The true character

The true character (ほんせい, ほんしょう British: Human Nature) is a concept to point at a thought, a sense, the action that a human being has universally. I perform a scientific action so that evolutionary psychology in particular and genetic psychology clarify the human true character in sociology, sociobiology, the psychology. The true character human as for the philosopher, the ethicist and the theologian for a long time [^when?] I argued.

Summary

It was thought that ultimate, the human true character was refined by the scientific understanding about nature in the pre-modern most. It connoted that participation and sacredness, an idea of God for the human nature existed with the human being individual independently. The existence of the unchangeable human nature is an object of the discussions for a long time and is continuing now. Even if both a human being and other animals have the true character in Darwin, I insist when not immobilized truly, and this is accepted widely by a current scientist.

Before Darwin, human adaptability was insisted on by Rousseau. After the mid-19th century, as for the existence of the human true character, a question was presented by Hegel, Marx, Nietzsche, a thinker like Sartre and a social scholar of principle of construction, a post-modernist. In the scientific viewpoint, action-first principle, determinism, psychiatry, the psychology have a contradicting model. They explain the origin and mechanism of the human nature and show human plastic, various ability to shake a concept of the true character immobilized again.

Metaphysics and ethics

Naturalism, materialism, the rationalism of a scientist and the philosopher of the naturalism get a viewpoint to say that a human being is completely one of the natural phenomena. Current we exist by natural mechanism that is evolution. The scholar of humanism tries to define the concept of the universal good and evil for the action of the person. However, other naturalists doubt it when a concept of good and the evil is the label which is put whether you merely took the action to comply with social expectation.
The human true character is a spiritual person, and Judaism, Christianity, the Abraham religion such as the Islam are made by only God and think that I have a connection with God now. I am defined whether good and the evil obey a wish and teaching of God.
In polytheism and the animism, the human being is generally treated in existence with other intelligence, e.g., an apparition of a living person and God, the devil, the mythological existence such as the ghost and the same line. In that case, the human evil is supernatural influence, and it is thought with something like slight whim.
The true character human in wholism, a view of the world of the pantheism and some polytheism and animism of God and the holy space it is thought partly. Other than Indian religion such as Buddhism and the Hinduism and religion of other East Asia, a store group and Neoplatonism, the philosophy of Spinoza are included in this in the Western thought.
I think that human personality and most of difficulty to face in the future are decided by the position of the planet or the astrologer is affected. They use a variety of techniques to perform "arbitrary judgment" of the fate of others.

Free will and determinism

The problem of free will and the determinism occupied the center of the discussion about the human true character. The free will points at free human ability choosing truly. When I am used for a human being, the determinism shows that human choice is completely decided by internal and external pressure. Free will does not balance the principle of non-coexistence with determinism that is thinks that it is impossible that both are right together.

Naturalism and spiritualism

The different aspect discussed about the human true character best is a relation with existence of the human true character particularly the body. I can greatly divide the viewpoint for this into three.

The human being did not have a spiritual property in any meaning and, in the viewpoint of the naturalism, was not born with the special purpose that transcended nature. The human being is completely included in materialism and the physicalism to be the existence that is physical (is material) in this. However, some naturalists take dualism about mind and body. It is not the existence that the human being is planned in the naturalism, and was born. It was brought about as a result of natural selection with the directionality with random variation partially. The naturalist does not believe supernatural afterlife and reincarnation. I was often criticized as the viewpoint that naturalism was hard to receive, but developed by well-known scientist, philosopher, thinker. The naturalist often thinks religious faith to have been similar to a thought, a superstition of the thought and black art without grounds.
Idealism and the idea theory are in contrast to materialism. It is a phenomenon and true distinction, and the thing which we look at in the neighborhood is merely reflection of any noble divine nature, and mind and the soul of the human being (probably an animal) are parts again essentially. Plato compared human nature to the prisoner who was tied to the chain since I was born in a cave under the ground. He cannot move a head, and it is only a shadow lighted up on the wall by the fire outside the cave that can see. For Plato, the soul was mind to use the body for. Non-natural combination is in a state, and it desires the liberation from prison called the body earnestly.
The viewpoint of Thomas Aquinas is located at the middle of materialism and the idealism. The viewpoint of Aquinas is unification of Christianity theology and the philosophy of Aristotle essentially. A human being called Aristotle an animal (material) and unification of the reason (a certain intellectual soul). Spiritual, essential, the human soul is inherent by immortality. It depends on the body in various form, and the mind is inseparable from the body although I can distinguish it definitely.

