2016년 9월 30일 금요일

Military uniform (the People's Republic of China)

Military uniform (the People's Republic of China)

The military uniform (ちゅうかじんみんきょうわこくのぐんぷく) of the People's Republic of China describes the change of the military uniform (uniform of People's Liberation Army - "People's Liberation Army" and note - less than and the armed peace and order organization) to date after the founding of a country (1949) of the People's Republic of China.

At the same time, I treat it about the military uniform after the uniform of the military affairs organization of the Chinese Communist Party which is a forerunner of the People's Liberation Army in before 1949 (red team, the new four forces, people's liberation army) and World War II in Hong Kong and Macao that are a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China now.

I refer to a military uniform (the Republic of China) for the military uniform of the Republic of China.

Table of contents

General view

"81" red stars containing it which is used for a cap badge, a badge

It was the tendency that was common to the military uniform of the nations which advocated communism that strongly took on the character as "the uniform of the revolution organization" prior to being "a national military uniform", but, as for the military uniform of the People's Republic of China which lasted more than 20 years to precede government acquisition since south Masaki justice in 1927, and had the history as the militant of the Chinese Communist Party, the tendency was particularly strong.

In the ordinary dress for citizens, "Mao suit" is recommended as clothes symbolizing coming new society (it originally dates back to a proposal of the Sun Yat-sen itself), and, in China, there are the circumstances that social, this functions as a kind of "uniform" outside the armed forces after government acquisition, and it is a big characteristic among other things that both had relations extremely close for a long time. It was "65 sets" of so-called military uniforms adopted from 1965 through 1985 which it sandwiched the Cultural Revolution between that these relations stood out, and the clothes of the design common basically had the role that and "society of the classlessness" ideated and "the armed forces of the classlessness".

There is the place that did not completely go along with the standard of the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe-type military uniform or a sense of beauty including "55 sets" of military uniforms at the time when it was close to the Soviet Union zone while belonging to the type of the military uniform of the east side countries doing the Soviet Union forces with a leader if a help, the military uniform of the People's Republic of China are big, and the character called the communism revolution that is such tendency and 内発的 says. For example, the gorgeous decorative element (gilt thread embroidery of a gold button and the officer military uniform) which I succeeded was modest, and a military uniform of the Soviet Union was taken in by a military uniform of Russian Empire without cotton having been used many for the wool which was the most common material of the military uniform of Soviet Union, Eastern Europe including winter clothing without being used too much, and the style called riding breeches and boots settling for a long time. Such a tendency is greatly different from Korean People's Army in the military uniform of the communist state of same Asia. It may be said that it is another characteristic of the military uniform of the People's Republic of China that I include the ex-Japanese military and Republic of China forces, and I take in the element of each country, and did Mao suit with 渾然一体 while assuming the influence of the Soviet Union forces "one knob them" to a base.

Reform and opening up advances, and it may be said that it provides interesting material that the Chinese military uniform has begun to fix the appearance as "a military uniform" distinguished from clothes of the general public clearly in the late 1980s when I have begun to show movement that clothes of the general public escape from one "Mao suit" spear and diversify in thinking about the relations of outfitting and the military uniform of the citizen.

Military uniform (1929 through 1949) of the militant of the Chinese Communist Party

The Communist Party power in the national revolutionary army expelled militant of the Communist Party which was a whole body of the current People's Liberation Army, the Chugokukogyo agriculture red team and independently separated it, and it was that therefore the military uniform was based on Nakayama clothes of the blue gray as well as a national revolutionary army.

In March, 1929, the red team occupies the long shore prefecture. I requisitioned a local clothing factory and assumed it a clothing depot of the red team on this occasion [1]. The military uniform of the red team was adopted in a regulation for the first time here.

The cap badge of the red star is arranged for a hat, and all members attach the red badge of the parallelogram to the jacket uniformly, and the presence of a shape and the badge of the pocket is considerably the simple design that there is not at all of the thing indicating the distinction of a military class, the combatant including rank although I am uneven. In addition, the hunting cap-like "Mao cap" adopted then penetrated with Mao suit after the war in the private enterprise.

This military uniform is the proof that oneself had the armed forces toward for the first time for Communist China; again as the origin of the People's Liberation Army very of the contemplation there is it. After republic establishment, 65 sets in imitation of this design were adopted like later description in the times of the Cultural Revolution and are well seen by events even now government-affiliated in China.

