2016년 9월 9일 금요일

White phosphorus

White phosphorus

It is the smoke screen generator which used that the white phosphorus (white phosphorus bullet, vomiting Lin) absorbs moisture when white phosphorus to fill with a grenade, a cannonball, kind of the bomb burns in the atmosphere naturally and produces smoke of extremely bad diphosphorus of the permeability pentoxide. I may have restrictive lighting and a burning down effect [1]. In the Ground Self-Defense Force, I am equipped with white phosphorus only as smoke flare. I take an initial of fame "White Phosphorus" of the white phosphorus and am called the WP smoke flare. Because white phosphorus and yellow phosphorus are transcribed into "White Phosphorus" together in the English zone, two kinds of reason of white phosphorus smoke flare and the yellow phosphorus smoke flare exists when I make Japanese translation.

It is commonly called as WP, Willy(ie) Pete (Willy Pete) or Willy(ie) Peter (Willy Peter) in the U.S. Army. Because the generated smoke cannot interfere with an infrared sensor, I am updated to red phosphorus smoke flare in the developed country and become an old type.

Table of contents

Structure

A bursting charge explodes when I take the M110 155mm WP bullets for an example when a fuse operates and breaks a bullet husk while crushing white phosphorus. It becomes the aerosol which phosphoric acid and a water molecule hydrated when a reaction advances, and it is a white smoke screen, and this shuts out the view.

Cannonball

WP Mk.II 75mm WP bullet
WP M312 76mm WP bullet
The smoke bomb which was put on a tank made in the United States during World War II together. I shoot an enemy tank and an antitank gun directly, and there is the example which inflicted a burn on an enemy by the burning down effect [2].
M110 155mm WP bullet (en:M110 155mm Cartridge)
Full length: 70cm
Weight: 44.7 kg
A filler: 7 kg of white phosphorus
Animation of the shooting
The appearance does a normal cannonball and about the same form, but a yellow line is pulled by cloth of white background to distinguish it from a normal cannonball. The bullet husk is made of metal, and the hollow screw hole which on earth usually attaches fuses to a warhead by molding is opened. White phosphorus is filled inside and has a bursting charge pipe built-in to penetrate the center. TNT is used to a bursting charge, and tetryl and オクトーゲン may be adopted [3].
M825A1 155mm WP bullet
The smoke flare which releases 116 submunitions made of felt which let I let you explode using a time fuze in the air, and white phosphorus soak. I drop while the submunition self-igniting, and uttering smoke. What the Israeli military used in Gaza invasion [vagueness evasion required] is considered to be this cannonball. Because I do not have detonators to a submunition, I am not classified in cluster bomb [4].

Bomb

It is an experiment by William Mitchel in 1921. I drop a white phosphorus bomb for battleship "Alabama"

After World War I, a bomb using the white phosphorus came to be used as an incendiary and smoke flare for the planes, but is hardly used for an incendiary now [1].

Trench mortar bullet

The center is the M375A2 white phosphorus of the 81mm trench mortar
81mm white phosphorus
Smoke flare of various trench mortar bullets has been used many to date in the U.S. forces by World War II.
I observe an impacted bomb point to see smoke and am used to set up a smoke screen and I give you psychological pressure by a smoke screen (surprise it with smoke) and send an enemy person out of the hiding place and am used in the tactics called high-explosive projectile and "シェイクンベイク" (shaikh and baking) pursuing by the bombing [4].

Rocket bomb

A product made in China. I use aluminum together for charge of gunpowder and have the effect as the incendiary weapon [5]. It is told the Afghanistani armed groups to circulate by license production [6].
U.S. forces hold it. It is managed with a multi-launching rocket launcher for the purpose of setting up a smoke screen widely.

Grenade

Fume grenade

The details refer to "a grenade"

A shape of the multipurpose grenade used in U.S. Army is slightly big cylindricality, and a few lower part is squeezed now. I am used for burning down, the purpose of both fumes. The integumentary covering is made with plastic and fiber, and the quantity of the white phosphorus has a weight of approximately 680g of approximately 425 g altogether. I let the range of a radius of around 17m scatter a piece, but the average throwing distance in this grenade is considered to be approximately 30m, and it is necessary for the staff who is in an effect range to hide itself to the shades of the shielding.

