The Qing dynasty rule era (Taiwan)
(しんちょうとうちじだい) is the time until April 17 (for light cord 21 years 1895) in 1895 when the Qing dynasty did cession with defeat of the Sino-Japanese War in Great Japanese Empire (Japan) from (for 康熙 22 years Eiryaku 37 years) in 1683 when Qing dynasty (China) defeats the Cheng government and admitted Taiwan for the Qing dynasty rule era of Taiwan.
Because hardly invested the Qing dynasty about Taiwan, the development was late, but the Qing dynasty possessed Taiwan; because rice was produced abundantly from the first, was called a granary of Fujian, Guangdong. Furthermore, it developed as a straight production center of tea, sugarcane, camphor, the mining industry in the 19th century and advanced to the urbanization as place of shipment, and it was in the background where Taiwan democratic state was established in the imperialism times.
Table of contents
Before 19th century
The Qing dynasty which aimed at the destruction of 建国以来反清勢力 attacked it for the Taiwanese Cheng government which advocated "反清復明" and succeeded in bringing Taiwan under control in 1683, and destroying the Cheng government. But I struck the Taiwanese island to destroy the Cheng Administration and brought the Qing dynasty under control and was negative against possessing Taiwan island at first. However, by discussion in the Imperial Court, I finally decided to possess it from the viewpoint of military top and was admitted under the rule of Fujian after having installed three prefectures (Tainan, Takao, Jiayi) of 1 prefecture (Taiwan) in Taiwan. But I continued being negative against the rule for a long time because the Qing dynasty did not regard Taiwan as important so much as "a place of 化外". I divided life area and the life level of the Taiwanese native called the turn world of the Chinese by a soil cow groove [1] and continued leaving Taiwan native unattended as 野蕃 [2] of 化外. On the other hand, the Chinese borrows land from the turn world, and the reclamation continues, and the life area of the native is gradually pressed, and the turn world was devised each time again, but the rule range for the Qing dynasty in Taiwan Honjima did not amount throughout Shimauchi. In addition, the Qing dynasty insists on the Republic of China Government and the People's Republic of China now when sovereignty amounted to not only Taiwan but also the angling island (Senkaku Islands).
An embargo plan is taken at this time, and the visit to Taiwan was limited only to a man, but it is said that generally a large quantity of stowing away was performed at this time. For example, stowing away 25 cases, the arrestee who were captured a year of 1759 were 990 other people. The population continued increasing and arrived at 1,950,000 people in 1811 [3].
19th century
After Qing dynasty admission, much Han race emigrated to Taiwan in succession from Fujian, Guangdong of Mainland China located on the opposite bank and enlarged a development place. Therefore it is that the language culture of the Han race of this ministry living in current Taiwan origin resembled closely with these local it very. I hung approximately two centuries in the frontier front of the development of the Taiwanese island that began in the neighborhood of Tainan and, with mass emigration of the Han race, gradually went north, and it was before the neighborhood of Taipei was developed in earnest when I entered in the 19th century.
The prosperity around's three biggest ports of port, 艋舺 of Tainan prefecture, Changhua was seen so as to be called "one prefecture two deer three 艋舺" in the early 19th century, and forest origin or Chen neutralization were representatives of the aboriginal merchant capital. I established the Taiwanese ministry in 1885 and became the setting of 11 prefectures of three prefecture one direct servant state six agencies. It developed around Keelung appointed taking advantage of Opium War as trade port, 打狗 (renamed to Takao after possession in Japan) port (Harada 2007).
Taiwan developed by agriculture and trade with Mainland China mainly the other day, but internal disturbances occurred successively in Taiwan because there were many rough pirates and citizens of the temper of poverty that I skipped for an emigrant to Taiwan where a rule power for the Qing dynasty was weak, and, besides, the floods such as a tangle, the typhoon with tropical disease and natives such as malaria, dengue fever were intense. In addition, there were few women of the Han race in Taiwan because the Qing dynasty prohibited the voyage of the woman to restrain that the own nation settled down in Taiwan. Therefore the mixed blood with the Han race and the native who lived in the level ground advanced rapidly, and a subgroup of the Han race called a current "Taiwanese" was formed. In addition, the race group which assimilated into the Han race called 平埔族 near the native culturally came to occur.
