Lop Nor
Coordinate: 40°05'00" N 90°05'00" E / 40.08333 degrees N 90.08333 degrees E Lop Nor (in Lop Nor, Lake ロプ, English: Lop Nur, Uigur :لوپنۇر, Chinese: Luo cloth night) are known as "a wandering lake" in the salt lake which ever existed in Central Asia, the northeastern part of Taklamakan of Tarim Basin [1].
It is State of current China, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region バインゴリン Mongolia self-government チャルクリク prefecture that there is this lake and is not Lop Nor prefecture to be next to.
Table of contents
Summary
When is the topography formed with Himalayas orogenic movement, and move now from the last glacial epoch of approximately 20,000 years ago to a current interglacial period, and Tarim Basin changes; of the basin it was approximately in an extremely very large lake such as the Caspian Sea the whole area, but as a climate does warming afterwards, water is gradually lost, and it is thought that it was most of in the desert [2]. The wetlands lying scattered in Tarim Basin including Lop Nor are the last traces of the lake if they obey this opinion.
Lop Nor does not have the river where (an arm of a river of the Tarim flows exactly) which the Tarim to collect the slushs of the mountain range surrounding Tarim Basin flows into flows out of the lake. In other words, salt gradually accumulated, and it was in a salt lake that Lop Nor was one of the end lakes of the Tarim which was inland rivers and to evaporate by the sunlight that the lake was strong or to penetrate and disappeared in the underground. The record that was a big lake is still left in the first century B.C., but I am considered to have dried up around the fourth century.
A "wandering lake" opinion that "the position of the lake moved to the north and south because there were few altitude differences in the neighboring areas of Lop Nor, and a duct of the Tarim greatly fluctuated by sedimentation or erosion action and came back to the surely sometime original position in Lop Nor" was shown in 1901 by a Central Asian explorer and came to be known widely because a flow of the prediction street Tarim changed in 1921 then only 20 years later, and a lake revived [1].
Because quantity of water to flow by the snowfall rainfall such as Tian Shan of upper reaches changed after revival, I was full of water until the mid-20th century while repeating the ups and downs. However, a dam could be built in the Tarim and completely starves to death again now. The form such as the human ear shows a dry lake floor with the satellite image, and way Route 235-saving goes to graze the heart of a lake.
History
"Wandering lake"
Lop Nor in the area called the Western Regions was known for the name called "Shiozawa" or "蒲昌海" from ancient times in China and was the very large lake where it was written down in "the Chinese classics Western Regions biography opening" in the times of Han in the about first century B.C. saying "the vertical side changes quantity of water in winter in the summer together in 鹹湖 (かんこ) of 300 villages". A city state tower orchid prospered in the west coast and became the strategic point of the Silk Road.
However, it was considered that desiccation of this area whole area advanced from the about third century, and 楼蘭 which lost abundant water declined rapidly in the after fourth century. Therefore, though it had a geographically short route which went by way of 楼蘭 including the Western Regions south way via the south side of the Taklamakan, traffic became difficult, and the Silk Road moved to paths of Amayama south that the center of the route did northing, 西進 from Anzai of Tunhuang cave temple or some this side by the times of Tang, and appeared to the south foot of Tian Shan through a torr fan (Western Regions north way), too. In the legend not to know disappear in drift sand, and where 楼蘭 and Lop Nor were at last only when in this way either came. Merchant Marco Polo of Venice that visited the original capital in the thirteenth century traces the Western Regions south way, and it is said that I reached Tunhuang cave temple by a route grazing the south deep water of the lake, but does not mention Lop Nor in "east memoirs" at all.
The down stream of the Tarim drifted towards southeast to the south, and Colonel of Russian military Nicolai プルジェヴァリスキー which carried out an inland odyssey of Asia from 1876 through 1877 discovered what formed Kalla buran and two lakes called Kalla coShun in the southern part of the desert. These lakes made latitude from Chinese ancient documents from a position of estimated Lop Nor, and there was it to approximately 1 degree south, but insisted on プルジェヴァリスキー when this was Lop Nor. Because German geographer Richthofen who proposed a word "Silk Road" first was still born because these were freshwater lakes, and an interval must be the new lake which there was not, and there should be Lop Nor said to that it was a salt lake in the point of the branch which left for the east of the Tarim while some said that I praised this discovery, I pointed out that I would overlook a branch somewhere. However, プルジェヴァリスキー argued saying "I cannot overlook it because it was always a torment to cross the river if there was such a branch" and was not accompanied by the end.