Actual state

It is a trial to describe "natural extract" of the human nature in the concept that the actual state refers to a human state before a social factor is added.

The view of human nature as fundamentally good
- According to John Locke, the human being of the actual state has complete freedom to give an order for an action while obeying a natural rule. Because all the human beings had equal value as for the lock again, each agreed to ホッブズ to be able to act when I got the permission of others. When I agree to participate in the community to follow a property right, I lose an actual state.
- According to Pelagius, as for the person, it is not cost impurity by the original sin and can completely choose good or the evil instead.
Ethical view that human nature is basically evil
- According to ホッブズ, the human being of the actual state is "all struggle for all" essentially. And the life is dirty and is barbarian, and "it is short". This state can be straightened by the good government.
- Impurity is done existence corrupted essentially, and, according to the concept of the Christian original sin, the human being is only saved through faith for the correctness of Jesus Christ by a crime of Adam by mercy of God.
- The crime that is moral according to Bertrand raschel or the punishment is the instinct that I inherited from our ancestor who was a predator.
The human action is biological, and it is decided environmentally, and, according to the biological determinism and environmentalism, some people want to do it and insist when an action said to that it is good for an action said to that it is bad cannot really hold the individual to account.

Morality

Viewpoint about the origin and the property of the human morality

I think that a standard of the morality transcends moral externalism or the moral objectivism from a human viewpoint and exists. Regardless of the human opinion for the problem, I can decide the right and wrong. It is considered that human true character, order or both God cause the objective morality.
The standard of the morality is a social structure and thinks the moral relativism not to have a meaning any place other than the society.
It is evil and a specific act is good or thinks the morality aesthetic absolutism not to depend on the context.
The moral universalism is a compromise of morality relativism and the morality aesthetic absolutism and thinks that there is central morality to generally pass.
The amorality thinks that a concept of good and the evil is meaningless.

Significance of the life

The naturalist thinks that the life does not have the ultimate purpose. The supporter of this opinion often supports secular humanism.
The teleology thinks that there is the purpose that is inherent to human existence.
The nihilism thinks that any existence does not have objective meaning, purpose, value.

Psychology and biology

The correction of this knob is expected.

There are philosophy and the center of the scientific long discussion whether unchangeable human nature exists. And the following questions are shown.

What decides the human true character? Or I limit the human true character, and what affects it?
How plastic is the human true character?
How does it fluctuate between an individual between society?

Human behaviors are various, and it is difficult to find a totally unchangeable human behavior. The small evidence that, however, is important scientifically about the human nature is shown by behavioralist. The biologist is looking for a gene affecting the tendency of the action. As for the genetic expression, it is thought that the gene giving 100% of same tendencies does not exist to be affected by the environment, but it is thought that the action form and essence to strongly tend to be hereditary is a part of the human true character.

Tabla Lhasa

The principle of the empiricism of John Locke considered the human true character to be a brand-new blank paper state. When I was born, the person does not have a rule in being the lithograph of the blank, and, in this viewpoint, the rule of the heart is formed by the data which we experience through a sense. The cognitive scientist did not support this opinion, but it was strongly objected by sociobiology and evolutionary psychology of Edward Osborne Wilson in particular.

