The history of Slovak
The history of Slovak showed the history of Slovak in a list form. Refer to the Slovak history.
Table of contents
Early history
About 500
A Slav person comes to the area of Slovakia.
From sixth century to seventh century
The difference of the phoneme has begun to occur in a language (Slav parent language) of Slav line. It is similar in the domain of Slovakia. I refer to a melody of the next ninth century for the result of this change.
Ninth century
Nitra dukedom (until 833 years) is formed in Slovakia and the Moravia kingdom. There was the dialect that changed in ort- shop-olt-が rat- and lat- (as for these in current standard Slovak) of the Slav parent language group in central Slovakia. For example, it is Moravia King ラスチスラフ (in Czech Rostislav). Furthermore, di-, -ti- of the Slav parent language change in dz-, -c- (this change happened before the ninth century).
- 863 years before: Probably Latin was used as a language for administration and a ceremony in this area.
- 863 years: コンスタンティノス (Kiril) and メトディウス (en) visited the Moravia kingdom. Macedonia Slav word derived from テッサロニケ district (said to be the ancient Church Slavonic) became the language for administration, literature and a master of ceremony in Moravia until 885 years, and グラゴル letter was used. The Latin continued being used at the same time, too. In the sentence of the initial ancient Church Slavonic, there is the thing which the element of the language that Slav system inhabitants (called Sloviene in a sentence of the Slav word) of Moravia kingdom and パンノニア used is included in. In addition, コンスタンティノス created the グラゴル letters for the propagation in Moravia in particular, but a letter of g corresponding to dz was included and was used in those days only in Moravia (I was used in Slovak now and and was used Poland temporarily later in Bohemia). On the other hand, it was not used in the Macedonian dialect.
- 885 years: Use (ancient Church Slavonic) of the Slav word in Moravia was prohibited by the Pope. Latin became the language for administration and a ceremony again. Kiril and pupils of メトディウス fled into the foreign countries such as Bohemia, Russia in Bulgaria, Croatia and the next.
Early tenth century
A person from マジャル conquers large Moravia kingdom for 907 years and settles down in modern Hungary and separates west Slav from south Slav and conquers the Slovak southern part temporarily. (most staying of Slovakia become a Hungarian part to the end of the eleventh century.) Slovak is caused by the language of inhabitants of Slav of large Moravia (current Hungary), Slovenia and Slavonia line as some dialects afterwards. In the tenth century, the dialect of Slovakia has been already divided into three groups of east Slovakia dialect, center Slovakia dialect, the west Slovakia dialect same as the present age. As well as other slab languages, the beginning of Slovak can date back to the seventh century in the sixth century, but it is in the tenth century, and the words that each Slav system language is different and the one which I become able to call are after by the general consensus of the scholar of Slavic.
at the beginning of the from tenth century to twelfth century
The language used for administration, a religion event, literature in Hungary including Slovakia was Latin. The commoner spoke a dialect of Slovakia.
From thirteenth century to 14th century
Slovak citizen and landed farmers begin to use Slovak as an administrative language (with Latin). Slovak was unified after the development for several centuries.
14th century
Written language Czech begins to spread among Slovakia. This is because I used it when a Czech clergyman tell me in a church school.
From 15th century to 16th century
Slovak continues being used for an administrative purpose. Written language Czech was used for some purposes (religion books for communication document, certain contract, common people) (with Latin) by some Slovaks, but I took an element of much Slovak in it in most cases, and the sentence written by the people who did not receive high education was always written in Slovak. Because a Slovak nation did not exist, the reasons why Czech was used for include there not having been standard Slovak (Czech quite became the standard language for it), fact that it was easy to learn than Latin for the Slovak, many Slovaks having learned in Prague University, influence of the exercise of Czech フス group and yarn イスクラ (Ján Jiskra) in Slovakia and temporary conquest of Moravia by the Kahn King Gary マーチャーシュ first. In the 16th century, refined west Slovakia, central Slovakia and east Slovak have begun to be used (they came to be used well in the 18th century).
From 17th century to 18th century
The Luther group Protestant used Czech in the field of religion (used as a master of ceremony language from the late 18th century to the early 20th century), and, on the other hand, west Slovak (polish west Slovak, Society of Jesus Slovak) made from the language that people with the culture from トルナヴァ educated very much of the Society of Jesus of the foundation used in 1635 was used for Catholicism. Slovak that secular (in the city in particular), was affected by Czech to some extent was used as the written language in the state that spelling in confusion was often mixed in. However, the Protestant mentioned above changed the pronunciation of much Czech to the pronunciation of Slovak (e.g.,: in ř in r in ě in e with au in ú in ou in ú). In eastern Slovakia, standard Polish that became Slovakia was occasionally used for the same purpose and reason while Czech was used in the other Slovakia area (in addition to it as for Czech, Slovak, the Latin). Of course the Latin continued being used with a particularly administrative aspect, too. As for politics, many Czech Protestants emigrated to Slovakia after in the late 16th century particularly fight (1620) of Hakusan. However, becoming it was made, and re-Catholicism suffered from Slovakia again in a Catholic large country in the 18th century.
From 1680s to 18th century
After the Turkish defeat of the second Vienna siege, many Slovaks emigrated to the Rumanian domain where population gradually decreased after "low land" that is modern Hungary, Serbia, Croatia, the Bulgarian ground and the Turkish occupation. These local inhabitants use each Slavic dialect now.
