Large さん bridge
| Yokohama Port University bridge Wharf | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Information | |
| Designer | Alejandro the gills polo, ファッシド Musavi |
| Structure designer | Structure design group (SDG) |
| Construction | Spring water, TOA CORP., Toa Kensetsu industry, Nippon Kokan Koji, Matsuo JV, Kashima, Fujita, Sotetsu, Kudo JV, Toda, Tokyu, Yamagishi, Suruga JV |
| Construction | Blend structure (R+S 造), shingle board structure + girder structure |
| Building area | 27,270m2 m² |
| Deferred floor space | 34,732m2 m² |
| The completion | November, 2002 |
Large さん Bridge (おおさんばし) is the harbor facility of Yokohama Port in Naka-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa. I assumed a finished iron pier a forerunner in 1894, and there were various names such as customs pier, Pier Yokohama, the Yamashita-cho pier, but calmed down afterwards in a large pier [1]. In addition, I was called a south peer [2] and was called the harbor from the time to about 1970 at the end of [note 1], the Meiji era while I was requisitioned after the Pacific War by the Allied Forces [3]. The forerunner facilities were piers both in name and in reality, but the University bridge of the present completed in 2002 is "a quay" structurally not "a pier"; mixed with hiragana letters "さん Bridge is official notation very much" [4]; [5].
I am constructed by a Yokohama Port University bridge Wharf and Yokohama Port University bridge international passenger ship terminal and am main departure and arrival Wharf of the passenger ship of the country in Yokohama Port and the foreign route. I am known as a main sightseeing spot in Yokohama-shi and Yokohama Port at the same time to be symbolic existence of Yokohama Port [6].
Asuka II which is a cruise passenger boat of Nippon Yusen is based in the large さん bridge where Yokohama Port is home port (the home port). In addition, I have the royal wing which is Yokohama Port cruise ship and the remote island traveler route to Izu Islands [7].
Table of contents
The history and trend
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I am until great pier construction by the Yokohama opening of a port
In Yokohama Port, there were not the facilities which the direct quay came alongside the pier, and it could load although the small ship which was necessary for the lighter cargo work called the British waterfront (called the のちの "elephant's trunk" waterfront) and the French waterfront [8] was to collecting for freight flows to increase rapidly since the opening of a port of 1859. The freight flows of the increase course could not support only by lighter cargo work, and the need of the modern wharf which enabled coming alongside the pier cargo work increased [9]. Until a qualitative switch to recent container transportation, it was expected for long, but at first, as for the lighter cargo work, it was done with a problem of the urgency at the time by lack of chronic wharf that I built the wharf appropriate for the modern nation. I minded an official in charge of building by requests from Daizo Kaoru Inoue Daisuke and Governor of Kanagawa in 1870 from the Meiji Restoration direct next and it was reported and there were many requests, but was not able to realize the harbor construction plan for the coming alongside the pier cargo work system from Sir Daizo Shigenobu Okuma to harbor construction plan suggestion [11] by Department of the Interior foreign employee Dutchman engineer fan ドールン in suggestion [10] and 1874 of the Yokohama harbor construction pier plan by the Briton engineer Richard Henry plan ton of the foreign employee either [11]. In addition, there was the time of the Tokyo Port construction, and there was the plan to construct a harbor off Shinagawa, but did not realize this by objection and a financial difficulty from Yokohama anymore in those days either.
It was 1886 when 27 years passed from the Yokohama opening of a port, and the mood finally increased, and it was design requests from the Department of the Interior to Dutchman engineer デ リーケ and a design request to Henry Spenser Palmer who it was U.K. chicken colonel than Kanagawa, and was a technical officer [12]. However, the design plan of both competed for a discussion in the Meiji government of time, and a discussion whether let which of Tokyo Port construction and the Yokohama Port construction precede it as the high rank item more in the government deepened. By the way, Shigenobu Okuma who became the Minister of Foreign Affairs strongly advised it on Yokohama Port construction, and Yokohama Port harbor construction plan of Palmer was adopted movement and the aspect mixture to Japan and Britain alliance for the results [9] that Palmer held an additional position in reporters more in U.K. time, and reported Japan favorably on the newspaper and the inequity treaty revision formally [9]. Furthermore, repayment to Japan was approved than President Grant and American Congress approval in 1883, and, among the compensation by the Shimonoseki bombardment case, the financial prospect had the ransom that I paid to the United States regular by letting you allot repayment indemnification 785,000 dollars [9].
