2016년 7월 11일 월요일

Fight of the blue water

Fight of the blue water

Fight of the blue water
Time 1362September 24 — December 25
Place シニュハ river (Ukraine)
Result Great victory of Lithuania
The power that collided
Lithuanian grand duke country ジョチ Ulu's
Commander
Al Gildas
カリヨタス school
 クトゥルグ = bay, Haji = bay, ディミタール
Toll
Ignorance Serious

It is a fight performed between the Tatary forces ruling army and ポジーリャ close to the fortress (village of the neighborhood of existing ウクライナキロヴォフラード state ノヴォムィールホロド) of タルゴヴィッツア which hang fight (word :БітванаСініхВодах, Lithuanian in Belarus: Mūšis prie MėlynųjųVandenų, Ukrainian :БитванаСиніхВодах) of the blue water from 24th to December 25 in September, 1362, and lead Lithuania grand duke Al Gildas in a river (シニュハ river) of the blue water.

Al Gildas organized an expedition to the ground of Tatary using confusion in the ジョチ Ulu's who occurred because of the unnatural death of journey ベク Verdi Beck father and son [1]. The Lithuanian and the Lucy person gained decisive victory for three feudal lords affiliated with ムラド Hahn. As a result of fight, it became clear that most and Kiev ([2] that I have already belonged to Lithuania at the stage after the fight of the yl pin river of 1324) of current Ukraine which included ポジーリャ which population lacked and a northern zone of the Black Sea became the follower of the Lithuania grand duke country. Lithuania after the Kiev occupation was adjacent directly with Grand Duchy of Muscovy and came to compete [3]. Al Gildas entrusted the rule of Kiev to ヴラディミラス of the son [4] and gave the Alexandra's equal to the nephew, Yurugi's, コンスタンティナス and Theodora's ポジーリャ in sons of younger brother カリヨタス which participated in a fight [4].

Table of contents

Information about the fight with the chronicle

The portrait by the imagination top of Lithuanian grand duke Al Gildas. Than a copperplate engraving of "ОписанияЕвропейскойСарматии" published in 1578 by Alexander グヴァーニン.

The report about the fight is left in some chronicles. I am similar and am mentioned chronicle story "ポジーリャ" of unknown author only after the military leading three public destruction, heirs of ポジーリャ of the Tatary military, Lithuania grand duke Al Gildas in the fight of the blue water is accompanied. According to Ukrainian historian ШабульдоФ, the author of the story had the high-quality class of cabinet ministers and relations of Lithuania and wrote writing of oneself in the early 1430s right in the middle when country and Poland competed over ポジーリャ [5]. In scholar of Belarusian history and historical materials appearing ВячеславЧемерицкий, there is the characteristic that it is like society criticism in "ポジーリャ story", but points out that the report of the ibidem agrees with a basically historic fact [6]. I convey "the ポジーリャ story" in this way without a date [7]:

" I won in the Tatary forces that the Lithuanian army went ahead through the plain, and led three brothers and public クトゥルグ = bay, Haji = bay, ディミタール in the ground of the blue water as soon as a lord became grand duke Al Gildas of the ground of Lithuania. In ground of Tatary of 3 brothers and ポジーリャ as the fatherland, a rate came in the chief and an army, and the thou got a place of ポジーリャ by hitting the chief. "

I tell "the ロゴジスク chronicle" that the final editing was carried out in autumn of 1396 as follows [8]: «ВълѢто6871… ТогожелѢтаЛитвавзялиКоршевъисотворишас[я]мятежиитяготалюдемъповсеиземли. ТоежеосениОлгрдСинюводуиБѢлобережїеповоевалъ». Similarly some are omitted to "the complete series of of the end of 1520s ニーコン chronicle", but the information about the fight is saved [9].

Finally I tell "the グスティンスカヤ chronicle" in this way [10]:

" ВлѢто6870… ВсієлѢтоОльгердпобѢдитрехцарковТатарскихизордамиих,сиєсть,Котлубаха,Качзея,Дмитра; иоттолиотПодоляизгнавластьТатарскую. СейОлгердииныяРускіядержавывовластьсвоюпріят,иКіевподФедоромкняземвзят,ипосадивнемВолодымерасынасвоего,иначанадсимивладѢти,имжеотциегоданьдаяху. "

.

