2016년 7월 8일 금요일

Hitoshi Imamura

Hitoshi Imamura

Hitoshi Imamura
Hitoshi Imamura.jpg
The birth June 28, 1886
Japanese flag Japan Miyagi Sendai ward
Death October 6, 1968 (82 years old death)
Position organization Flag of Imperial Army Imperial Army
Military career 1907-1945
The last rank Rank - epaulet - general .svg of the emperor country Army Genl.
I display a template

Hitoshi Imamura (I make an irregularity person now from June 28, 1886 to October 4, 1968) is Japanese army officer. The last rank is genl. MiyagiSendai-shiA native place.

It is high in gentle, noble-minded personality and the ability for military administration, instruction in the occupied territory and receives the evaluation called the famous admiral. The personality, episode are praised from not only the local inhabitants of the old occupying power but also the allied powers side which were an enemy country even today.

Table of contents

Origin, person

The grandfather was the noble family which acted as Sendai feudal clan staff officer in the case of Boshin War, but because I took a conciliatory attitude toward stationed new government troop, I was exposed to criticism from the forced group in the feudal clan and hardly shared property with a retainer and retired from the world without accepting the appeals from the new government to the government official. I lived a life to indulge in liquor because a second wife was pushed, and it was assumed that I lost a wife from the prestigious family afterwards. The tiger tail of father was born between a former wife. The Chinese books were beaten in childhood, and the tiger tail caught the education from father. Because life was poor, I brought up younger brothers and sisters in place of the stepmother who could not do it of the housework while working as an office worker of the courts. I passed a judge examination by the second results, and the tiger tail appointed it as a judge while it looked like it. The tiger tail married Kiyomi who was the daughter of the military officer, and many children including 均 gave birth, and they were brought up by Kiyomi. 均 and younger brothers became a military officer by the advice of Kiyomi.

Youth

Because it graduates from Shibata Junior High School (it moves into from Kofu Junior High School) at the top, and it lost a tiger tail of father who did 19-year-old spring, judge who made study for examination in Tokyo, it becomes severe to enter a school of higher grade in the first high school which I wanted to be at first economically or high grade commercial school. Because mother Kiyomi recommended a military academy, Imamura was troubled with "it was one high entrance into a school of higher grade, or is it military officer entering?" and thought what kind of things the armed forces which mother recommended were and performed it to see a His Majesty's inspection review of troops held in army parade ground of Aoyama. It was what, or I stopped at the post office, and Imamura moved hot hit the telegram of the effect of the strong will to take an entrance examination for the military academy with the foot which returned to the home to mother and I received an examination in a regiment ward of the home town and passed the figure of a large number of crowds who pressed the Imperial property carriage which the Emperor got on to see a figure of the Emperor Meiji who finished the military review that I saw in front of a parade ground, and returned on this occasion [1].

I suffered from lack of sleep to come because I stood into the rest room many times at night even if Imamura who suffered from bed-wetting until 9 years old was youth [2]. Therefore I often did a lecturing doze, and it was shouted by そのたび instructor. I did it for a cure for drowsiness somehow without being cured in the earnestness of the thing which I hit oneself with a small blade lightly when drowsiness attacked it and took measures against in consultation with an army surgeon and a classmate by biting the red pepper which I took from the farmhouse during fieldwork in secret while I lectured. An anecdote of [3] that did not warn a doze remains to a certain understanding instructor that noticed this for Imamura after it.

Imamura who graduated from a military academy by excellent results appoints it to Second Lieutenant army foot soldier through a probationary officer and enters the Military Staff College in the days of a first lieutenant. Therefore I repeated a doze, but the story of the military academy era seemed to reach the instructor of the land size and did not need to receive a so severe sermon. I graduated from Military Staff College at the top while assuming such a handy and was granted the saber of the royal gift [4].

Pacific War

After the Pacific War (Greater East Asia War) outbreak of war, I command Operation orchid mark capturing Netherlands territory East Indies (Indonesia) as the 16th military commander. It is most best paratroop of the army, and there is the activity of the complete set fighter "falcon" of "an empty soldier of divine protection" and declared first 挺進団 (挺進部隊) and a flight 64th squadron, the flight 59th squadron and brings oil regions of Palembang that is a prime strategy aim of Japan in the Pacific War under control (Palembang airborne tactics). Furthermore, in the Java landing operation which became the largest landing operation using a little less than 100 fleets, an enemy force had mistaken the military power of the Japan forces and let approximately 93,000 Netherlands forces and approximately 5,000 British troops, U.S. forces, Australia forces make an unconditional surrender in nine days, and the strategy was over for the great victory of the Japan forces.

