The Republic of Mali
- The Republic of Mali
- République du Mali
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（National flag） (National emblem) - The motto of the country: Un Peuple, Un But, Une Foi
(French: one nation, one aim, one faith) - National anthem： For for Africa and you, Mali
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Official language French Capital Bamako The greatest city Bamako - The government
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The President Ibrahim Keita The prime minister Muses mullah - Area
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The sum total 1,240,000km2 (the 23rd place) Surface of the water moment 1.6% - Population
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In total (2012) 16,300,000 (???rank) Population density Ten /km2 - GDP (own country currency indication)
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In total (2008) 3,914,400 million[1]CFA franc - GDP (MER)
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In total (2008) 8,700 million[1]dollar (the 121st place) - GDP (PPP)
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In total (2008) 10,530 million[1]dollar (the 150th place) Per person 1,126[1]dollar
Independence
- DateFrom France
1960September 22Currency CFA franc (XOF) Time UTC (-1)（DSTThere is no it) ISO 3166-1 ML / MLI ccTLD .ml International call number 223
The republican form of government nation where Republic of Mali (Malian きょうわこく), popular name Mali are located in West Africa. It is a landlocked country among Senegal in Guinea, the west in Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, southwest in Niger, the south in Algeria, the east in Mauritania, the north in the west. The capital is Bamako.
It is a dry zone except that a one-third north side of the country is a part of the Sahara, and only the Niger River coast where the remaining middle southern district just flows through the center to becomes the farming place.
Table of contents
Name of a country
The official name République du Mali (レピュブリク デュ Mali). Popular name, Mali.
The official English notation Republic of Mali (リパブリク オヴ Marre). Popular name, Mali.
The Japanese notation is the Republic of Mali. Popular name, Mali. The kanji notation is a horse village.
I was called French possession Sudan in the colony times, but became the current name of a country at the time of independence. As for the name of Mali, it was named after the prosperity of the Mali empire which there was ever on this ground. With Mali, there is the bronze statue of the hippopotamus in capital Bamako in the meaning called "a hippopotamus" by Bambara.
History
Ancient
As for the history in this domain in the ancient times, a Ghanaian kingdom of the Soninke came into existence in the fourth century. I greeted a heyday by trade (exchange with northern salt and southern gold, ivory) with the Sahara Desert in the eighth century. I had a cultural influence on Africa having the trade network where an Arab was widespread in the North Africa. The Ghanaian kingdom (as for the history before the eighth century, missing) which prospered until 1076 was struck by the ムラービト dynasty of the Berber and fell.
The Sioux Sioux () founded the ggg kingdom () of anti-Islam and was opposed.
Malian empire and disadvantageous fellow empire
In 1235, a man Dinka becomes independent with fight () of キリーナ from the ggg kingdom and founds the Malian empire. The Malian empire which prospered in Sahara Desert trade with the North Africa from 1240 through 1473 prospered, but the Malian empire was done with a dependency by the loss fellow empire (1473 through 1591.with Songhai) of the loss fellow group who put the capital in ガオ, and Muslim merchant and others visited the loss fellow empire in Niger River because a basin was a production center of the rich money, and Sahara Desert trade was performed flourishingly.
I am for the rule period in Morocco by the サアド dynasty
Because a route of the Sahara Desert trade of the inland declined under the influence of triangular trade and slave trade in the Atlantic when I beat it, and a loss fellow empire was destroyed in 1592 in 1591 by ton D biの fight () with サアド dynasty Morocco around the halite of テガーザ (), the large empire did not prosper in afterward this ground.
Small country flooding period
The マシーナ kingdom () of the Fula, van rose kingdom () (1712 –1861 age), en:Kaarta (from 1753 to 1854) by the Bambara of Segou, many small kingdoms including en:Kénédougou Kingdom (from 1650 to 1898) were full in the 17th century.
Toe crawl empire () (1848 –1890 age) and サモリ トゥーレ performed the founding of a country of サモリ empire () (1878 –1898 age) in the ワスルー () district, but El Hadji ウマール () was not able to hold the division by the European Great Powers in Africa in check at the mid-19th century (man dingo war ).
The French colony period
It became the colony of France in 1892 and was called French possession Sudan. In 1916, noble Kaocen Ag Mohammed of the トゥアレグ group rose in revolt by AGA Aktiebolag death (en:Kaocen Revolt), but it was suppressed by the French military. In 1958, it became French self-government country Sudan.
Independent
In June, 1960, I form a Malian federation with Senegal of the neighboring country, and it is become independent by France. However, I changed the name of a country to the Republic of Mali in September, the following day because Senegal left the federation in August of the year.