According to "the ヴィホヴィエッツ chronicle which was not enough for later trust," the fight was carried out in 1351 [11].

Question in historical materials

About the problem that ポジーリャ was incorporated in the Lithuanian grand duke country in the late 14th century, ДмитрийВащук of the historian points out that a place, the perspective are not studied exactly on the date and time of the fight in spite of a large number of study investigations [12].

The question in the first study on fight of the blue water was submitted at the end of 16th century. About "honored and noble-minded Lithuania, Poland, ジェマイティア which Polish historian マチェイ ストリコフスキイ wrote it in 1577, and were published in Warsaw in 1978 400 years later, begin the origin act about the nation of Lucy" (Polish: O początkach… sprawach rycerskiego sławnego narodu litewskiego…It is brief and comments on a fight in) and describes it when the generation is 1329. I cut it and describe the great influence that a fight gave ストリコフスキイ in "chronicle (Polish: Kronika Polska, Litewska,Żmudzka i wszystkiej Rusi) of Poland, Lithuania, ジェマイティア and all Lucy" published in Konigsberg in 1582 when the generation was already in 1331 [13].

The generation and the place of the fight run in the beginning from the 19th to the 20th century; and of the historian was controversial. "Al Gildas receives クトゥルベグ, that I am ashamed and put thorough victory for a bay, Prince of Tatary of three lower than ディミタール, and Al Gildas overthrew ジョチ Ulu at a river bank of the blue water in 1362, and of Crimea, of ドブロジャ and ポジーリャ moved to the Lithuanian control apart from the rule" by "a general statement of the Lithuanian grand duke history of nation until the 15th century" published in Kiev in 1878 and describe ヴォロディーミル アントノヴィチ with [14]. And, in アントノヴィチ, the writing "local document which I took over in an agreement of Lithuanian = Lucy nation" of the legislation historiographer Mikhail Yassin ski gives an outline (I publish it in Kiev in 1889) [15] in the legislation history of writing Lithuania = Lucy of フョードル レオントヴィチ. I support education (I publish it in St. Petersburg in 1894) [16] of the domain of the Lithuanian nation.

And, in mark bay リュトフスキイ, the writing "district division of Lithuanian = Lucy nation and local administration of the time when an initial law of Lithuania was published" speak the thought that is 二者一択的 about the date of the fight of the blue water in "history of legislation (they publish it in Moscow in 1910) [18] of the Lithuania = Lucy nation which included Lublin combination" (they publish it in Moscow in 1892) [17]. The mark bay says, "a son of カリヨタス will occupy ポジーリャ after Al Gildas grand duke defeated Kahn of Tatary with blue water in 1363" and points out, "inhabitants of local Lucy paid a Mitsugu tax to own chief" in his ground. It is made by Mikhail グルシェフスキイ that I establish the generation of the fight in 1363. "A place, the conclusion of the constipated station couldn't but content itself with being 1363, and Al Gildas entered into a battle with Tatary and made an expedition to the Kiev south and overthrew Tatary and I decided to be high in the credibility in conjunction with this case and placed Kiev and ポジーリャ under occupation formally" in Vol. 4 (the second edition publishes it in Kiev and Lvov in 1907) of "the history of Ukrainian = Lucy" [19].

A fight of the blue water was clarified in two academic meetings held in キロヴォフラード in 1997 and 1998. The document of the meeting at this Ukrainian history research institute was published as memoirs of "latest study (Ukrainian :Синьоводськапроблемауновітніхдослідженнях) about the problem of the fight of the blue water" in 2005.

The researcher gives a different opinion whether you won for Prince (about the relations with the dormitory which and is considered as a bay of ドブロジャ publicly of Lucy in particular) of which Tatary. Based on a report of ショルツェル; the supposition with grounds was made most. It is based on the information that it does not remain in the chronicle, and is reported when Al Gildas defeated クリム, kill kick, Kahn of モンロプ in the neighborhood of Don in 1396. Because it is described many times by a historian of Genoa that クトゥルグ was the ruler of the Sor grouper, it is settled enough and exactly. On the other hand, it is mentioned the name of Kothlobeg as the head of the Sor grouper of Crimea in the treaty of Genoa. The ameer is described in the false name in the different treaty of 1380 as Elias, son Cotloboga of イナク. I identify ἑκατοντάρχος(« centurion ») stake Tanii (dormitory) mentioned for a signature of (from 1361 to 1362) in a ruler dormitory of マングパ for 6,870 years very carefully. Cork = エレ is known for what was governed then by the bay of the person of ヤシュラウ, but the name is not known [20]; [21].