Because it was admitted into the national revolutionary army as the new four forces, people's liberation army, with the second Kuomintang-Communist collaboration, in the red team, the wearing of the military uniform like the regular army was demanded, but I put on the German style standard hat with the blue Tenpaku rising sun and was enough because it was Nakayama clothes same as a national revolutionary army other than a hat according to the said article. However, the person using the hat of the red team is still among the executives, and the person who leaves a badge at the soldier interval is not a little founded.

Military uniform (1949 through 1955) of the early period of founding of a country

The military uniform of the People's Liberation Army before a class system being fixed in 55 after the People's Republic of China performed the founding of a country in 1949 wore the regulation cap of the same color to the Mao suit of the ordinary dress and a jacket and the pants of the khaki turned-down collar .5 button .4 pocket made which hardly changed.

It was central to a cap badge, and "81" (a date of the south Masaki justice the Army Foundation Day) and drawn red star were used by writing from top to bottom, but it was only this cap badge that distinguished these clothes as "a military uniform of People's Liberation Army", and epaulet, badge in itself was the design which was full of it, and was plain which there was not including a badge of rank, a combatant chapter. There was not the distinction of a formal dress, everyday wear, open battle clothes basically, but material and the color (the dark color that is greener tea than a car key color near in khaki adversely khaki or the olive-green of light る eyes) of clothes include some variety, and it seems that I coped in a position and a climate, the season of the person to wear.

It was a design same as the army basically, and the air force was distinguished in the only cap badge (the design of the golden wing is included in right and left of the red star). Because, with the propaganda posters at the time, the air force soldier distinguishes it from an other militaries class. I am often shown with the G-suit figure of the leather jacket.

In the navy, the clothes (dark blue top and bottom, the jacket of summer clothes white) of the different colors of the army, the air force, a general sailor were "middy and skirt" styles a commander. The thing which treated an anchor behind a red star was used for the cap badge.

[1][2][3]

Introduction (1955 through 65) of the class system

Lin Piao (1959) who makes a speech by a military parade of the 10th anniversary of the founding of a country

In 1955, the class system that took the example was introduced into the Soviet Union forces in the People's Liberation Army, and distinction of a badge of rank and a formal dress, duty clothes, the battle dress was adopted on a military uniform with this. I called this military uniform "55 sets" of popular names and was followed until the class system abolition of 65 after some revision of 1958 while including some changes.

Two kinds of the next were used when I classified roughly.

  1. "A formal dress." The land, the sea, an air officer and a general of the army wear it. As for the regulation cap, the trunk runs out of a leaf design of the money around a military class color [2], a cap badge, and, as for the chin strap, the crown region is accompanied by the hemming of the military class color [3] a gold braid again. The jacket is a double open collar tie type, and the collar part is accompanied by the embroidery of the hemming of the military class color (in the navy money) and the big gold streak, the badge which put a leaf and a star together again. In addition, hemming, the cuffs that it is colored military class to the lapel of the sleeve have a leaf and the embroidery of the star. The general of the army gains the embroidery that arranged a leaf design for the top around a big star. The rank is expressed in an epaulet.
  2. I serve as "everyday wear" battle dress. The jacket of the turned-down collar is worn by the everyday cap of the "Mao cap" (said to be the liberation hat) style.

In the case of an officer, a flag officer, they put on a regulation cap in the everyday wear in 1,955 years, and they use the epaulet of the Soviet Union forces type, but an epaulet and the epaulet express a military class, a combatant, rank by a badge after 1958 without being used basically. It was a badge type, but, in the case of a flag officer, an officer, the soldier noncommissioned officer distinguished a combatant [4] with rank, a badge in an epaulet as of 1955 from 1955.
The badge of the soldier noncommissioned officer is attached a combatant chapter to the rear so that a combatant is referred to at the same time rank. I am shown in the combatant chapter which there was in a combatant color and the center of the badge of the pedestal in the case of the badge of an officer, the flag officer [5]. Navy soldier, the noncommissioned officer expresses the rank in an epaulet (the number of horizontal lines yellow to a black ground) using a world common sailor's uniform.
As for above-mentioned two kinds having been distinguished definitely, a top brass of the flag officer, general of the army and military officer grade was the center, and the style that put on a regulation cap on the military uniform only for badges particularly in the officer of the soldier, noncommissioned officer and officers below the rank of lieutenant commander grade served as everyday wear and the formal dress. The officers who added a lot of decoration and medals to everyday wear are seen a lot in those days.
Dark blue (winter clothes) or white (jacket of summer clothes) was used for the straight colour of the ground dark green or a car key color, the everyday wear the army, an air force formal dress an olive-green or car key color, the navy.