In the case of the capture, Imamura showed ability as a military administration leader while I freed a leader of the independence movement considered to be an exile by the Netherlands in Indonesia, Sukarno and a Hatta and others political offense and supported the independence such as the help of a fund and supplies, the establishment of the inquiry society or the public employee appointment of the citizen of field and I restored and did oil prices with the half price in the Netherlands rule times and built the school for the money which I confiscated from the Netherlands forces in each place and I acted as wrongful conducts such as the plunder for the maintenance of the peace and order as strict prohibition for a soldier of Japan and acted as the oil refining facilities which I captured for the pacification of field inhabitants. The private citizen let you live in the residential area and, about the Dutchman who was an ex-ruler, accepted going out freely and I let the measures that were high service about the officer where it was a captive be popular and performed tolerant military administration.

As war advanced, it became the rationing without enough clothes in Japan, and the Japanese Government offered large quantities import of the white cotton cloth produced in Java, but Imamura refused this demand. When Imamura takes away white cotton cloth, it suppresses the everyday life of the local person, and this is because it thought that it injures it until religion feeling to wrap a dead person in white cotton cloth, and to bury it. This was exposed to criticism from the government or the military authorities, but the Hideo Kodama and others of the high government official which came to investigate the fact reported "the native quitted friendly feeling to a Japanese at all, and the Dutchman gives up hostility" with "result of Java may be exceptional in security condition, industrial restoration, the procurement of the arsenal" and praised military administration of Java.

In addition, it is said that song of independence "Indonesia raya" forbidden to sing under the rule in Netherlands lets you make the record in Tokyo as for Imamura who knew that it is sung flourishingly in Java and distributes it to inhabitants and was pleased.

However, to some government and military authorities, the person criticizing the administration of Imamura is, and staff officer president, Gen Sugiyama who is the relation that is close to Imamura (1942) in March goes on a business trip to the butter beer directly in 1942 and scolds it for Imamura lightly saying "the center is satisfied about Java capture round and praises it, but warn you because, anyway, there is much criticism about the, on the other hand, next military administration" [5]. In addition, Akira Muto of the Department of the Army military duties chief of the bureau, Kyoji Tominaga of the personnel affairs chief of the bureau demanded it for Imamura to switch it to a strong-arm policy like Singapore in Java, but it ran over the one paragraph "that 悦服 put the people in with fair authority virtue", and Imamura demanded it from "the occupied territory rule summary" which the army proclaimed to dismiss oneself before revising a summary and resisted that I changed a policy of the military administration.

Imamura states, "universal brotherhood seems like some aggressive policy though it is the principle of same family countryman" and holds doubt in the misunderstanding for the word.

Rabaul defense corps

Imamura interviews with [6] to the Isoroku Yamamoto admiral who arrived at Rabaul located in the New Britain island as the eighth area military commander (1942) on November 20 in 1942. Imamura and Yamamoto have friendship from the captain era and it is relation as they can talk without hesitation heart to heart each other and is said to be it when I recognized both sides [7]. Therefore it is said that I cry when Yamamoto was killed in action and grieved. When Imamura boards naval complete set land air raider right before Yamamoto is killed in action after arrival at post in Rabaul and inspected the marshalcy of the front, I was almost attacked by U.S. forces fighter, but get out of trouble.

It was at the beginning of 1943 (1943) and the United States Armed Forces expelled the Japanese military from Guadalcanal and eastern New Guinea and completed "the first duty" of the Rabaul strategy. The United States Armed Forces entered at the Solomon Islands and the both sides of New Guinea in preparation for "the second duty" to advance more. In contrast, the Japanese military did a defense line of Rabaul with a line to tie up air base of the ムンダ cape of New Georgia of the Solomon Islands and サラマウア of New Guinea to. As for the commander on the navy side of the defense corps, Lieutenant General Jinnichi Kusaka, the army side were General Imamura.