Battle

The enough and detailed description about the fight of the blue water remains in the chronicle of マチェイ ストリコフスキイ [22]:

" When Al Gildas concluded a peace deal for 2 years with Prussia between a Christian of リヴォニア, I started on the expedition to the wasteland for Tatary. With Al Gildas, the Alexandra's which was a son of Lord of ナヴァフルダク カリヨタス, Yurugi's, コンスタンティナス and the Theodora's took the field in the nephews. When they who passed car Neff, Che Luke's arrived at the whole area of the blue water, I was led by three princes and discovered a big army of Tatary divided into three military units in the plain. In the first military unit, in the second military unit, sultan ディミタール led a military unit of sultan Haji = bay and the third sultan クトゥルグ = bay each. Al Gildas who found that the Tatary military prepared for the battle aligned six military units of the ally in each bent form. The reason why the side of each military unit is not same, and a commander becomes the separated form is that Tatary prevents a normal way of thinking to fight, and to surround it, and to cause damage to just what with an arrow from occurring. The Tatary military hunted in a passion started a battle by pouring the rain of the arrow of iron which crowded for the Lithuanian military. Some skirmishes occurred, but the damage was small because battle formation of Al Gildas was appropriate and quick mobility. The Lithuanian = Lucy forces armed with a sword and a spear attacked it suddenly and annihilated the Tatary forces of the front by a hand-to-hand fight, and standstill confused the confused Tatary forces as hemicycle. On the other hand, the カリヨタス school ナヴァフルダク corps to lead attacked in particular it with a stone arrow suddenly and knocked down an enemy from a saddle with a long spear like a storm. Because I was not able to endure a violent attack for the front by the Lithuanian military for a long term, the Tatary military began to be confused and was surprised and retreated on very large plains. クトゥルグ = bay, Haji = bay (to the name オチャク named for a lake of the salt of the Haji bay of the wasteland along the way), three princes of sultan ディミタール and large number of nobles and light cavalrymans were murdered in the battlefield. Thus, the plain and the river were met with the corpse of the Tatary military. "

According to Aleksei ブライチェンコ of the historian, the review of agreement, the opposite for the truth of report by this ストリコフスキイ was done by the same historian, and what I support the proof and refute does not permit it. ブライチェンコ points out that the thing which is slightly recognized in a report of ストリコフスキイ is that the description of the action of the enemy force agrees with a standard of the tactics at the time [23].

The end of the fight of the blue water might be distributed between two phases if I obeyed writing of ストリコフスキイ. An army of Al Gildas divided into a military unit of Tatary divided into three military units and the military unit of half moon form and six confronted it for the first stage. It became obvious that a plan of Tatary that was going to annihilate the center became incorrect. I let Al Gildas sent an army to the side and opened a way and go along the enemy cavalry soldier and added shooting from the side. Al Gildas moved to an offensive at the second stage and tried for the siege extermination of the Tatary military. The Tatary military withdrew without being able to tolerate a violent attack, and the fight was finished because Al Gildas hunted down and killed the enemy remnants.

Significance of a result and the fight

The victory by the Lithuanian = Lucy forces who occurred before a long way off than a fight of クリコヴォ of 1380 let you lose authority of ジョチ Ulu, and it was the opening that an east Slav person was freed from hame of Tatary.

Al Gildas deprived them of Kiev and ポジーリャ which Tatary influenced since the mid-thirteenth century as soon as I won against a fight and, as a result, let you enlarge a long way off to reach the Black Sea south. ジョチ・ウルスのハンはこれ等の地への襲撃を未だに行い、時には貢税が支払われることがあったが、政治的権力を喪失することとなった。 南西ルーシ及び南ルーシを自領に組み込むことでリトアニア大公国は当時のヨーロッパの強国となった。