The トゥアレグ group place of residence was divided into Mali Algeria Niger by independence, and a voice of the protest increased, and, from complex factors such as the military importance of uranium to produce under the Cold War more from アーリット and the アクータ mine of the State of AGA Aktiebolag death in the level that increased of the importance, the first トゥアレグ resistance movement () (from 1962 to 1964) broke out. A part of uranium to produce is shipped to Japan. I join the association of African countries these days.
A socialism policy was promoted with モディボ President Keita, but a coup d'etat of Muses Traore gradually occurred in deadlock, 1968 and entered at the time of the long military affairs autocracy system. In 1974 en:Agacher Strip War (The First War, from November 25 to the middle of December). Democratization succeeded in 1979, and single political party Mali people democratic alliance was formed. The President was elected by election, but a coup d'etat was caused, and the real power moved to the coup d'etat group. In 1985 en:Agacher Strip War (Christmas War, from December 14 to December 30).
An interim government starts in 1991. I established a constitution in 1992, the following day, and a presidential election was held. The military regime era since 1968 was over.
I repeated the northern part of Mali and separation struggle (トゥアレグ resistance movement (from 1990 to 1995) .) that en:Arab Islamic Front of Azawad (FIAA) of en:Popular Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MPLA) and en:Hassaniya Arabic of the トゥアレグ group was radical in Niger, but disarmament was performed in 1996.
For 2,004 years, it is en: 2004 locust outbreak。 Ibrahim アグ バハンガ () forms anti-government militant "May 23 alliance" () (ADC) in 2006 and develops armed struggle again in the northern part of Mali (トゥアレグ resistance movement (from 2007 to 2009) ). I strengthened ability for battle and a weapon more by participating in a civil war in Libya in 2011.
Dispute in northern Mali
In January, 2012, the トゥアレグ group demanded independence newly and rose in revolt with トゥアレグ resistance movement (2012) () and gained control of each northern state (アザワド) of Mali. The dissatisfaction that a weapon was not enough spouted out in a fight from the government troop inside and invited a military coup in Mali in March of the year. Furthermore, anti-government militant "アザワド liberation Zionism" () (MNLA, タマシェク word :ⵜⴰⵏⴾⵔⴰⵏⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜⴹⴰⵙⵍⴰⵍⵓⵏⴰⵣⴰⵓⴷ) and principle of Sarah fee jihad organization "Ann monkey Dean" of the トゥアレグ group brought northern part three states (アザワド) under control on April 6 and announced the アザワド Declaration of Independence one-sidedly [2]. I announced that militant "al Qaeda (AQIM) of international terrorist organization al Qaeda gaining control of アザワド in May origin of Islam Maghreb countries" destroyed Holy Sepulcher of Tombouctou [3]. MNLA in rivalry with Ann monkey Dean catches the attack and loses all the bases in アザワド, and アザワド collapses virtually afterwards [4]. The northern part of Mali is under the control of Ann Sarh アッ = Dean now [5]. In January, 2013, France starts a military intervention (Operation cell Val). I took an offensive for Islam system anti-government power including al Qaeda of Ann monkey Dean and Islam Maghreb countries with government troop [6].
Political
I describe the situation before a constitution is stopped in 2012 by a military coup in the following.
Mali is a constitutionalism nation taking republican form of government, a presidential system. The present Constitution was established on January 12, 1992.
Sovereign
The President (Président de la République du Mali) who is head of state is elected by the direct election of the nation; the term of office is five years. Three selections are prohibited [7].
Administrative
The prime minister is appointed by the President. The prime minister appoints the member of the cabinet minister council (Conseil des Ministres) equivalent to the cabinet.
Legislation
The name official in the assembly in unicameral system National Assembly (Assemblée Nationale). According to the constitution, I am considered to be the national only legislative body. A fixed number 147 seat. The representative from National Assembly is picked by the direct election of the nation based on eight states and the population ratio of 1 special ward to constitute Mali and is five years in the term of office.
Mali is a few nations in Africa where political pluralism functions substantially. The political party to insist on prohibits the political party which assumed religion and a race a base, a local political party, gender-related discrimination. As a main political party, maximum things include Malian democratic alliance (ADEMA) about the seat of the government after the overthrow of the Muses Traore military regime. There is the Malian alliance in other influential political parties and forms election alliance hope 2002 with democratization leadership whole country meeting (CNID), a small political party called the patriotism revivalism (MPR). The power in the National Assembly is as follows.
- Hope 2002-66 seat
- Malian democratic alliance -51 seat
- Other various affairs of state party -30 seats.
Judiciary
The best machinery of law is the Supreme Court (Cour suprême).