When the power of the European Great Powers countries went into China at the mid-19th century, the influence came to extend to Taiwan. In other words, Tainan, Abira (Ann pin) port and Keelung port will be opened a port of in Taiwan by the Europe Great Powers by 清 which lost for Arrow War in 1858 having concluded Tientsin Treaty. In addition, the dispatch of troops (peony company case) by Japan in Taiwan was carried out in 1874, and, in the case of 清仏戦争 from 1884 through 85, a French fleet planned the capture to the northern part of Taiwan. I isolated Taiwan from Fujian in 1885 and founded Taiwan province after the Qing dynasty coming to recognize importance of Taiwan from the viewpoint of national defense top for the advance of Japan and the European Great Powers, and having dispatched 巡撫 equal to the governor for Taiwanese defense reinforcement with this. The Qing dynasty after the setting in Taiwan-saving checked the negative Taiwan rule at then and came to carry out the full-scale rule, and Liu signature biography started 清賦事業 which meant land tax reforms when it was in 巡撫, and the urbanization was greatly planned in the modern times of provincial capital, the Taipei prefecture, too. I arranged the modern social infrastructures such as railroads between Keelung - Taipei in electricity and light, telegraphic communication, 1887 and called merchant capital together from the mainland and I established interest city Koji and pushed forward an aggressive policy. In addition, the amount of production of 1892 of rice became able to feed a population of 7 million people, and, as for the production of the sugar, a large quantity of opium was imported to 53,000 tons in 1894, but, in the black that was always large thanks to export such as the tea, the population arrived at 2,550,000 in 1893, too (yellow 1970); [4].
But because I was defeated by Sino-Japanese War, based on Shimonoseki Treaty (馬關條約) concluded on April 17, 1895, the following day, in Taiwan, it was done cession than a giving and receiving type of June 2, 1895 from the Qing dynasty by Great Japanese Empire, and Taiwan province was abolished with it in the short term called approximately ten years by setting. After this, Taiwan was placed under the rule of the Taiwanese governor-general's office as a foreign land of Great Japanese Empire for 50 years until October 25, 1945.
Native under the Qing dynasty rule
As for the Qing dynasty, I distinguished a native from "a straight turn" in "a turn calling himself "a guard" carefully". It was under rule of the Qing dynasty, and a burden of toil, the duty to pay tax, a law of the Qing dynasty were applied and they received it to some extent and called a turn, the thing which out of the rule, did not receive China civilization at all with a straight turn in 考 えられたた natives carefully if the Chinese was near. I may assume the thing in the intergrade 化番.
The boundary line which I sectioned was established by the east and west, and the residential space between the Chinese, straight turns to be called "turn world" (soil cow, soil cow groove) by (康熙 61), the Qing dynasty in 1722 was forbidden by a law when the Chinese must not clear and cultivate an approach across this. But the turn world was delimited for several times again by 開山撫番政策 of 清末. In other words, the Chinese really crossed the border and borrowed the land of the native or seized it and cleared and cultivated it, and the ban meant what was not necessarily carried out enough, and, as a result, the turn world gradually moved to the east. The turn lives together with the Chinese carefully in the west of the turn world, and it is thought that I put 通婚 on the Chinese.
On the other hand, distinction of naturalization and the non-naturalization existed whether you put tax called 番餉 in the straight turn to live according to "the turn common early modern age of Japan opinion" in the east side of the turn world. But the naturalization straight turn did not pay tax to the Qing dynasty directly and put the profit that 社丁 got from the trade with the true turn for tax. In other words, it is thought that the government official side named an a kind of trade tax to admit the trade with the naturalization straight turn in 社丁 番餉.
Since they were not naturalized, as for the field turn namely the non-naturalization straight turn, the trade with the Chinese was forbidden publicly, but really traded with it with a merchant called the turn percent. The trade activity of the turn percent was illegality, and, in contrast with 社丁 of the official recognition, the management of the government official did not extend to the reason [5]. Natives obtained salt or firearms through such turn percent.
Footnote
- I am defined for the first time in (1722) year in ^ 康熙 61 and prohibit an approach, the cleaning of the Han race legally.
- The ^ first to go out is a public employee of the Qing dynasty of the peony company case
- There are not the statistics which a lot of problems can trust according to (yellow 1970) until the early 19th century about the ^ census.
- A flatlander (Chinese and 平埔族) is 2,900,000 people, and, according to the estimation of 1895 when ^ Japan possessed it, a Formosan aboriginal tribe is 100,000 people. According to governor-general's office "Taiwan circumstances" of 1924 in Taiwan the population of 1905 2,979,018 flatlanders Formosan aboriginal tribe 76,443.
- According to ^ (forest 2004), I laid in stock of forest product from the true turn with the turn percent and was employed for the person who wholesaled it in "the percent shop" of the Chinese merchant.
References
- Yellow, 昭堂 (1970), study of the Taiwanese democratic state, Tokyo University publication society
- , 世楷 (1974), Taiwan under the rule in Japan: Resistance and oppression, Tokyo University publication society
- Harada, Keiichi (2007), Sino-Japanese, Russo-Japanese War, series Japan modern history 3, Iwanami new book
- Forest, Shukumi (2004-11), "turn percent" and Han, turn relations, 6, Nagoya University of Commerce, pp. of Kiyo Taiwan 83-96
Allied item
- Taiwanese native
- Shimonoseki Treaty
- The Takasago tribe
- Seiko Tei
- Taiwanese
- 台銭
- Military defense out of the great former
- 丁朝雄
- Revolt of 戴潮春
- Classification armed conflicts among groups in China
- 隘勇制度
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This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia The Qing dynasty rule era (Taiwan)
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