M15 white phosphorus grenade (M15 White Phosphorus Grenade)
I was used at the time of World War II. I retire all and am updated in M34.
Contents: 15 ounces of white phosphorus
A fuse: M206A2 fuse
Weight: 31 ounces
An effect radius: 17m
Combustion time: Approximately 60 seconds
M34 white phosphorus grenade (M34 White Phosphorus Grenade)
I am used since the age of the Vietnam War to date.

Burning down grenade

The details refer to "サーメート"

A thing using a thermite reaction is mainstream, and there is not the thing using phosphorus. It is a thermite bullet to be said that I burn at a high temperature of 4,000-5,000 degree Fahrenheit, and such the high temperature does not occur by the combustion of phosphorus.

Smoke flare discharge machine

I am used in a smoke flare discharge machine carried by a tank or an armored car. I used white phosphorus smoke flare to 74 sets of tanks in the Ground Self-Defense Force, but am switched from 90 sets of tanks to red phosphorus smoke flare with the nuisance value to an infrared guided weapon. Smoke screen development is carried out in front of the audience by the general heat practice that the Ground Self-Defense Force carries out every year, and there is the example that the audience was bound smoke with, but a dead person and the injured person do not appear [4].

History

Picture of the white phosphorus used in Gaza invasion, Al Jazeera news.

It is said that the history of the cannonball which filled white phosphorus can date back until the World War I past. I was developed for the purpose of using it for smoke flare and a flare, an incendiary. It is the weapon which I manage commonly from the armed forces to the armed group of the irregularity in the present age, but, for an incendiary, is hardly used except a grenade.

The white phosphorus steam itself is harmful, but is harmless outdoors to change into phosphorus and phosphoric acid pentoxide in a short time. A study was performed after World War I in earnest in Japan to use the psychological action by property and it which produced the burn that was hard to be treated when I touched the direct human body [7]. I adopt a method that the white phosphorus bullet which the Japanese military used early in the Showa era dissolves white phosphorus in a solvent and sprays, and it is said that I fill the container same as chemical munitions cannonball with phosphorus which I dissolved in a solvent and used it.

I have been used in World War I as an incendiary using a property to self-ignite when Lin touched the air. There is an effective effect for the human body, and say, 西澤勇志智 of the doctor of science "is the thing which a particle of the flame and the thing that shake this off when it is, and pour, and attach to clothes, and extinguish a fire of are difficult, and the big thing burns clothes immediately when this is scattered overhead, and produce a burn with the pain, and is hard to heal easily", but "combustion temperature is low, and is inferior to thermite in the burning down effect for buildings low because it is a fireproof-related protection material [8], and oxidation phosphorus to produce by combustion of phosphorus disturbs combustion"; turn it on [7].

Hague land combat treaty was adopted in 1899, but the white phosphorus is not interpreted as the weapon which should be limited. Even World War II from 1939 was used widely. In addition, for the Japanese military where U.S. forces hide into a trench and a tunnel, the cave in Okinawa war, I use it for a purpose smoking out with heat and smoke.

Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) took effect in April, 1997, but the white phosphorus is not included in an object [9].

Italian TV station RAI referred to a weapon using the white phosphorus in the interview program of the United States former soldier [10] in 2005, and BBC delivered this worldwide. RAI collected data on United Nations Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) as "does the weapon using the white phosphorus correspond to chemical munitions (Chemical Weapons Convention prohibits it)?". Peter Kaiser which was the spokesman of the engine denied this, but stated, "it was that of course venomousness of the white phosphorus was prohibited if it was used a weapon definitely, and this is because what kind of chemical substance was considered to be chemical munitions by the chemical action if establishment purpose itself of the treaty was applied if I invited harm and death to a person and the animal". For the interview program which was the beginning, I state that the remark that the body of the victim does not see was edited conveniently without there being an interviewed former soldier in the spot where it was really used the white phosphorus bullet for [4].

Is used in the Iraqi War, and the Barry Venable lieutenant colonel of U.S. forces gives interpersonal testimony as an incendiary weapon with white phosphorus when used it [11]; [12].

Discussion about the use

The scar which is done according to the white phosphorus. With kind of the chemical burn, around the wound yellows; with the smell such as the garlic [13] [14]. Not a chemical burn with phosphorus, there is the opinion with the scar which scooped out skin to remove phosphorus which attached [4]

An opinion to insist on regulation, the argument for it appeared saying, "it was the non-humanitarian weapon which brought an intense burn" with white phosphorus used on the occasion of Gaza dispute by Iraq of November, 2004, the offensive of U.S. forces in Falluja and Israel of 2009. As for the information about the white phosphorus, a lot of false reports stream down the information that I took the wrong that media make power and an effect a pride size as for the power of the current white phosphorus remarkably, and it is a net, and there is the opinion to be an amplified thing [4].