脚注

  1. ^ Ivinskis Z. Lietuvos istorija iki Vytauto Didžiojo mirties — Rome: Lietuvių katalikų mokslo akademija, 1978. — P. 261-262. （リトアニア語）
  2. ^ Rowell C. S. Lithuania Ascending: A Pagan Empire Within East-Central Europe, 1295-1345 — Cambridge University Press. — P. 97, 100. — (Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series). — ISBN 9780521450119.
  3. ^ Auty R., Obolensky D. A Companion to Russian Studies: An Introduction to Russian History — Cambridge University Press, 1981. — P. 86. — ISBN 0521280389.
  4. ^ a b The History of Lithuania Before 1795 — Vilnius: Lithuanian Institute of History, 2000. — ISBN 9986-810-13-2.
  5. ^ Шабульдо Ф. Синьоводська битва 1362 p. у сучасній науковій інтерпретації // Синьоводська проблема у новітніх дослідженнях. — К., 2005. — С. 9.
  6. ^ Чамярыцкі В. Аповесць пра Падолле // Вялікае Княства Літоўскае. Энцыклапедыя у 3 т. — Мн.: Беларуская Энцыклапедыя імя П. Броўкі, 2005. — Т. 1: Абаленскі — Кадэнцыя. — С. 234. — 684 с. — ISBN 985-11-0314-4.（ベラルーシ語）
  7. ^ Слуцкая летопись // Полное собрание русских летописей. — Т. 35: Летописи белорусско-литовские. — М. 1980. — С. 74.
    Супрасльская летопись // Там же. — С. 66.
  8. ^ Рогожский летописец // Полное собрание русских летописей. — Т. 15. — Вып. 1. — М., 1965. — Стб. 75.
  9. ^ Летописный сборник, именуемый Патриаршею или Никоновскою летописью // Полное собрание русских летописей. — Т. 11. — СПб., 1879 (перевидання: М., 1965. — С. 2).
  10. ^ Густинская летопись // Полное собрание русских летописей. — Т. 2. — СПб., 1843. — С. 350.
  11. ^ Хроника Быховца // ПСРЛ. — Т. 32. — М.: Наука, 1975. — С. 139.
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  13. ^ Шабульдо Ф. Синьоводська проблема: можливий спосіб її розв'язання. — К., 1998. — С. 69.
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  15. ^ Ясинский М. Уставные земские грамоты Литовско-Русского государства. — К., 1889. — С. 64—65.
  16. ^ Леонтович Ф. Очерки по истории литовского-русского права. Образование Литовского государства. — Санкт-Петербург, 1894. — С. 183.
  17. ^ Любавский М. Областное деление и местное управление Литовско-Русского государства ко времени издания первого Литовского статута. — Москва, 1892. — С. 57.
  18. ^ Любавский М. Очерк истории Литовско-Русского государства до Люблинской унии включительно. — Москва, 1910. — С. 24.
  19. ^ Грушевський М. Історія України-Руси. — Т. 4. — К., 1993. — С. 82.
  20. ^ Малицкий Н. В. Заметки по эпиграфике Мангупа. — Л., 1939. — С. 11-14.
  21. ^ Тиханова М.А. Дорос-Феодоро в истории Средневекового Крыма // Материалы и исследования по археологии СССР. — № 34. — 1953. — С. 330.
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  23. ^ Брайченко Олексій. Синьоводська проблема: перспективи комплексних краєзнавчих досліджень // Синьоводська проблема у новітніх дослідженнях. — К., 2005. — С. 37.

参考文献

  • Ващук Д. П. Проблема входження Поділля до складу Великого князівства Литовського в другій половині XIV ст.: історіографічний аспект // Кам'янець-Подільський у контексті українсько-європейських зв'язків: історія і сучасність: Збірник наукових праць за підсумками міжнародної науково-практичної конференції. — Кам'янець-Подільський, 2004. — С. 40—42.
  • Крикун М. Синьоводська битва // Довідник з історії України. — 2-е видання. — К., 2001. — С. 751—752.
  • Русина О. В. Україна під татарами і Литвою. — К.: Альтернативи, 1998. — С. 55—56.
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  • Шабульдо Ф. М. Битва біля Синіх Вод 1362 р.: маловідомі та незнані аспекти // Український історичний журнал. — 1996. — № 2. — C. 3—15.
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  • Шабульдо Ф. М. Витовт и Тимур: Противники или стратегические партнеры? // Lietuva ir jos kaimynai. Nuo normanu iki Napoleono. — Вильнюс: Вага, 2001. — C. 95—106.
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  • Яковенко Н. Нариси історії середньовічної та ранньомодерної України. — К.: Критика, 2005.
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