In pupils of Richthofen, Sven Hedin who was a Swedish geographer, a Central Asian explorer surveyed this whole area from the end of 19th century through the early 20th century and northern discovered remains of 楼蘭 in spring of Kalla coShun in 1900. Because the stream bed that dried up that extended to the East-West directions was found in the north side, the Tarim drifted to once this stream bed towards the east, and Hedin thought that it must have flowed into the low land which hung it to the south from the east of 楼蘭, and opened and was convinced when this was Lop Nor. When it became gradually shallow, and surface soil was sharpened by wind erosion caused by the wind of the strong east-northeast, and altitude fell down to Lop Nor which, on the other hand, dried up by deposition such as the wreckage of the worthless thing that empty co-Shun flowed in and the plant which grew thick as a result of minute investigation, and a pitch difference reversed before long, the Tarim changed a flow again, and Hedin thought when I should come back to ex-Lop Nor. The opposite phenomenon was caused approximately 1,600 years ago, and Lop Nor dried up, and a new lake must have been born to the south of the desert. In other words, a duct of the Tarim greatly changed by an end lake and the sedimentation for the stream bed and erosive action after a period of time and established the theory that the position of the lake moved to and called Lop Nor with "a wandering lake" because there were few altitude differences in this whole area.
Hedin who stayed in the torr fan in 1928 heard the story that the Tarim changed a flow into from the merchant of this ground towards the east in 1921. By complicated circumstances of China at the time, I was not able to enter the field immediately, but Hedin went down the river which should have dried up by a canoe in 1934 and I was full and arrived at Lop Nor full of water and was able to check that a prediction was right with own eyes [1].
- By such a fact and a book of Hedin, the "wandering lake" opinion is known widely, but this is one hypothesis to the last. Besides, many scholars of Hedin announce the results of research about Lop Nor, and the opinion, "the movement of the lake is not taking place" exists in them [2].
Misunderstanding called "a 1600 period"
"Is a period (or is constant for 1,500 years) 1600, and, as for the "wandering lake" opinion which Hedin advocated, a lake is often explained to the north and south (like a migratory bird) when is to repeat movement" [3]; [4] [5]. Yasushi Inoue stated, "an estimate to be the lake which moved to the north and south was performed with a period of 1500, and it was the established theory that you should not move having one it" in the novel "tower orchid" which I announced in 1958, and the commentary that but was similar that "dug the collection of fifth tower orchid kingdom" of "NHK special feature Silk Road - 絲綢之路 -" broadcasted in 1980 was done. However, in fact, the opinion of Hedin is not such a thing.
Movement must be approximately surely that I thought that it is repeated every uniformity because it is "to know the length in the period when a lake moves if the water of the Tarim surely comes back to Lop Nor sometime, and time comes" that Hedin foretold in 1901 although I do not still know it in a period at this point in time. However, I write, both "the person in question who already foretold it then and the writing are forgotten long ago" even if it is written down in "lake [1] to get a state" what I considered "to suffer for tens of thousands of years much less several thousand years", and it was really according to a prediction in the far-off future before such a big change gets up by a driving force such as sedimentation and the erosion that Hedin assumed.
However, I got up by chance this time in approximately 1,600 years after having known that a lake came back to the original place in only approximately 1,600 years after Lop Nor dries up for 20 years a short distance from the prediction, but I do not understand the past, and it may not be in a period by all means same in the future, and it is written in the positive thing in ibidem clearly that a thought changed so that it is said that it cannot be said where you move to next time. The word called "1600 periods" does not come out for 1 degree in the text. In other words, Lop Nor does not necessarily repeat movement with a period of uniformity like a migratory bird, and the "wandering lake" theory where Hedin who knew that a big change got up in a period having a short it finally arrived at at the time of writing of the ibidem is to be lake "to get" literally and states, it "is in the future that it is answered this question whether we do not know it whether it was near the tower orchid during several hundred years before what I write down all guesses in about the length in the period when it just began is the best, and a river and a lake throw away the stream bed in A.D. 330, and after all it continues in 1600 in the period when the next is big" so that explanation is difficult only by the driving force that oneself assumed [1].
Though such a claim is spoken in the text extremely openly and clearly, the word called "the period" in the prediction and the facts that were in "1600" by chance are connected all too soon, and the word called "a 1600 period" is made with a process introduced widely, and, as for the cause that misunderstanding "to repeat movement in a period in 1600" spread over, a book of Hedin depends on this having gone out alone. Actually, I am printed on the catch copy of the cover of the book with "a 1600 period" after explaining the wrong contents for the theory of Hedin using the word called "the 1600 period" when a translator does not exist in the text in "a translator afterword" when I see "lake [1] to get a state" for Iwanami library [6]. Such a thing gave serious misunderstanding to many readers, and a wrong opinion led to a spread result.
