does not guarantee the accuracy of this document. See our disclaimer for more information.

In addition, Tranpedia is simply not responsible for any show is only by translating the writings of foreign licenses that are compatible with CC-BY-SA license information.