Military
Local administration division
I part from following eight states in the Bamako special ward.
- キダル state (Kidal) --- キダル
- ガオ state (Gao) --- ガオ
- State of Tombouctou (Tombouctou) -- - Tombouctou, Gun dam () (after the 1990s, a refugee camp is set up), テガーザ ()
- State of Mopti (Mopti) -It is - - Mopti, Gen
- State of Segou (Segou) --- Segou
- シカソ state (Sikasso) --- シカソ
- State of chestnut Coro (Koulikoro) --- Capital: Bamako
- Chi state (Kayes) --- Chi
Major cities
Geography
Mali is a landlocked country and is sorted 3 geographically. It is northern Sahara Desert obi, the Sahel zone of the central part, a Sudanese obi of the southern part. 65% of countries are desert (the Sahara) and semidesert and reach 1,000m above sea level on a northeast hill from the southern low land savanna. Mt. オンボリ where the summit level is near the Burkinabe border of the central part (1,153m). According to the division into climatic zones of Koeppen, as for the climate, desert climate, the southwestern part are subtropical climate the northern part. In the northern part, the whole area becomes the Sahara, and the population is thin. Population is concentrated in the Niger River basin which almost flows through the central part of the country and supports the life of the people including food, drinking water, agriculture, the transportation.
To chestnut kolo, railroad from neighboring country Senegal, Dakar Niger railroad are laid.
Economic
The agriculture of the Niger River basin and the export of gold are the center.
I have abundant mineral resources such as a phosphorus ore, money, uranium. Above all, as for uranium, Japan signs an exclusive contract.
Raw cotton and a peanut are the main force, but irrigation facilities are weak and are affected by the desertification again, and, as for the agriculture, the yield greatly depends on the weather. The cultivation of トウジンビエ which is one of the staple food is prosperous.
A トゥアレグ group performs nomadism in the northern part. In addition, the river fishery is prosperous in Niger River, too.
Dakar Niger railroad way was overwhelming before the independence from the Dakar Port, Senegal, but I strengthened ties with Cote d'Ivoire by political opposition at the time of the Malian federation collapse, and, in the course of the import and export, it was 30% via Ivorian Abidjan 70% of import and export in Dakar way in 1997.
Work force cannot finish absorbing it by the domestic industry, and a migrant worker is prosperous. There are many Cote d'Ivoire and France in the working away from home. However, it was the first Cote d'Ivoire civil war () as one cause by this opposition the opposition with local people and a Burkinabe, the Malian who emigrated intensely in Cote d'Ivoire [8].
Nation
of a race
- (Mande) 50% pro-on Monday ()
- Van rose person (Bambara)
- Person from マリンケ (Malinke)
- Person from ソニンケ (Soninke)
- Fulani person 17%
- Volta person (Voltaic) 12%
- Disadvantageous fellow person 6%
- Berber（トゥアレグ group、Moor） 10%
- 5% of others (people from ドゴン)
Language
The official language is French, but uses four domestic languages that a tribe uses a lot in national language and fate, education or other fields.
- Niger Congo family of languages
- Monday system ()
- Bambara - van rose person
- Person from Malinke - マリンケ
- Person from ソニンケ word - ソニンケ
- フルフルデ word - Fulani person (it is said with Furube, a pool, the pull)
- Dogon group - Person from ドゴン
- Monday system ()
- Nile Sahara Desert family of languages
- Afro Asia family of languages
Religion
Islam 90%, traditional religion 5%, Christianity are 5%.
Education
According to the estimation of 2003, literacy rate of the nation 15 years or older is 46.4% (a man: 53.5% woman: 39.6%); [9].
Culture
Music
There is a performance by the Griot breathing for a long time in Mali, but the government-led, Mali promotes an art promotion policy after independence in 1960, and popular music begins to become popular. Each area became a provider, and the state-run orchestras such as オルケストル re geo-null de Mopti or オルケストル re geo-null de Segou, the rail band appeared. Salif Keita from rail band makes its debut in the 1970s and jumps to the world from the 1980s and achieves a major debut. A lot of musicians who, besides, were influenced by European music of Keita are brought up [10].
The ワスル music of the southwestern part that assumed democratization a background was spreading while the マンデ pops that assumed サリフ the beginning were popular. The music of the system race comes to attract attention on non-Monday, too, and the group of the トゥアレグ person from northeastern part, "the blues of the desert" by the Tina re-wen come to be known as popular music [10].
Ant F Luke トゥーレ of the guitarist is popular for a solo musician globally [11]. He has won a Grammy award best world music album prize by coproduct Talking Timbuktu with American Ry Cooder in 1995. His son, ヴィユー are active as a guitarist, too.
