Sea fight of the ディーウ offing

ディーウ offing sea fight

Battle in the Indian Ocean in Portugal
Portugal マムルーク war（English version）
Ottoman Portugal war（English versionAmong)

Time	1509 February 3
Place	ディーウ, India
Result	Great victory of Portugal

The power that collided

Portuguese marine empire

Gujarat sultanship morning

マムルーク morning
The morin（English: Zamorin of Calicut）

The Ottoman Empire forces
Support':

Ottoman Empire

Venice republic

ラグサ republic

Commander

Francisco de Almeida

Ameer Husayn クルディー（English version）
Malik Ayer（English version）
クンハーリマラッカル（English version）

Force

12 キャラック ships
Six small carvel ships
Strength of an army Portugal soldier 1300
400 ヒンドゥー soldiers [¹]

12 warships
80 boats [¹]

Toll

Ignorance

It is the Arabian Sea near the port of Indian ディーウ on February 3, 1509, and ディーウ offing sea fight (fight of the second tea Ulu) is the sea fight that I had between (ブルジーマムルーク morning), territory main the morin (English: Zamorin of Calicut) of Calicut in マムルーク morning in the Gujarat sultanship morning when I received Portuguese sea empire and the support of Ottoman Empire, Venice republic and the ラグサ republic (ドゥブロヴニク) [²].

The victory in this fight of Portugal brought a big meaning. The spice trade road via the traditional Red Sea and Persian Gulf was ruled by Arab power and Venice republic. However, I facilitated the Portuguese strategy that detoured around paths of traditional trade because マムルーク morning and an Arabic power retreated, and was going to rule over the paths of voyage of Cape of Good Hope from the Indian Ocean. After a fight, Portugal occupied Gore (Goa), Sri Lanka, Malacca, the important port of the Indian Ocean coast such as Hormuz rapidly and neutralized Gujarat sultanship morning in マムルーク morning in Egypt and helped the development of the Portugal sea empire very much. The superiority in the trade of Portugal continued being maintained for approximately one century until British East India Company won against Portugal by a fight of Suwa Lee in during Netherlands Portugal war and 1612. This became the beginning of colonialism in Asia. In addition, I show that the struggle for power of a Christian and the Muslim opened in the Mediterranean Sea, the Middle East that are the area that prospered in international trade most in those days and the outskirts, Indian Ocean.

Background

I concluded an alliance with a cochin fowl kingdom, and the Portuguese put up a stronghold there since Vasco da Gama arrived at it in 1498 and came the fight with Calicut where I was opposed to with the coach. The northern Gujarat district (mainly a perception baht) was an area with the importance more. The Gujarat sultanship dynasty was the Red Sea, an essential intermediary of East-West trade to link Malacca to Egypt. The Gujarat sultanship dynasty ordered the spice from the Moluccas like silk fabrics from China and carried an important role as a transit trade place to sell it to マムルーク morning and an Arab [³].

For 1,505 years, Manuel I of the Portuguese King sent Portuguese first vice-king Francisco de Almeida with 21 large fleets in order to make the rule of the Portugal empire in East Africa and India the firm one which did it. The sultanship Mahmoud Shah first of the Gujarat sultanship dynasty which I felt uneasy about was allied with territory main the morin (English: Zamorin of Calicut) of Calicut and demanded support from the invasion to their territories by Portugal in the マムルーク morning that was a partner of the trade of the Gujarat sultanship morning [⁴].

The Portuguese military occupied Hormuz of the Persian Gulf with the Alfonso デアルブケルケ governor-general during in Socotra of the Red Sea and a short term during one month in 1507. Such an advance of Portugal caused serious confusion for Indian Ocean trade, and the Islam power and the Venice republic held a menace in Portugal can sell spice in the prices that were cheaper than a Venice person in Europe. Venice that was マムルーク morning and a partner in Europe of the spice trade built millions wealth by monopolizing a flow of the European spice from India. The Venice republic cut diplomatic relations with Portugal and has begun to explore means to send an ambassador into the Imperial Court of the マムルーク morning, and to prevent the advance in the Indian Ocean of Portugal [⁵]. Venice negotiated to lower a duty to make it easy to do competition with Portugal for マムルーク morning and suggested that I took the measures that it was early to be opposed to Portugal and was secrecy [⁵]. I called for relief that the morin which was a feudal lord of Calicut sent an ambassador and was opposed to Portugal [¹].