However, it is 1990 that an Iwanami library version was published. Because "the tower orchid" of Yasushi Inoue is 1958, an opinion has already become "established theory" in "a 1600 period" in the 1950s and becomes in front of much more than an Iwanami library version. I do not understand the thing that so far is reliable when and where such a misunderstanding occurred first.
Nuclear test
The around Lop Nor area was used as a nuclear test site from 1964. Therefore, it became the no-go area in military affairs from 1950s through 1960s, but a lake floor of Lop Nor has not become the test site [7].
After Closed to the Public was removed in the 1980s, the researcher of the Chinese scientific House Xinjiang outbuilding entered Lop Nor for an investigation and was missing and gathered spotlights. Thereafter, a scholar and the media, a tourist or a pathfinder come to come.
Present
Lop Nor was full of water after revival until the mid-20th century, but I starve to death now in 2010, and the surface of a lake does not exist. It is thought that a dam was built by desiccation in this area having advanced and the Tarim upper classes with a cause of the extinction, but does not know the reliable thing.
Existence wanted to be confirmed in 1959, and, according to the Chinese scientific House, [8] has already become extinct in 1972 [9]. The House estimates the time when I completely starved to death to be 1962 [10]. Revival of Lop Nor was reported in 2004 by the field work of the House, but it was only a small surface of a lake like 1km2 and became extinct again in the next year [4].
Way Route 235 running lengthwise through the lake floor that dried up-saving is laid, and the tours to visit the lake floor are made now. A monument in commemoration of heart of a lake arrival is built in the center of the lake by many tourists and explorers [11], and even a map (aerial photograph) of Google can barely confirm the state.
- 2002年頃から、湖床の東北端の省道235号線に沿った位置に「塩田」とされる極めて巨大な構造物が築かれたことが、衛星画像によって明らかになっている[5]。硫酸カリウムなどを含む肥料を生産するプラントであるといわれており[12]、Googleの地図（航空写真）ではかなり細部まで見える。肥料を運ぶため、ロプノールとクムル（ハミ）を結ぶ鉄道も建設された[13][14]。
- 2010年11月の成都商業報によると、中国科学院はロプノール地区の砂漠化対策計画「新ローラン計画」の一環として、ロプノールに人造湖を建設することを計画している[15]。タリム盆地の地下には巨大な水源が存在するとの情報もある[16]。
脚注
- ^ a b c d e f ヘディン（著）福田宏年（訳） 『さまよえる湖（上／下）』 岩波文庫、1990年 ISBN 4-00-334523-1, ISBN 4-00-334524-X
- ^ a b 石井良治 『湖がきえた（ロプ・ノールの謎）』 築地書館、1988年 ISBN 4-8067-1059-8
- ^ 「さまよえる湖」の謎を解いたヘディン：ロプ・ノールと楼蘭 - ディジタル・シルクロードプロジェクト 国立情報学研究所
- ^ a b 水と地域「旅する水」 - 水大事典 水と生きる SUNTORY
- ^ a b 「彷徨える湖の残影、ロプ・ノール」 - JAXA 地球観測研究センター
- ^ 岩波文庫#『さまよえる湖』誤解説問題
- ^ Lop Nor - Chinese Nuclear Forces - June 14, 1998
- ^ Xuncheng Xia, Sanbao Wu, The mysterious Lop Lake, Science Press, 1985
- ^ オウミア No.57-3 - 【世界の湖沼研究(4)】中国における湖沼研究(2) 消える湖[リンク切れ] - 滋賀県琵琶湖環境科学研究センター
- ^ <さまよえる湖>ロプノール湖、完全消滅は1962年―新疆ウイグル自治区 - レコードチャイナ 2008年12月26日
- ^ 車椅子で「死の海」 ロプノールをわたる - 人民中国 2005年11月号
- ^ 世界最大規模の硫酸カリ生産プロジェクト、年産120万トン―新疆ウイグル自治区 - レコードチャイナ 2012年6月11日
- ^ 中国が「死の海」ロプノールに鉄道建設、その狙いとは？ - レコードチャイナ 2012年7月31日
- ^ ハミ-ロプノール鉄道の線路敷設工事が完了 - 人民網日本語版 2012年7月24日
- ^ かつての「さまよえる湖」辺りに人造湖を計画＝砂漠化対策として―新疆ウイグル自治区 - レコードチャイナ 2010年11月29日
- ^ 砂漠の地下に海がある？渇水のタリム盆地に巨大な地下水源の可能性 - レコードチャイナ 2015年9月22日
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