A lot of musicians of the Griot family were, and シディキ ジャバテ of the Colla player was birth, a master hand as I was called "King of Colla" above all in the family of the Colla player who continued more than 70 generations. After Mali became independent, he joined the national orchestra. Toe Manes (toe Manes ジャバテ) born between Nene コイタ of him and the singer is known as Colla player. He originally developed Colla which was an accompaniment musical instrument as a solo musical instrument. In addition, toe Manes had played with Alley F Luke トゥーレ and similarly won Grammy award best traditional world music Prize in Grammy award best traditional world music Prize in coproduct Ali and Toumani with ジャバテ in coproduct In the Heart of the Moon of two people in 2011 in 2006 [12]. In addition, the mom do equal to the nephew of toe Manes is active as Colla player, too.
Movie
Souleymane Cisse known as a picture writer receives a high evaluation with a social message-related strong work from the inside and outside the country.
World heritage
In Mali, three cultural heritage registered with a list of world heritages of the UNESCO is one in a compound inheritance. The details refer to a world heritage of the Republic of Mali.
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Old Towns of Djenne - (in 1988 cultural heritage)
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Tombouctou - (in 1988 cultural heritage)
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Cliff of Bandiagara (Land of the Dogons) - (inheritance compound for 1,989 years)
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Tomb of Askia - (in 2004 cultural heritage)
Holiday
| Date | Japanese notation | Description of local vocabulary | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| January 1 | New Year's Day | Jour de l'an | |
| January 20 | Armed forces memorial day | Fête de l'armée | |
| March 26 | Day of the martyr | Journée des Martyrs | Day of the Muses Traore regime collapse |
| May 1 | May Day | Fête du Travail | |
| May 25 | Day in Africa | Fête de l'Afrique | Day of the Organization of African Unity start |
| September 22 | Independence Day | Jour de l'Indépendance | |
| December 25 | Christmas | Noël | Day of the イエズス Christus birth |
Well-known person
- イスマエル ディアディエ ハイダラ - historian
- The space engineer who contributed to development of the astronautical engineering in シェイック モディボ D ARA (Cheick Modibo Diarra) - National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and a scientist.
- Jean Tigana - footballer
- Salif Keita (footballer) - Malian Football League's chairperson
- Salif Keita (musician) - Musician, progeny of the Emperor of Malian empire
- Souleymane Cisse - movie director
- Shaikh ウマール シソコ - movie director
- Seydou Keita - footballer
- Mahamadou Diarra - footballer
References
- Yukitoshi Sunano "dynamism "handbook modern Africa" Takashi Okakura edition of the African culture", Akashi Bookstore, Tokyo, December, 2002.
Footnote
- ^ a b c d IMF Data and Statistics April 27, 2009 reading ([1])
- ^ "Anti-government armed group "does not approve" Declaration of Independence, the French Secretary of Defense in the northern part of Mali. Reuters. (April 6, 2012)6 April 8, 2012 reading.
- ^ al Qaeda system is Tombouctou - Mali - current events dot-com May 6, 2012 of the Holy Sepulcher destruction = world heritage
- ^ "Al Qaeda-linked Islamists drive Mali's Tuaregs from last stronghold." France 24. (July 12, 2012)o October 7, 2012 reading.
- ^ Tiemoko Diallo; Adama Diarra (June 28, 2012). "Islamists declare full control of Mali's north". Reuters (Reuters)8 October 13, 2012 reading.
- ^ "Ten citizens a battle of West Africa Mali death". AFPBB News (French news agency). (January 13, 2011)5 January 14, 2013 reading.
- ^ Constitution of the Republic of Mali Richmond University November 1, 2009 reading (English).
- ^ Carol off "truth first edition of the chocolate", p.214, Eiji publication, September 1, 2007
- ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html April 2, 2009 reading
- Written by ^ a b pop Africa 700 African music disk guide Kazuya Hagiwara
- ^ African star Ali Farka Toure dies, BBC News d.d. March 7, 2006. Retrieved online from BBC Online d.d. It is 2009 in 22 in September.
- Than liner for Japan of album Ali and Toumani of ^ ant F Luke トゥーレ & toe Manes ジャバテ
Allied item
Outside link
- The government
- The Republic of Mali Embassy in Japan (Japanese)
- Japanese Government
- Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Mali (Japanese)
- Sightseeing
- The Republic of Mali Tourism Ministry (French)
- Malian Islam architecture (Japanese)
- Others
Wiki media map (English) of the Republic of Mali
This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia The Republic of Mali
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