Because the soldier of the マムルーク morning in Egypt lacked technical knowledge of the sea fight, and Portugal attacked it frequently and took the wood of the Indian mullah bar away, sultanship Ashraf カーンスーフ gaue Lee in マムルーク morning demanded support from Ottoman Empire. As for the スルターンバヤズィト second (his navy was made by a Spanish Moor and Sephardim ousted by an Inquisition of 1492 in Spain) of Ottoman Empire, galley ship for the Greek battle working under a rower of the Mediterranean Sea type and most of gave マムルーク morning a voluntary army of Ottoman comprised by Turkish employing mercenaries and filibuster [⁶]. These ships were broken down in Alexandria by a shipbuilding technology of Venice and built it on the Red Sea side again. The ship of such Ottoman morning should have been able to endure a voyage and the sea fight in the Indian Ocean. The soldier of the galley ship was able to attach a small cannon from the bow to the stern, but was not able to touch it in the boat side because I interfered with the rower. The local ship (Dow ship) sewed the plate of the tree into was not able to carry heavy firearms. Therefore, a gunfire device on most alliances side was a bow and arrow and was not able to do anything for the natural Portuguese military.

Because the navy of Ottoman Empire supported Gujarat sultanship dynasty with the マムルーク dynasty which Portugal called "room" [⁷], I was sent in 1507. Firstly I made Jiddah a fortress to correspond to an attack from predicted Portugal and received support from sultanship in terleech morning there through Aden of the tip of the Red Sea. And I sailed across the Indian Ocean at the port of ディーウ which was the town of the entrance of the perception baht gulf for the next 1,508 years [⁸].

In March, 1508, the fleet of the マムルーク morning arrived at Indian tea Ulu (English: Chaul) in response to a command of admiral ameer Husayn クルディー (English: Amir Husain Al-Kurdi) of the マムルーク morning, and a surprise did the Portugal fleet which ロレンゾ de Almeida (English: Lourenço de Almeida) who was a son of Portugal vice-king Francisco de Almeida led. It was a commander of the Gujarat sultanship morning, and Malik Ayer that was a ruler of ディーウ (English: Malik Ayyaz) increased, and they performed the fight for three days for Portugal and won. The fleet of the マムルーク morning isolated a ship of ロレンゾ de Almeida (fight (English of tea Ulu: Battle of Chaul)), but I missed other ships and simply brought back nine captives in ディーウ. It is a record of the Gujarat sultanship morning by the person from Persia, and "ミラット carane Dali" explains this war in detail as a small skirmish [⁹]. The Gujarat military took a captive and went to ディーウ. Portuguese vice-king Francisco de Almeida flew into a rage with the death of his son and demanded revenge.

Harbinger of the fight

ディーウ took the important role as the advance guard of all spice trade from India. It was necessary for Portugal which was going to try construction of the spice trade in India to defeat the trade network that there was much conventional profit followed strongly. The fight of ディーウ increases it for a purpose to force to a policy of such Portugal and is a thing performed as personal retaliation of Francisco de Almeida of the Portuguese governor-general who is a parent of ロレンゾ de Almeida (English: Lourenço de Almeida) who is hung in the hand of ameer Husayn クルディー, and was killed. It is said that he said in this way very furiously when he knew the death of the son. Saying "the cock (father) eats if you ate a chick or must pay the compensation that ate a chick." Because Alfonso デアルブケルケ arrived with an order from Portuguese King to make アルブケルケ the next vice-king from the Portuguese own country on 6th in December, 1508, Francisco de Almeida ran after a fleet in マムルーク morning in a hurry. After having been informed of an order from the king, he imprisoned Alfonso デアルブケルケ for one's personal retaliation and pushed forward preparations for war.

I recognized that one's town faced a crisis and Malik Ayer defended it and prepared, and, for a vice-king, oneself showed that a thing and the son of the vice-king who had a Portuguese captive fought bravely how and started a letter to add it how you sold Portugal captive soldiers well, and to soothe anger [¹⁰]. The vice-king concentrated all military power by the contents which I threatened although I respected it for Malik Ayer (in Portugal called Meliqueaz) and prepared for a battle and spoke intention of the revenge to destroy a town of ディーウ.