In addition, the thing of the "ピロートカ" type which was an everyday cap affected by the Soviet Union forces was used until 1958, and the everyday cap without the saliva similar to the beret same as the army cap for the woman of the Soviet Union forces was used for women other than a Mao cap for an everyday cap again in a short term, too.
In addition, boots and the pants of the horseback riding type were introduced led by some combatants such as a cavalry soldier or the tanker after the fashion of the Soviet Union forces, too, but a product made in cloth and the leather low shoes similar to the thing of the Japanese forces were used mainly in the general combatant.


  • A wearing example of the formal dress for "55 sets" of generals of the army. It is leaf sword British 彭徳懐 sequentially from the right. At the time of Soviet Union visit of 1958. It is the second Bulganin from right-side end Khrushchev, the right.

  • Agree (Lin Piao)

  • 55 sets, flag officer clothes, 萧劲 light.

  • Flag officer everyday wear (turned-down collar). 1960.

  • Land soldiers, 1959.

  • Sea soldiers, 1959.

  • An army soldier (the center) who was described in propaganda. I cover the everyday cap of the "ピロートカ" model of the Soviet Union. 1958.

I it (1965 through 85) in the times of "the military uniform without the badge of rank"

In 1965, a class system was abolished in the People's Liberation Army by the rise of "the people war altercation" to return to the origin of the red team, and it was a serious foreshadowing of the Cultural Revolution to begin in the next year, but the trial that was unprecedented for the standing army (and furthermore, has a world eminent staff scale) of this modern nation had influence that naturally it was great on a military uniform.

In other words, a design indicating the distinction of a military class, the combatant disappeared from badges of the People's Liberation Army including rank, and all members came to bring the cap badge ("81" designs are abolished) of the red star and the red badge of the parallelogram uniformly. In addition, so-called "Mao suit-style" of a jacket, the pants of a Mao cap, the turned-down collar which distinction of a formal dress, the everyday wear disappeared in clothes in itself, and succeeded "55 sets" of everyday wear (2) came to be worn in all members, uses, scenes.

In the army, in the regulation cap, the top and bottom, the navy of the olive-green, the regulation cap, the top and bottom, the air force of the indigo blue came to barely distinguish a military class from pants of the dark blue by a color of the cloth to a regulation cap, a jacket of the olive-green.

With a figure of the Red Guard, I gave all parts of the world a strong impact in a photograph and the picture which conveyed the Chinese situation of the Cultural Revolution period, and "the red Mao suit-style of the liberation army of this time which I starred" affected the fashion and the stage clothes of not only the military uniform of the militant of country of the situation where China was near and each place affected by the Maoist policy but also the developed nations ("influence on each country" reference).

A modification was made to these "65 sets" of military uniforms afterwards in 78 in 74 for 1,971 years. For 74 years, the modification of 78 was basic, and, for 71 years, the change (even as for the summer clothes, thinly-made similar to the cloth for sheeting of the thinly-made was adopted cloth made of cotton having been important till then from 1978) of cloth materials and the change of the small part, the update of accessories were the center. But the distinction of a commander and the public soldier who followed the distinction of "55 sets" of officers and noncommissioned officers, soldiers on navy military uniform in 1974 was established, and, as for the former, the latter came to wear a sailor hat, a sailor's uniform (in substitution for a badge, the epaulet of the black ground has a red quadrangular badge) leather sunshade and the regulation cap with the chin strap and the jacket of the turned-down collar (as for, as for the winter clothes, light るめの is slightly than "55 sets" dark blue jacket of summer clothes white). In addition, an everyday cap without an open collar jacket and the saliva was introduced for female soldiers again.

I it (1985 through 87) for the adjustment period

The right a commander (German resident military officer at the time of 1986 to Spain) of the army

After death of Mao Zedong of 1976, I received the loss more than prospects of the negation of the Cultural Revolution route and the later Sino-Vietnam War, and the modernization of the equipment, the organization, the revival of the class system became the problem in the People's Liberation Army. But it is after 1987 that passed in higher than after Cultural Revolution for ten years that the organizational reform of the liberation army which has the enormous staff, and admits a successor of the revolution mind takes time, and a class system (badge of rank in the military uniform) finally revives. As transient measures to precede it, the distinction of a commander and the general soldier was only established on a military uniform of the People's Liberation Army from 1985. "85 sets" of popular names military uniform means this.