The activity of Rabaul flying corps of the Japanese Navy let US Navy overestimate the air force of the Japanese military than a fact and judged the big menace and United States Armed Forces to 西進 United States Armed Forces supply road to do. Besides, a fortification went ahead through Rabaul by Imamura. Imamura assumed the blockade of the supply road of US Navy from 戦訓 of the fight of Guadalcanal Island and decided to teach it to Shimauchi for stoppage of the supply to make a large quantity of fields, and to fix the self-sufficiency system of the food, and Imamura plowed the field proactively by oneself, too [8]. In addition, I built a strong fortress under the ground to prepare for an air strike and the landing of U.S. forces and built the arsenal which produced a hospital, a weapon and ammunition. Rather the United States Armed Forces which knew such a state were strengthened after the great damage was expected by capturing it by the paths of supply of the Japan forces being unified and evaded occupation of Rabaul and did decision that I kept it if they neutralized it by a blow.

For Rabaul neutralization, US Navy added heavy bombing to Rabaul to the Japanese military air force, master of Bismarck Islands after occupation in the Solomon Islands [9]. Furthermore, the aggressive menace to United States Armed Forces of Rabaul almost disappeared because the Koga combined fleet commander in chief of the Japanese Navy withdrew a navy machine of Rabaul as a result that an air raid did the base truck island of the Japanese fleet (1944) in the middle of February in 1944. However, the United States Armed Forces moved into action to complete Rabaul blockade. At first I occupied the Green Island of the east of Rabaul and set up an air base and enabled the activity of the fighter in the whole Bismarck Islands and the Douglas MacArthur general of the army occupied loss Negros of the Admiralty archipelago at the east end next and found an air base. Furthermore, the navy occupied the Emi back island of the カヴィェン northwest, and the neutralization of Rabaul was completed [10]. The Rabaul garrison became isolation, but the eighth Imamura areas forces less than it found Rabaul with deer-shaped target lieutenant general southeast area fleets less than it in this way until the end of the war because the local system which could support itself had been already completed and they stored the supplies.

Postwar

1955

Japan surrenders (1945) on August 15 in 1945, and World War II terminates. Imamura is court-martialed as a war leader (war crime). At the trial by the Australian military held responsible for the eighth area military commander, once was about to be sentenced to death, but there was the testimony such as field inhabitants, and judgment was settled in 10-year imprisonment [11]. At the trial by the Netherlands military to hold the 16th later military commander era to account, I was found not guilty.

Imamura was sent to the Sugamo prison afterwards in (1949) in 1949 by judgment of the 10-year imprisonment of the Australian military. But Imamura hoped for the entrance to the Manu island prison that a large number of Japanese admiral soldiers were accommodated by oneself in (1950) in 1950 saying, "only oneself could not be in Tokyo" (when I think about former subordinates who still serve the sentence in the environmental bad south). I am said to have made a direct appeal to GHQ commander MacArthur through a wife. その態度にマッカーサーは、「私は今村将軍が旧部下戦犯と共に服役する為、マヌス島行きを希望していると聞き、日本に来て以来初めて真の武士道に触れた思いだった。私はすぐに許可するよう命じた」と言ったという。

その後、刑期満了で日本に帰国してからは、東京の自宅の一隅に建てた謹慎小屋に自らを幽閉し、戦争の責任を反省し、軍人恩給だけの質素な生活を続ける傍ら回顧録を出版し、その印税はすべて戦死者や戦犯刑死者の遺族の為に用いられた。元部下に対して今村は出来る限りの援助を施し、それは戦時中、死地に赴かせる命令を部下に発せざるを得なかったことに対する贖罪の意識からの行動であったといわれる。その行動につけこんで元部下を騙って無心をする者もいたが、それに対しても今村は騙されていると承知しても敢えて拒みはしなかったという。

国立国会図書館憲政資料室に、今村の肉声を伝える「回想談話録音」が残されている。

1968年(昭和43年)10月4日、死去。享年82。

年譜

評価

指揮官としての戦術面では、実戦を指揮したのが支那事変、ジャワ攻略戦とそれに付随する戦闘のみであり、ラバウルでは殆ど戦闘が行われずアメリカ軍と本格的に戦火を交える事はなかった。しかし第5師団長として指揮を執った南寧作戦では、近衛師団第18師団の援軍が到着するまでの数十日間、蒋介石直系の精鋭部隊を含む数十倍の戦力を有した中国国民党軍の大攻勢を、物資不足と炎熱下の劣悪な環境ながら防ぎきる事に成功し、蘭印作戦では極めて短期でインドネシアを攻略している。今村の軍人としての能力、特に軍政面や占領地住民・部下将兵に対しての人道的な対応については後世の評価はほぼ一致している。蘭印無条件降伏を報じる1942年(昭和17年)3月10日(陸軍記念日)付の読売新聞記事では、写真付きで蘭印方面陸軍最高指揮官たる今村の略歴も紹介されており、「今村将軍は仙台の士族で陸大を首席で卒業した秀才、だがその才気と不屈の闘志を温容に包む近代的武将である」、「教養に富み部下を愛する謙虚な風格ある将軍である」「人情将軍今村中将」と評されている。