Malik Ayer will face the Portuguese military under the situation of the dilemma that fear to ディーウ which is one's town being destroyed and Husayn クルディー surround ディーウ.

Battle

References and the source which I can inspect are not shown at all, or this gnarl is insufficient. You add the source, and please cooperate with the reliability improvement of the article. (January, 2011)

The Portuguese military led 18 fleets with 1,500 Portuguese soldiers and 400 local military power from the cochin fowl kingdom by a vice-king. The alliance side around マムルーク had 100 fleets, but only 12 ships were main warships, and the remainder was an all small scale ship. I noticed in the Portuguese military which sent a course from a cochin fowl to the north and decided that the マムルーク side used ディーウ Port and the fort which had bombardment facilities by having been afraid of the superiority in the technical aspect. In that way I gave an anchor at port of ディーウ and decided the attack from the Portuguese military in waiting. This may be the thing which depended on the マムルーク side which was used to the military training in the port protected more of the Mediterranean Sea. In addition, I depended on the reinforcement corps of the gunner to defeat an enemy from the land for this. The Portuguese military presented the hand-to-hand fight in the anchorage of ディーウ following the large-scale bombardment from the warship top.

The ship of the Portuguese military had the shipwright who was more skilled than the Muslim side, a superior large cannon. The Portuguese Marine Corps had the point that was still dominant. It is that there was not only heavy equipment and the equipment (grenade made of clay which included an armor, a matchlock, gunpowder inward) but also an expert sailor.

A キャラック ship and the carvel ship of the rig consisting of the plural numbers of the Portuguese durable most new product which was small, but was fast developed by dealing with a storm in the Atlantic which was a problem dozens of years ago, and it was before a ship became full of cannons. カリカットの領主ザモリン、グジャラート・スルターン朝とマムルーク朝の連合軍が有していた小規模な船であるインド洋型のダウ船と地中海型のガレー船は到底及ばなかった。ポルトガル軍艦は強力な大砲を撃つことが可能であったので、連合軍を船に近寄らせなかった。たとえ彼らが船に近づいても、ガレー船やダウ船は水面から低い船であるのでポルトガル船の艦上に上がるのは不可能であり、上からの小型の武器や手榴弾や小径の大砲による攻撃を浴びることになってしまった。

戦後

ムガル帝国のフマーユーンが領土を併合しようと戦争を起こすのに対して、バセイン条約（1534年）によってポルトガルとグジャラート・スルターン朝との間の確かな防衛同盟を結んだ後に最終的にディーウの砦が完成した。1521年と1531年にポルトガルは力ずくでディーウ島を奪い取ろうとしたが結局失敗した。

ディーウの街とポルトガルの要塞(イギリスの版画 1729年)

戦闘はポルトガル軍の勝利に終わり、グジャラート・スルターン朝、マムルーク朝、カリカット側は惨敗となった。イスラーム勢力は勇敢に戦ったものの、今までで戦ったことがないような海軍戦力に対してどのように対抗すればいいのかについて途方に暮れていた。戦後、マリク・アイヤーズは衣服と十分な食料を与えていたチャウルの戦い（英語: Battle of Chaul）のポルトガルの捕虜を引き渡した。意外にも、任期が終了した副王のフランシスコ・デ・アルメイダは、ポルトガル本国がすぐにでもと熱望していた、ディーウにポルトガルの要塞を建設することを許可するよう要請を拒否していた。そして、彼がディーウを統治している間はその要請を言い逃れてきた。

戦いの戦利品にはマムルーク朝の国旗3本も含まれ、それらはポルトガル本国に送られ、今でもテンプル騎士団の心の故郷であるトマールの街のトマールのキリスト教修道院で展示されている。副王は、30万ポルトガル金貨を取り立てたが、ディーウの街は維持するのに高すぎるということで拒否をした、しかし街に駐屯兵はおかれた。チャウルの戦いでのポルトガルの捕虜もまた助け出された。ポルトガル人によるマムルーク兵の扱いは残酷なものであった。副王は、息子の死に対する報復の意味を込めて、捕虜の大半を絞首刑にするか、生きたまま焼き殺すか、大砲の口に彼らをくくりつけて、バラバラに引き裂くように命令した。戦勝後にアルメイダは「インド洋で力を及ぼせる限り、自らのしたいようにインドを統治できよう。もし、そのような力がないならば、たかだか海岸沿いの要塞はほとんど役に立たないだろう。」と述べた^[11]。興味深い事に、副王の地位を後継者のドン・アフォンソ・デ・アルブケルケに明け渡した後、1509年11月、アルメイダはポルトガル本国への帰途につき、1509年の12月、アフリカの喜望峰近くで現地に住む部族のコイコイ人に殺された。