Discussion of the universality

There is the grammar of the expression similar to all individuals, all society. Anyone exchanges the same thing by a smile. In addition, it is common to communicate using eyes. It seems to be an aim of health and the healthiness of the development to be caused by good environment and excellence gene without being affected by the placement if the attractive face is symmetric, and being influenced by a race and the culture. The woman seems to tend to be 通文化的 choosing the face of the man judged to be aggressive in a manly in a manlier way than the face which is feminine, and seems to be nervous. The woman is judged to be more attractive in an ovulation period. The newborn baby picks and chooses a face human than other shapes; of voice of other people and a sound mother like voices well; tend to be strong. Donald, Eddy Brown confirmed a basically unchangeable characteristic to be common among all human beings in book "human universal" 400.

Viewpoint of the big thinker of the influence

Plato

Plato learned that I checked a concept of the reason and the life of the person from Socrates and performed metaphysics and anthropological consideration on the top. I let a soul with the intelligence live in a head with the human being for him, and the body was a greedy beast. The duty of the soul controlled the body of the wild beast and was to welcome death as liberation from unpleasant coexistence state. The dualism of Plato was very influential. It had a deep influence on Christianity theology.

Aristotle

It was the most famous student of Plato, and Aristotle had many influences in history.

A human being is an animal getting married. I build the family and build the whole families and the village and continue a system of the paternal authority (Nikomachos ethics)
A human being is an animal doing politics. I have an inherent tendency to develop a complicated community. In contrast with the homey side, I prosper by making rationality particularly law and a tradition.
A human being is an animal to imitate. I like to let not only I make law and run a town, but also imagination act.

Rousseau

The writing that Rousseau wrote before the French Revolution stated that the person originally learned politics for loneliness and had a big influence on a Western revolution. The human true character is not fixed, and this important point is to say that I do not greatly exist so that at least former thinker thought. A human being was political now and was rational and had a language, but did not have them at first. Rousseau did not deny the human true character, but it is irrational; only as instinctive emotion far apart from the moral consciousness. This left big influence for Kant in particular, Hegel, Marx until 19, the 20th century.

Marx

It may be considered that Marx insisted that it is the lithograph of the blank that denies the human true character, and depended on the socialization and the experience really. It was a fact that Marx considered an environmental factor very important, but, between theoretical development, had a strong viewpoint for the human true character. He thought that a person was separated from the true character by the cause of the capitalism. And I assumed the society where a human being following the capitalist society could show personality and the true character more. It was communism.

Austrian economics

The economics thinker of the Austrian economics developed the original viewpoint to greatly object to a viewpoint of Marx from 1870s through 1940s. They were the things which I depended on an early philosopher and Enlightenment thinker for, but proposed a characteristic viewpoint for the human true character in a process of the development. There was unchangeable human nature to them like Descartes and Kant, but thought that progress was possible through more complete understanding of the true character. They assumed bounded rationality and the human true character in conjunction with the pursuit of the marginal utility.

Freud

The psychoanalysis was going to stand up in Australia for economics and the same period, too. Freud who was the founder thought that it was right that a Marxist watched closely for "decisive influence that the economic environment of the person was intellectual and gave an artistic and ethical manner". At the same time the class struggle of the Marxist the present age [^when?] I thought まで followed by the viewpoint that there was to be too shallow. Following class struggle, according to Freud, the struggle remains between the reader of the whole families and a rebellious challenger among children with father. I criticized the Soviet Union based on this mind strictly.

Edward Osborne Wilson

Edward Osborne Wilson spoke it with a book of 1979 as follows. "The proposition that the person is also a product of the natural selection is not surely a too attractive thing, but there seems to be no way evading this opinion, and and it may be said that it is the essential hypothesis that should be put at the starting point to this proposition Hatsune when I am going to consider the situation put the human being seriously". I insisted that all science cooperated for elucidation of the human true character in 1998. The cultural phenomenon and ceremony are products of the human nature and are not part. For example, the artworks are not human nature, but a heart to treat art is a part of the human nature. And I insist that I can clarify hatred and the incest taboo to art feeling and a snake by scientific reductionism. これまでそのような現象は心理学、社会学、人類学が扱ってきたが、ウィルソンはそれが自然科学も含めた学際的な研究の一部であり得ると提案した。

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2016년 7월 12일 화요일