At first a regulation cap with a chin strap, the saliva revived, and the cap badge like "55 sets" revived in addition, too. But I was touched in the crown region with these "85 sets" of regulation caps, and it was a thing of the size that the cap badge was bigger than 55 sets of things whereas the trunk had "55 sets" of cap badges. As for the color of so-called "headband" of the trunk, black, an air force were blue red, the navy the army, and a general soldier was leather, and silver lacing braid was used for the chin strap a commander. In addition, the naval general soldier is a world common "sailor hat" style.

The jacket touched the distinction (navy - black, air force - blue) of the color by the military class to the badge while succeeding to the style called the badge of the red parallelogram to "65 sets" of turned-down collars basically, and the jacket for the commander was accompanied by an epaulet (there is an entering "81" gilt lettering red star in the center) more, and golden hemming and a golden star were touched to the badge of the commander again. In addition, the jacket for the naval general soldier is a world common "middy and skirt" style.

In addition, the real first camouflage clothes were developed at this time. A jacket and the pants of the form that even the Soviet Union forces were seen in with a thing called popular name "81 sets camouflage clothes" in the Communist bloc at this time know this camouflage clothes and are the camouflage clothes of the form to wear from a normal military uniform, and it is camouflage different that it is likely on the front and back and the reversible specifications that it is. I was used in Sino-Vietnam War.

  • 85 sets. Sea soldiers, 1986

Revival (1987 ...) of the class system

  • A wearing example of "87 sets" of army summer everyday wear (at the time of 曹剛川, Rumsfeld visit to China 2005).

  • "87 sets" of army winter everyday wear (梁光烈)

  • "87 sets" of summer everyday wear (郭伯雄)

  • "87 sets." A guard. From the front row right, it is the navy, the army, an air force.

Hong Kong, military uniform (1997) of Macao

  • 97 sets of army formal dresses (the left) and woman military officer summer everyday wear.

  • 97 sets. Naval summer clothes

Influence (1999 through 2005 - 2007) of the western combat uniform and Olympics holding

Uniform update of the land, sea and air whole army began in the winter of 2004 [6], and a new military uniform (07 sets of military uniforms.an English version article) was adopted in 2007. デザインはアメリカなどの西側諸国のデザインを大きく取り入れている（と言うよりほぼ同じ）。 陸軍の軍服は深緑、海軍の軍服は紺、空軍は青である[4]。 戦闘服のデザインも一新され、デジタルを思わせる現代的な迷彩服になった[5]。 また空軍では、半世紀近く使ってきた59式飛行服に替わる02式飛行服が採用された。 02式飛行服には布製の夏服、フライトジャケットのみ山羊革製の春秋服[7]、上下とも山羊革製の冬服がある[8][9][10]。 02式冬飛行皮服は空軍だけでなく陸軍のサイドカー部隊でも使われている[11]。