The claim that you should regulate Claim not to be necessary
The powder which is burning when smoke in itself is harmless and is dropped from low altitude attaches to skin, and the white phosphorus brings a serious burn. The use side brings the damage like a smoke screen and the case that, as a result, was used as a wound grenade if I intend to light it up and am used over a city area. There are not the scientific grounds to produce "a serious burn" with more than of normal chemical burn [12]. Except a burning down grenade, the ammunition using the white phosphorus is designed as smoke flare and a flare, and the casualties power is greatly inferior to a normal high-explosive projectile and other incendiary weapons.
It is a fact that white phosphorus is a deadly poison There is not the method to spray white phosphorus on the wide area in a state keeping the toxicity in a short time. I am oxidized extremely within a short time in the air, and the mine dust of the white phosphorus changes into diphosphorus pentoxide, and is used as smoke flare simply because there is this property.
Much news media reports, "there is movement to prohibit globally". As seen in an example [15] and an example [16] of the International Red Cross that the Guardian presented a question for the news of RAI, there is a question about reliability and neutrality of the news.

Chemical property

White phosphorus
LD-50 by the human ingestion is around 0.7 mg per 1 kg in weight and results in death if I ingest at least 150 mg. Liver, heart may give harm to kidney again.
The white phosphorus self-ignites in the atmosphere. Therefore I may catch fire after fire extinguishing again when I am used as an incendiary.
Diphosphorus pentoxide
When white phosphorus is oxidized, it occurs. Having strong dehydration action, I am used as a desiccating agent in industry and a laboratory. When a solid attaches to the human body, attention is promoted for the use in the blind alley by dehydration action to show causticity such as acid and the alkali.
The minimum dangerous level by the acute inhalation of gas is assumed 0.02 mg/m3, and this is degree same as gas of the fuel oil. If it is some density, I stimulate eyes and a nose. I may be hit by a severe cough when I take a thing having high density, but am done with no damage in the density to be used as smoke flare at the place that I opened virtually. The example that a soldier died for smoke of the smoke flare is not reported [12].

Footnote

  1. There are ^ a b aluminum and the thing which gave the effect as the incendiary by mixing it. The details refer to "a rocket bomb"
  2. As testimony from the ^ Germany side, a nonfiction account of war of written by Paul Carell is it in a description in "they came". In addition, in movie "フューリー," I am used for a hostility tank gun installed in a building.
  3. ^ 155mm Projectile
  4. Article of ^ a b c d e f Japan military review, military study April, 2009 issue military affairs commentator Keiichi Nogi
  5. ^ Type 63 107mm Multiple Rocket Launcher - SinoDefence.com
  6. ^ (cache) CNN.co.jp: Use of white phosphorus international forces are pointed out Afghan armed group
  7. The ^ a b "poisonous gas and written by smoke" Yushichi Nishizawa 1938 publication
  8. Phosphorus is incombustible, and it is used as an agent using this ^ action
  9. ^ (cache) asahi.com (Asahi Shimbun): It is - international for military "white phosphorus" use in Israel or 885 dead people of Gaza
  10. A special ability soldier of the army first Infantry Division position in charge of the ^ headquarters guards. I become the member of the antiwar group
  11. The BBC news that took up the interpersonal use as the BBC incendiary weapon in 2005 in ^ US used white phosphorus in Iraq Wednesday, 16 November
  12. A commentary by the ^ a b c White Phosphorus (WP) global security. I refer to use in Iraq and include an effect or the cure. English sentence
  13. ^ Video: White phosphorus in Gaza: the victims | World news | guardian.co.uk
  14. ^ Chemical burns follwong Israeli bombings | Flickr - Photo Sharing!
  15. George Monbiot: which the corpse that RAI televised the British newspaper Guardian as "the dead person with the use of white phosphorus weapon" in ^ RAI 2005 says, "it is not the evidence that it is a change by the corruption (containing the white phosphorus), and is the burn with the incendiary weapon", and poses a question for reliability of the news Behind the phosphorus clouds are war crimes within war crimes | World news | The Guardian

This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia White phosphorus

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