It may be said that it was a moment of truth to lead to Yokohama Port in later years and development of Yokohama-shi that Yokohama harbor construction was decided formally at this time.
Yokohama harbor construction first construction began in 1889, and the construction of the wharf which was available for coming alongside the pier cargo work began in this way. However, I imported a large quantity of spiral stakes and was built because it was not able to supply the spiral stake necessary for the basics from a refinement place at the time of Japan. "The iron pier" which became the forerunner of the University bridge of the present in 1894 was completed in this way [13]. The iron pier was the modern wharf where 738 meters of total extension from the land, pier part were in the van in 457 meters, a technique of 19.2 meters in width at the time.
Although I saw the completion of the iron pier, the freight traffic of Yokohama Port followed the course of the rapid increase with modern rapid growth of Japan and was the situation that I couldn't but still depend on lighter cargo work for aside from paths of foreign route passenger ship. This caused freight stay and a distribution delay, and a request of the further Yokohama Port expansion was strengthened from Yokohama economy business executive. This was connected to the construction for Yokohama harbor construction second period and led to new Minato Wharf construction [14]. It was expanded, and "the iron pier became 42.8 meters in width by the construction for Yokohama harbor construction second period, too", and two levels of two wooden construction type customs shed was founded, and, in the low-rise building region, traveler facilities and tool for trip inspection ground and telegraphic communication telephone facilities and an office were added to the freight warehouse, the upper echelon. The construction was completed for a second period in 1913 [13].
The iron pier became the main base in the cargo-passenger boat of the foreign route of Japan and was used as Nippon Yusen at the time, Orient steamship, one of the central stations of the Japan marine transportation industry including the Osaka merchant ship and played an active part in this way as a base of the foreign country regular line of the foreign country marine transportation industry. American Pacific mail boat, Canada Taiheiyo Kisen, American President line came to spread a regular line on British P&O, Northern Germany Lloyd, a French mail boat, the North American route on the European route. When new Minato Wharf was completed, I transferred a part of the foreign route. A North American route of Nippon Yusen uses the new Minato Wharf 4 quay. The 9 quay let a European route came alongside the pier, and the load of the iron pier relieve. In the iron pier, foreign family register ship and Seattle route of Nippon Yusen came to arrive and depart. From the new Minato Wharf 4 quay, Hikawa circle of Nippon Yusen which I returned in the Seattle route after the Pacific War continued arriving and departing. However, the Hikawa circle finished the passenger duties of new Minato Wharf as I terminated the last voyage in 1960.
Raw silk and tea were main exports from Yokohama Port including the iron pier (large pier) and brought Japan at the time a big foreign currency acquisition opportunity [13]. There was the Yokohama trading company which greatly grew up by raw silk and tea trade. The history of Sankei Hara and Sankei-en Garden and the silk center which are a tourist attraction now can remember a past event. Import goods included a soybean, wheat, raw cotton, coal.
Collapse and revival caused by the Great Kanto Earthquake
The large pier collapsed by the Great Kanto Earthquake of September 1, 1923 [12]. Three passenger ships come alongside the pier in those days, and captain Samuel Robinson of Empress of Australia of Canadian Taiheiyo Kisen leaves a detailed record for a large pier about the rescue operation and affliction situation at the time [15]. A rescue operation is appreciated including what Robinson plays an active part in the rescue operation to the ship top of the victim, and was presented with Red Ribbon Medal in each country and is given a decoration. The restoration of the large pier began in October, 1923 and was completed in September, 1925 [16]. Two customs sheds were built by 1928, and chartered doh Bank, Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Branch were established, and a pier restaurant of the Imperial Hotel direct management started a business [16].
I served as marine transportation competitiveness maintenance and the national prestige uplift from this time, and Japan-registered new star passenger ship construction occurred successively, and the foreign construction big ship came to enter port one after another, and the large pier invited a golden age, and it was in a busy pier. The visit to Japan of Charlie Chaplin begins in the large pier, and it may be said that it was in the times when the cultural exchange with the international passenger getting on and off ship that assumed a large pier a place is the most prosperous. On the other hand, it is in the times when the South American emigrants from the prostrate farm village part increased rapidly by a panic of the Showa era and will leave a big trace for the history with emigrant hotels neighboring as the last base where the large pier leaves Japan of the South America emigrant.