  • 「零七式」春秋常服（右）。上襟に飾りが入る。

  • 右側が海軍将官の冬常服。袖章が外側にのみ付されている。軍帽も、顎紐が組紐で、鍔に飾りが入る。

  • 白い軍服が海軍士官。

  • 左は水兵、右は海軍上等兵。

  • 左から2人目が空軍将官。

各国への影響

ベトナム人民軍将校、1973年
  • 北朝鮮：朝鮮人民軍の軍服は、ソ連軍の軍服の影響を強く受けた、立襟の上着（ロシア式の肩章が付く）・長靴の着用を特徴とする軍服が創建時から用いられていたが、1960年前後から、肩章の付かない折襟の上着（階級章は襟章で表される）が導入され、略式の常服ないし戦闘服として併用されるようになった。正確な経緯は不明だが中国人民解放軍の「五五式」軍服の影響と見られる。このタイプの軍服は現在でも、肩章つきの軍服（上着は立襟に代わって開襟ネクタイ式となる）と併用されている。中国式に上着の上からベルトを締めず短靴を履く場合と、ソ連式にベルト・革帯を付け長靴を履く場合がある。（現在は殆ど短靴が主流である。）将校軍装は特に五五式・五八式の影響が強く見られるが、兵下士官の軍装はソ連軍の影響が残ったプルオーバー式（所謂ギムナスチョルカ型）のまま現在に至っている。また空軍では、中国空軍が2004年まで使っていた59式の夏飛行皮服、冬飛行皮服とほぼ同型（あるいは全く同じ）ものを現在も使用している。
  • ベトナム：ベトナム人民軍の軍服はこの中国の五五式軍服の影響を強く受けている。ベトミン時代には中国から多くの軍事物資と共に中国製の軍装品も支給され使用されていた。ベトナム人民軍の階級制度や肩章・襟章の形式、帽章のデザインは中国の五五式・五八式の影響が非常に強いデザインである。
  • カンボジア：クメール・ルージュの特徴の1つであった人民帽は、中国から援助物資やそれを模した物である。きちんとした軍装としては正確にはポル・ポト政権以降のヘンサムリン政権軍においての場合である。この場合、上記ベトナム人民軍の影響が強い。
  • ラオス：パテト・ラオ（ラオス人民軍）の軍装も中国の影響を受けて、人民帽型の軍帽（鍔は黒色の革製。）や中国に似た帽章を導入した。
  • アルバニア：エンヴェル・ホッジャ率いるアルバニア労働党政権下の軍服は、パルチザン戦争中はユーゴスラビアのパルチザンに、政権獲得後はソ連軍に範をとったデザインであったが、同国が中ソ対立において中国を支持し、1961年のソ連との決裂を経て、1966年には文化大革命にも支持を表明するに至って、アルバニア軍も階級制度を廃止し、赤い星の帽章、折襟に赤い平行四辺形の襟章のついた軍服が全軍で採用された（海軍の一般兵は「セーラー服」に赤い肩章）。また生地色にも従来のカーキー色に加えてオリーブグリーンも併用され、これも中国の「六五式」軍服の影響とみられる。この「階級章なき軍服」は、改革開放路線に反発するアルバニアが1978年に中国と決裂した後も引き続き使用され、ホッジャの死（1985年）を経て、1991年の労働党独裁・鎖国体制の崩壊まで用いられた。[6]
  • 中国の非公式な支援を受けているとされる、ミャンマーのワ州連合軍やミャンマー民族民主同盟軍、カチン独立軍などは中国から強い影響を受けた軍装を使用している。
  • サブカルチャー、ファッション
  • アニメ、漫画キャラクターのファッション

画像

  • 儀仗兵

  • 旧ソ連・ロシア式のヘッドギアをかぶった戦車兵

  • 海軍陸戦隊の戦闘服、茶色戦闘服はアメリカ海兵隊

  • 記念写真を撮る人民武装警察官

  • 点呼を行う人民武装警察官

外部リンク

脚注

  1. ^ 中国军服专家揭秘中国工农红军军服式样起源
  2. ^ 陸軍－赤、空軍－空色、海軍－黒。
  3. ^ 海軍は金、元帥は赤
  4. ^ 1955年での将校襟章の区別は以下の通り。
    • 陸軍―赤
    • 海軍―黒
    • 空軍―ライトブルー地に空軍メダル（「八一」付き赤い星の左右に翼を配する）がつく
    • 将官―以上3種に黄色の縁取り（襟元の辺を除く）
    • 将官襟章に元帥メダル（中華人民共和国の国章が刻まれたボタン）がつく
  5. ^ 1958年での襟の階級章は以下の通り。
    • 兵：銀色の星の数
    • 下士官：中央に黄色の縦線1本に銀色の星の数
    • 尉官：黄色の縁取り、中央に2本の黄色の縦線に銀色の星の数
    • 佐官：同じく2本の黄色の縦線
    • 将官：黄色の縁取りに金色の星の数
    • 元帥:黄色の縁取りに、大きな赤い星と国章の刺繍
  6. ^ 解放军穿上新式军装（详细报道）
  7. ^ 我軍飛行服都經歷了哪些更新換代？
  8. ^ 中国某师换装J8II，飞行员用上手持GPS
  9. ^ 中國空軍將在2009年出現首批女戰鬥機飛行員
  10. ^ China scours schools for REAL high-fliers
  11. ^ 由女民兵组成的机关独立排摩托车队列队展示技能

関連項目

ウィキメディア・コモンズには、軍服 (中華人民共和国)に関連するカテゴリがあります。
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