この戦闘でポルトガルとオスマン帝国の競争が終わった訳ではない。二回目の海戦は30年後に起きた。1535年にポルトガルが建てたディーウの要塞を、1538年にオスマン軍が54隻の軍艦をもって包囲したのだ。しかし、散々な敗北の後に要塞の包囲は解かれた。次にスレイマン1世が総督のフセイン・パシャを1547年にディーウに送り込んだが失敗に終わった事を受けて、オスマン帝国のインド洋への影響力拡大の試みは終わりを告げた。

戦闘序列

ムスリム側の艦隊

主要艦12隻 (オスマン帝国軍のキャラック船6隻とオスマン帝国軍のガレー船6隻)とカリカットの領主ザモリンの80隻を越えるダウ船

ポルトガル艦隊

大規模のナウ船5隻：フロール・デ・ラ・マール（英語: Flor de la Mar）（副王の旗艦）、エスピリト・サント（船長ヌーノ・ヴァズ・ペレイラ）、ベレン（ジョルジ・デ・メロ・ペレイラ）、グランデ・レイ（フランシスコ・デ・タヴォラ）、グランデ・タフォレア（ペロ・バレット・デ・マゼラン）
小規模のナウ船4隻：ペケーナ・タフォレア（ガルシア・デ・スーサ）、サン・アントニオ（マルティン・コエーリョ）、ペケーノ・キング（マヌエル・テレス・バレット）、アンドリーニョ（ドン・アントニオ・デ・ノロニャ）
横帆式のキャラベル船4隻：（船長アントニオ・ド・カンポ、ペロ・カウン、フィリペ・ロドリゲス、ルイ・ソアレス）
ラテン式のキャラベル船2隻：（船長アルバロ・ペサニャ、ルイ・プレト）
ガレー船2隻：（船長パロ・ロドリゲス・デ・ソウザ、ディオゴ・ピレス・デ・ミランダ）
ブリガンティン1隻：（船長シモン・マーティン）

脚注

[ヘルプ]

^ ^a ^b ^c Malabar manual by William Logan p.316, Books.Google.com
^ Rogers, Clifford J. Readings on the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe, San Francisco:Westview Press, 1995, pp. 299–333 at Angelfire.com
^ Bailey, Diffie, "Foundations of the Portuguese Empire", 1415–1580, University of Minnesota Press, 1977. ISBN 0-8166-0782-6
^ Kuzhippalli Skaria Mathew (1986). Portuguese and the Sultanate of Gujarat, 1500-1573. Mittal Publications. p. 30.
^ ^a ^b Foundations of the Portuguese empire, 1415–1580 Bailey Wallys Diffie p.230-231ff [1]
^ Halil İnalcik, An economic and social history of the Ottoman Empire, Volume 1, p.321, Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-521-57456-0
^ Ozbaran, Salih, "Ottomans as 'Rumes' in Portuguese sources in the sixteenth century", Portuguese Studies, Annual, 2001
^ Brummett, Palmira.Ottoman Seapower and Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discovery, ニューヨーク州立大学出版（英語: State University of New York Press）, ニューヨーク, 1994, ISBN 0-7914-1701-8 , pp. 35, 171,22
^ Bayley, Edward C. The Local Muhammadan Dynasties: Gujarat, London, 1886, 222
^ Michael Naylor Pearson, "Merchants and rulers in Gujarat: the response to the Portuguese in the sixteenth century", p. 70 University of California Press, 1976 ISBN 0-520-02809-0
^ Ghosh, Amitav The Iman and the Indian: Prose Pieces, Orient Longman, New Delhi, 2002, ISBN 81-7530-047-7, 377pp, 107

TranPedia

Wikipedia Translation from Japanese to English

2016년 9월 19일 월요일