Standardization
From 17th century to 1750
An effort with Slovak as standard language comes to be seen. For example, ヴァヴリネック Benedict (Vavrinec Benedikt) from ネドジェリ (Nedožery) urges a Slovak to deepen recognition about Slovak in book "Czech grammar" (in 1603 Prague). In addition, the マテイ bell (Matej Bel) compares Slovak with other main languages in the introduction of "Gramatica Slavico-Bohemica" (in 1745 Bratislava) of パボル ドレジャル (Pavol Doležal). Literature activity by Slovak became popular in the late 17th century and followed in the next century.
1763
Romuald Hadvabný of the チェルヴェニ monastery suggested detailed codification of west Slovak with a summary of the Slovak grammar in "Latin - Slovak dictionary".
1783
Josef イグナーツ visor (Jozef Ignác Bajza) announces first adventure novel "Renémládenca príhody a skúsenosti" (an event and experience of young man Resnais) of Slovak in west Slovak.
1787
I published "Dissertatio philologico-critica de litteris Slavorum" (article about the need in the philology of the Slav letter) (Bratislava) and "I codified standard Slovak based on west Slovak" of the トルナヴァ University in that and did Catholic bishop Anton ベルノラーク (Anton Bernolák) (I die in 1813), but the element of center Slovak was included, too (e.g., ľ and many words). This language is often said to be ベルノラーク word. ベルノラーク codified it in other books particularly "Slovak - Czech - Latin - German - Hungarian dictionary" (I publish it only for from 1825 to 1927) sequentially in the 1780s and the 1790s. An outline of first standard Slovak is a success example of becoming it this. The language of ベルノラーク came to be used in Slovenia Catholicism (particularly by ユライ ファーンドリ and yarn Holly (Ján Hollý)), but Czech still (the old form used in Bohemia until the 17th century) describes the Protestantism.
1843
I decided that young Slovak Luther group Protestants did a central Slovak dialect with standard Slovak by リュドヴィート シュトゥール leadership newly (in place of neither Czech used by ベルノラーク word and an elder Slovak Luther group Protestant used in Catholicism). This new language was accepted to a user of the ベルノラーク word by leadership of yarn Holly (I refer to the clause of 1851), but was criticized in elder Luther group Protestantism of the yarn choral (I die in 1852) leadership at the start. "Be used now", and there is this language as standard Slovak (q.v. of 1851). This was declared as new standard language formally in August, 1844. The first grammar of this new Slovak was published in 1846 by リュドヴィート シュトゥール.
1844
The Hungarian assembly in accord with Bratislava changed the official language including Slovakia of Hungary to the Latin which had been used since the Middle Ages and did it with Hungarian.
1851
The supporters of シュトゥール word (1843) and the ベルノラーク word (1787) agreed about common standard language. This standard language is the basically same as シュトゥール word, but I change the spelling to the thing which made much of the etymology from the thing by the phoneme (e.g., I introduce y in some words in substitution for i and write de, te and take ハーチェク) and concede a language of ベルノラーク supporter it at some points (introduction of ľ which, e.g., does the end of a word of the past participle in -l in substitution for -ou). The most of these changes were suggested in 1850 by Slovak linguist Martin ハッタラ (Martin Hattala), and it was established formally in systematic grammar "Krátka mluvnice slovenská" (Slovak general statement) of Slovak in 1852 by him. This language is used after revision of 1953 and 1991 to date in 1940 in 1931 for 1,902 years.
Modern history
1870s
After the establishment (1867) of the Austria-Hungary empire, I prohibited only three Slovak high schools where the Hungarian government was established in the 1860s in Hungary for from 1874 to 1875. In addition, becoming it was Hungary, and Magyar began.
1907
By the アポーニー method, the Hungarian government changed the elementary school of all Slovak and German to the school of Hungarian formally. And it was admitted that Slovak and German told only one hour as a foreign language in a week.
I it (except World War II) for from 1918 to 1992
With Czechoslovakian establishment of 1918, Slovak was saved from the possibility of the extinction (q.v. of 1907) and was done with an official language for the first time in history (with Czech). This language (word in particular) comes under a strong influence of Czech at the same time. I continued it for several years in the Czechoslovakian beginning when a Czech teacher and an administrative official were active in Slovakia (because there was not the Slovak who received education in Slovak), and a technical term was made without Slovak, and this was similar mainly when a main TV program was broadcasted in Czech during World War II.
From 1959 to 1968
Six "Slovak dictionaries" (SSJ) was announced. (Online version)。
1993
Czechoslovakia is divided into Slovakia and Czech. Slovak becomes the Slovak official language. The change of Slovak related to Czech still continues. The reasons include that it is the culture of the neighborhood, that educational contact continues after 1992 and that books written in Czech increase in the Slovak market for an economic reason from before 1990.
References
- Kováč, Dušan; et al. Kronika Slovenska 1 (Chronicle of Slovakia 1). Chronicle of Slovakia (in Slovak) (1st ed.). Bratislava, Slovakia, 1998.
- Yoshio Sehara "German history image 文理閣 which is in the first half of the Middle Ages", 2012
This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia The history of Slovak
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