The Pacific War and the allied powers requisition, derequisition
The large pier was requisitioned in the allied powers by Pacific War end [12] and was renamed to a south peer [2]. Minister of Foreign Affairs Shigemitsu toward battleship Missouri, America gets on a boat for surrender signing from a large pier, too. It is Hotel New Grand which is close to a large pier to have put GHQ in the allied powers at first, and it vividly expresses fate since the opening of a port of Yokohama that a large pier is concerned with the Japanese history deeply at the turning point in the times. It was derequisition [17], and, in the large pier, "オロンセイ" of "the Zhu sun" and the orient line of P&O went into service in the European route "president Wilson" and "president Cleveland" of the American President line in the North American regular line on February 15, 1952, and Hikawa circle of Nippon Yusen revived, and it invited the second past event to the Seattle route. In addition, "あるぜんちな circles" went into service, and they supported the second emigrant boom until the early 1960s in South America "the ぶらじる-maru" as an immigrant ship. In addition, the Nakhodka regular line was established later, and transit ぐことで, the voyage for the cheap travel expenses in Europe won popularity to Trans-Siberian Railroad. There were a lot of people who went to the United States as Fulbright foreign student in recent Hikawa circle and was used for a visit to the United States of Takarazuka all-women's opera again. "The Karo near" of the Cunard line of round-the-world trip Cruise visited a shore in April, 1968. (the fellow passenger caused an accident to cut down the white lighthouse of the chops at the time of the sailing)
I am in the early 1970s by the Tokyo Olympics
The third great repair was performed to the Tokyo Olympics of 1964. The high function as the international passenger terminal was planned, and a 2 stories international passenger terminal was completed. Took care of the customs, the immigration control, quarantine inspection facilities on the first-floor part, and facilities for waiting for place and souvenir shops for a voyage traveler and the person of send-off meeting were fixed on the second-floor part. A getting on and off ship from the terminal became easy and included the prime function regardless of the high difference and position of the coming alongside the pier ship by a self-run-type ferry bridge for those days. The number of the cargo-passenger boat calls at a port was the highest ever in 1970, but the main force of the foreign tour became the air route, and the foreign route cargo-passenger boat route declined by the reinforcement of the aviation transport capacity by the Boeing 747 service and the sharp decrease of the sea route tourist, the crude oil price remarkable rise by the oil crisis in the early 1970s rapidly. An emigrant route for 1 centuries ended by the last voyage of the にはあるぜんちな-maru in 1973. On the other hand, queen Elizabeth 2 entered port for the first time in March, 1975 and it overflowed with 520,000 record-breaking visitors and returned. After that, as for the passenger ship which called at a port of a large pier, all almost became the Cruise ship, and "Rotterdam" came to do Yokohama "a royal buffet star" mainly with a port of call "Canberra". Former Soviet Union Far East ship public corporation continued Nakhodka regular line and managed what you should mention specially and kept a dignified appearance as the Port of the international passenger regular line possession through the whole 1980s in Yokohama Port.
