Victimology
Victimology (ひがいしゃがく) is study to study policies about the criminology from a viewpoint to pay attention to a crime victim.
Table of contents
Summary
Conventionally, when a crime happened, a point of view that a nation punished a criminal existed (retributive justice punishment) and, as for the existence of the victim, was done 閑視. A viewpoint (education punishment) to make much of the comeback to normal life of the criminal later gained power, but a place to pay attention to not more than community stopped and met you. Therefore I pay attention to the victim who is the existence that has been forgotten for many years and try to reconstitute the detective judiciary from the viewpoint of the victim not to mention the relief of the victim. I can explain the restoration justice (RJ) that a discussion was ever accomplished from this point of view. The criticism of it being difficult to grasp the whole detective judiciary precisely is added only by victim protection in fact.
Establishment and history of the victimology
Conventionally, as for the study on crime, it was paid the attention to a criminal and a crime phenomenon. Such a study is called criminology. The criminology had the side of the ontology to deepen the consideration in the basics in the subject "why does the person commit a crime?". Therefore it had been done flourishingly that I studied a criminal, but has not been paid the attention to victim in itself. The opportunity when the side of the victim "why does the person encounter damage?" attracted attention in such situation came. It is Hans phone ヘンティッヒ pay attention to a crime victim for the first time, and to have proposed a concept of the victimology (Hans von Hentig); [1]. He studied the relations of a criminal and the victim in detail in 1948 and announced the summary in an article. The criminal law defines a criminal, the passive side as a victim on the active voice side, and the mental factor is not considered at all. With a same crime class, I analyze the relations of the criminal and victim about the crime that I committed by the same trick under the same situation and do it when a place to consider has more comprehensive knowledge to scientizing it about the relations of a criminal and the victim. Henri Ellen Berger arranged the present conditions of the victimology in 1954 and it was psychiatric and tried consideration of psychoanalyzing you and made the groundwork of the systematization. The Mendel sone contained a conventional study in 1956 and systematized study called the victimology. This article would be introduced by Japan according to the later description, but he has already given a lecture on victimology at a university in 1947 (Osamu Nakata "prospects criminology magazine 25 6-1960 year of the victimology"). The victimology was concluded after these progress.
The theories such as existence responsibility view of human nature of the victim who a question of "why does the person encounter damage?" took place of a question "what kind of person meets damage?" as for the early victimology as it developed, and, besides, demanded a cause of the damage from a victim and potential victim theories became announced. However, the victimology to gradually inflict existence responsibility characteristics on a victim will receive criticism. It was turned as criticism that it was being so-called "victim desegregation busing", an ideological study being a majority (lacking a sociological standpoint), the prejudice to a victim. Therefore the victimology escaped from early victimology and switched the direction to "applied victimology". In other words, the switch meant that I made the nature of the victim a type and shifted from a tone to investigate the cause of of the damage to a relief of the victim and policy theory.
A victim soteriology and victim policy theory is discussed mainly mainly and, in the present age, has the side as the study to support a victim with me.
History in Japan
It is about 1958 first in Japan that victimology was introduced. Mendel sone (Mendelsohn, B.) that created a word victimology (victimologie) sends the article of the systematic study for the crime victim to a world main criminologist, and there is what receive it and is done Japanese translation, and was introduced by an opening. The Dr. who was forensic authority Tanemoto Furuhata, Dr. Shufu Yoshimasu and others of the crime biology received this article in Japan, and I did an introduction (24 "criminology magazine" 6-1958 years), and a symposium about the victimology was held in Tokyo Medical and Dental College by Furuhata, a suggestion of the good luck gain (1959), and Osamu Nakada who was Shufu Yoshimasu professor learning under came to be known to a criminology magazine widely afterwards (Osamu Nakata "crime psychiatry" Kongo publication, Tokyo, 1972).
Academic expanse
A Japanese victim society started in 1990, and a crime victim counselor's office was installed in Medical Res. Inst., Tokyo Medical and Dental Univ. in 1993, and the direct support system including the counseling for the crime victim was established.
Medical student chemical technique was the center at first, and the protection of the victim or the study of the evidence were person most doctors to major in. However, the things which chose you as a study among jurisprudence, social science researchers in a real study increased. I attract attention as one section of social policy, the criminal policy in the in recent times, and there are many universities to study from the front including the Joban University.
Footnote
- ^ Osamu Nakata "crime psychiatry" Kongo publication, Tokyo, 1972
References (article)
- Osamu Nakata "prospects criminology magazine 25 6-1960 year of the victimology"
- Osamu Nakata "victimology criminology magazine 24 6-1958 year of the Mendel sone"
- Japanese victim society "victimology study" document temple (plural annual parts) first issue (1992) - 15 (2005)
This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Victimology
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