ノヴム organum
"ノヴム organum" (Luo: Novum Organum, "new - organum" [1]) It is writing of the philosophy announced in とは, 1620 by British philosopher Francis Bacon.
Table of contents
Summary
After I was avoided by the politics, Bacon born in the U.K. in 1561 devoted itself to writings activity. This book was a book written in Latin as Part 2 of "great complete reform" (with "Instauratio Magna" (Great Renewal), "great revival" "great innovation") that six copies of bacon was going to finish writing with a product and named the subject it in consideration of a writing "organum" of Aristotle. Bacon settles philosophical result provided in the life in politics and tries that I show the philosophical basics about the new induction with this book and gives this book saying that it is a thing "telling King U.K. what this writing is nothing but new logic and thinks by induction and judges". This book is comprised of two volumes, and 章立 てで of previous winding 130 chapters and 後巻 52 chapters is managed.
The bacon makes rapid progress from the actual feeling that past study is simple and slight experience and gains a general principle and pushes forward consideration by the logical deductive method from there, but criticizes it when it cannot be with the theory to contribute to the life of the human fact. The human wisdom points out what is directed by mistake by an idea of four kinds of Hydra (idola). It is prejudice to occur due to human being true character itself, and racial Hydra does it when I tend to change an object into intelligible form to a human being. In addition, an individual has a delusion by character and environment, education about Hydra of the cave and states that a target viewpoint is twisted by looking at the outside world from a cave. It is prejudice to occur by human being aspect each other coming into contact in a social activity and, about Hydra of the market, thinks that I may be ruled for an inappropriate language though I do a language appropriately and cannot need it. And Hydra of the theater is prejudice to occur because of an authoritative theory in the existing philosophy, and the scholar observes nature with a preconception by this Hydra. The human contemplation is influenced by Hydra, and Bacon insists on it being important that I remove this.
I judge it that Bacon criticizes ancient Greek philosophy and scholasticism of the Middle Ages and does not give concrete result. According to the opinion of the bacon, there is a problem of the methodology with the dull cause of such a study. A lot of room to nominate the new result that Columbus discovered the New World in science for are left. I do it when it can arrive at the right analysis by I avoid dogmatism and carry out an organized experiment with objective observation and arranging gathered information by induction.
Constitution
- Preface
- I consist of aphorisms (sentence of a proverb, the finish of a sentence form) of Vol. 1 "aphorism -130 about the natural elucidation and human being rule". But the explanation-like long sentence comes to appear quite frequently as I advance.
- I consist of aphorisms of Vol. 2 "aphorism Vol. 2 -52 about the natural elucidation and human being rule".
Contents
The intelligence left to one does not hold much power in the bare hands either, and the thing is accomplished by a tool and assistance. They are necessary for the intelligence without being inferior for a hand. And the mind of the tool lets or you advise it or be careful with intelligence or a tool of the hand gives exercise をば or to control it.Because when I do not know the cause to unite with the human knowledge and power in one, I do not let a result occur. Because this is because it is not conquered when it does not depend on obeying this to be natural. And the thing which I am the cause of in <intellect-like> consideration is the rule by> work of <practice.
Can do nothing to save it> of practical <work except that the human being puts objects of nature together, and keep it away; nature accomplishes it among oneself afterward [2].
Bacon never regarded knowledge and study as the purpose. It was said that it was means to achieve other purposes to the last. In addition, the human being observed nature, and he did it with knowledge about nature by getting close naturally when he could influence nature by the knowledge. And I improved human life by using power of nature and insisted when I could bring happiness to a human being. The true knowledge is knowledge with power to realize happiness, and, as for "the intellect, the real intention of power" is right here, too [3].
Four kinds are in "Hydra" occupying human mind. "Racial Hydra" comes to the house of on human true character itself and a human family namely the human. Because a human sense takes the wrong claim to be the standard of things. On the contrary, I object, and that of sensory perfection is that all perception introduces that of mind to a human being and is not to see it from <things> of the space."Hydra of the cave" is Hydra of the human being individual. Because because each person has a certain you who are personal who fail to shut out the light of cave namely nature (other than an error of the general human being true character). In other words, alternatively, by the authority of the people who or reading by a statement with by the special property that is inherent to each person or education and another person or a book and each person respect it, and do 嘆賞, I produce it in な feeling of the point case of the prejudice……
In addition, there is, so to speak, "Hydra" arising from the acquaintance of human aspect each other and a social life, and, as for this, we call ourselves "Hydra of the market" because of one of human negotiations and association.
Finally there is "Hydra" which got into the human heart from wrong rules of various accepted doctrine of the philosophy and the proof, and we name this "Hydra of the theater" [4].
It is necessary to get rid of the human preconception and prejudice that it is easy to fall into to really know nature. Bacon called those preconceptions and prejudice "Hydra" (idol). There were four kinds in Hydra, but after having removed them, I checked various facts by observation and an experiment and inspected it and did it when you must find a law in that. This method became an experimental method namely the basic method to let you were called "induction", and promote modern science [5].
Translation version
- Written by "ノヴム organum - new engine" Bacon, 1, Kotobuki, Katsura reason Iwanami library, 1978
Footnote
- If "Organon" (organum) just paraphrases "a tool" with "New Organon" (new organum) (it is said with the logic for truth searches) again obediently in consideration of a point to mean if I consider a point added for "Organon" (organum) of Aristotle when I express it in ^ English, Japanese, I can express it with "New Instrument" "New Tool" (new tool). The expression called "the new engine" which translated "Organum" (Organon) as "an engine" is used in a part by the Japanese translation such as Iwanami libraries, but becomes hard to know the original meaning when it is this.
- Written by ^ "ノヴム organum - new engine" Bacon, 1, Kotobuki, Katsura reason Iwanami library, 1978
- 178 pages of ^ "latest edition ethic vocabulary" spring water study editorial department, spring water study
- Written by ^ "ノヴム organum - new engine" Bacon, 1, Kotobuki, Katsura reason Iwanami library, 1978
- ^ "latest edition ethic vocabulary" spring water study editorial department, spring water study 178 pages
Allied item
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