I am now from the 1980s
The way of the new passenger ship called the prosperity of the Cruise industry began to come into the limelight while some said that I was anxious about the marine transportation traveler business who became the decline from the 1980s and, with Japanese economic growth, enlarged the Cruise population of the Japanese market. 船舶の巨大化と、大桟橋そのものが設備更新時期を迎え、1989年から大桟橋改修事業が着手され2002年に新たな大さん橋国際船客ターミナルが完成した。 設計は国際コンペ660件の応募からアレハンドロ・ザエラ・ポロ とファッシド・ムサヴィの設計が選定された。 構造は地下1階地上2階建の鉄筋コンクリート造となっており全床面積は44,000平方メートルとなっている。 1階は駐車場となっており約400台の普通車に対応でき、2階は出入国ロビーとして、インフォメーション、発券所、船客待合場所、店舗、レストランがあり、同階でCIQ機能を備え、税関、出入国管理、検疫施設 がある。 また 第1と第2ホールを備え多目的に利用できるスペースを確保している。 A、Bバースは延長450m、水深12mを備え、C、Dバースは延長450m、水深10～11mとなっており3万トンクラスの客船は4隻、より大きな客船は同時2隻着岸が可能となった。 バリアフリー型渡船橋4基装備により今後のクルーズ船増加に対応できる埠頭として整備された。 建物2Fや屋上床はブラジル産イペを使用したウッドデッキになっており、さらに天然芝の緑地を設けてある。 接岸船舶からの眺望や周辺空間の眺望を遮らないことを考慮し、比較的低層構造となっている。 2000年代から横浜市からも積極的な客船誘致を行い、2011年の年間客船入港数は全国港湾の中で9年連続の1位となった[18]。 大桟橋（大さん橋）の稼働能力を活かすため、より一層のクルーズ客船寄港誘致を進め、港湾機能の維持拡大や、港勢拡大を行い、乗船客及び観光集客増に結び付け、地域経済の発展に寄与させることが課題となっている。
クルーズ客船寄港誘致が課題であるが、00年代の超大型クルーズ船は横浜ベイブリッジの下(主塔高175m・主塔上端から道路部まで120m＝海面から道路部までの高さ約55m)をくぐることが出来ないため大さん橋に着岸できない。そのため、2009年と2010のクイーン・メリー2の横浜港寄港では、旅客用の大さん橋ではなく、貨物埠頭である大黒埠頭に着岸した。しかし、貨物埠頭の上、市街から離れている事などへの船客の不満から、キュナード・ラインはクイーン・メリー2の日本寄港地を大阪港に変更したことがあり[19] 、市民からはこれを憂う声が高まった。キュナード・ラインは2014年にクイーン・エリザベスを寄港させ、干潮時を狙ってベイブリッジを通過することで大さん橋への接岸を可能にした。横浜港ではベイブリッジをくぐれない超大型クルーズ船は、ベイブリッジ外側にある本牧ふ頭や大黒ふ頭の岸壁を客船ターミナルとして再整備することを検討しはじめた。また新港ふ頭も客船ターミナルとして整備することで今後のクルーズ客船需要を満たす検討が進んでいる。同じく東京港においてはレインボーブリッジ外側の船の科学館の跡地に超大型クルーズ船用の客船ターミナル建設が正式に決定した。
国際客船ターミナル機能
大さん橋国際客船ターミナルは横浜港で大型客船が複数同時着岸できる主要旅客ターミナルとして建設された。クイーン・エリザベス2クラスの客船が2隻同時着岸できる。また3万トン以下クラスの客船であれば4隻同時着岸が可能であり、その規模は神戸港の新港第四突堤（神戸ポートターミナル）に次ぐ。建物は、内部に柱・梁がなく[20]、また階段が無くスロープやエレベータで昇り降りする非常に先取的構造となっている。また、屋上はウッドデッキ及び芝生広場となっており、24時間自由に出入りできる、公園のような場所となっている。
大さん橋は海路からの出入国の場であり、横浜港や横浜税関を経由する旅客の出入国の場である。現在でも外国航路にでるクルーズ客船に乗下船する際は、ここで通関や出入国手続きや手荷物検査を行う。乗下船は基本的にはボーディング・ブリッジを使用してターミナルを経由して行うが、寄港するだけの場合はツアーバスを停めるスペースの関係上、タラップを使用しての岸壁経由となる。
大さん橋ホール
大さん橋ホールは、大さん橋の2Fの奥に位置する多目的ホールである[21]。相鉄企業・横浜港振興協会・相鉄エージェンシー共同事業体が管理・運営している。床面・壁面はウッドデッキ仕上げ、正面奥は強化ガラスウォールであり、横浜ベイブリッジ方面を望むことが出来る。広さは約2,000m2であり、天井高は6.5〜7.5mある。最大で1,200名の収容が可能であり、屋上フリースペースから連続した空間としての利用も可能である。 朱孝天のアルバム「On Ken's Time」に収録されている「La La La」のミュージックビデオ収録地でもある。
新しい愛称「くじらのせなか」
大さん橋屋上のフリースペースは、大型客船の入出港時等は多くの見物客で賑わい、今や横浜の一大観光スポットとなっているが、このスペースをより親しみやすい場所に育てるべく、2006年に横浜市港湾局が愛称を一般から公募した。その結果、大さん橋全体を大きなクジラに見立てる形での「くじらのせなか」という物が選定され、同年12月4日、公式な愛称として同港湾局より発表された[22][23]。
またその後、この愛称を派生させる形で、大さん橋の室内部分が「くじらのおなか」と呼ばれるケースも生じており、例えばミニコンサート等のイベントが行われる場合、「くじらのおなかコンサート」といった言葉の用いられ方が成されている。
交通
- 観光スポット周遊バスあかいくつ「大さん橋客船ターミナル」バス停前。
- 横浜市営バス26系統「大桟橋」バス停から徒歩3分。
- みなとみらい線日本大通り駅から徒歩7分。
- なお、日本大通り駅の正式名称は「日本大通り（県庁・大さん橋）駅」という[24]。
ギャラリー
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上部から内部へのスロープ
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大さん橋から見た横浜ベイブリッジ
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大さん橋から見た氷川丸とマリンタワー
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大さん橋から見たみなとみらい21
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画面奧が大さん橋。施設内の駐車場は24時間利用が可能な為、週末は車の出入りが多い
周辺
脚注
注釈
出典
- ^ 田中祥夫 2007年, 49 - 50頁
- ^ a b 『横浜市史II』 第2巻（上） 7頁
- ^ 田中祥夫 2007年, 107 - 115頁
- ^ 「座談会 横浜港大さん橋」（『有隣』414、有隣堂、2002）
- ^ 横浜市港湾関係例規集（「横浜市港湾施設使用条例第2条第2項の規定に基づく港湾施設の告示」を参照）
- ^ "横浜観光情報公式サイト 横浜で遊ぶ". 神奈川県横浜市. 2011年9月7日閲覧。
- ^ "横浜港客船入港予定（スケジュール）". 神奈川県横浜市. 2011年9月7日閲覧。
- ^ "よこはま事始め フランス波止場". 神奈川県横浜市. 2011年9月7日閲覧。
- ^ a b c d 『横浜大桟橋物語』 33頁
- ^ 田中祥夫 2007年, 32 - 35頁
- ^ a b 田中祥夫 2007年, 35 - 36頁
- ^ a b c "中区まちづくり方針". 神奈川県横浜市 (2005年7月1日). 2011年9月7日閲覧。
- ^ a b c "平成18年度 横浜市包括外部監査報告書 9ページ". 神奈川県横浜市 (2007年3月). 2011年9月7日閲覧。
- ^ 『横浜大桟橋物語』 44頁
- ^ 『横浜大桟橋物語』 54 - 59頁
- ^ a b 『横浜大桟橋物語』 60頁
- ^ 『横浜市史II』 第2巻（上） 332頁
- ^ "横浜港が9年連続の客船寄港数日本一、震災影響も回復/神奈川". 神奈川新聞社. 2012年8月24日閲覧。
- ^ ベイブリッジくぐれず「クイーン・メリー2」の2011年寄港地は大阪港に、横浜港では見納めの可能性
- ^ "横浜市会 会議録 平成13年第2回定例会". 神奈川県横浜市 (2001年6月5日). 2011年9月7日閲覧。
- ^ "大さん橋ホール". 神奈川県横浜市. 2011年9月7日閲覧。
- ^ "大さん橋屋上広場「くじらのせなか」愛称が決定しました。". 横浜市. 2012年8月24日閲覧。
- ^ "大さん橋の屋上広場の愛称が「くじらのせなか」 に決定". ヨコハマ経済新聞. (2006年12月6日) 2012年8月24日閲覧。
- ^ "日本大通り駅". 横浜高速鉄道株式会社. 2012年8月24日閲覧。
- ^ "水上バスダイヤ". 京浜フェリーボート. 2011年9月7日閲覧。
参考文献
- 『横浜市史II』第2巻（上）、横浜市、1999年。
- 『横浜大桟橋物語』 客船とみなと遺産の会、JTBパブリッシング、2004年。ISBN 9784533056239。
- 田中祥夫 『横浜港の七不思議―象の鼻・大桟橋・新港埠頭』 有隣堂、2007年。ISBN 9784896602005。
関連項目
- メリケン波止場 - 一般的には神戸旧居留地のアメリカ領事館前に存在した波止場をいう。
- ウッチーズ - ここをテーマにした楽曲「大桟橋」をゲーム『beatmania IIDX』で発表した。
- FOA - 設計を担当
- 渡辺邦夫 - 構造設計を担当
- 神戸ポートターミナル
外部リンク
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