戦略面では、ラバウルでの持久戦が示すとおり、先を読んで対策を行う能力に優れていた人物であったことは確かで、終戦まで将兵の命を守ったことから、日本軍の優れた指揮官としての評価は高い。部下に非常に慕われる人柄であったため、統率に関してはしっかり取れていた。今村は部下を愛し、現地住民を愛したと言われそれに対して部下、現地住民は絶大な親しみを寄せていたといわれる[12]

逸話

今村が第16軍司令官として座乗していた陸軍特種船神州丸(神洲丸)」
  • ジャワ上陸作戦の際、阻止攻撃に来襲したアメリカ艦隊と護衛の日本艦隊との間でバタビア沖海戦が発生。この際に海軍の重巡洋艦最上」の九三式魚雷の誤射(同士討ち)により、今村以下の第16軍司令部が座乗していた事実上の世界初の揚陸艦である陸軍特種船神州丸(神洲丸)」と、輸送船2隻、病院船1隻、掃海艇1隻が沈没した。約3時間後に船舶兵らによって救助されるまで今村は重油の流出した海で漂流、第1次上陸部隊の揚陸後で死者は100名に抑えられたものの、遠距離用無線機や暗号表は海没しジャワ島中中部・東部に上陸した別働隊への直接指揮が5日もの間不能となるなど多大な損害を被った。
    • 上陸作戦後、誤射という海軍の大失態が判明し後日司令部揃って謝罪に来た海軍指揮官に対し、今村は快く謝罪を受け入れたうえ同士討ちの事実を隠蔽することを提案したといわれる。事実、帝国陸軍は軍司令官を日本軍の虎の子的存在である特種船「神洲丸」とともに沈められたこの事件を不問に処し、海軍の名誉に傷をつけぬよう「神州丸」以下の沈没は連合軍の駆逐艦や爆撃機の攻撃によるものとし、責任追及も行っていない。
    • 以下は上陸後の3月1日15時50分および54分に、海軍に対して今村が送った謝辞である[13]

二月二十八日夜貴戦隊海戦ノ赫々タル戦果ヲ慶祝シ併セテ当軍主力ノ戦闘ニ対スル献身的【一字不明】協力ヲ深謝ス

第16軍司令官今村均陸軍中将(第5水雷戦隊・第7戦隊司令官に対し)

  • 今村は文学少年であり、陸軍士官学校時代から聖書や『歎異抄』を愛読していた。部下にもしばしば読むことを薦めていた[14]
  • 漫画家水木しげるは、兵役でラバウルに居た際に視察に来た今村から言葉をかけられたことがある。その時の印象について水木は「私の会った人の中で一番温かさを感じる人だった」と評している[15]
  • 国鉄スワローズ(現・東京ヤクルトスワローズ)が、産経新聞フジテレビの意向で本拠地を明治神宮野球場に隣接する第2球場に移転しようとした際、日本学生野球協会が反対の意向を表明、国会でも問題となり、更には右翼団体までもが動くという状況の中、反対派に担ぎ出されたという[16]
  • 小説家の司馬遼太郎がその著作で乃木希典を軍事的無能と評したことに対して、今村は読売新聞に「乃木将軍は無能ではない」と題する文章を寄稿している。
  • 今村によるジャワ占領下の軍政について、現在でもインドネシアの歴史教科書にも掲載されて評価を受けている。
  • 戦陣訓島崎藤村などの意見を入れながら作成した。後に、よい話を入れようとし過ぎて長過ぎるものになったことが失敗であったと述懐している。
  • 自衛隊で陸将補となった冨澤暉は今村から「ラバウルのことが一段落した後、責任を取って自決しようとしたが薬が古くなっていて死ねなかった。」との証言を聞いたと話している。[17]

著書

  • 『今村均回顧録』 正・続 (芙蓉書房出版、新版1993年)
入獄中に書き始め、出獄して4年後に完成した。様々な版で刊行された。

今村均に関連する書籍

脚注

  1. ^ この時の学科試験で今村と机が一緒になったのが本間雅晴であった。これが親友となるきっかけとなり、以降も駐英武官時や戦時に一層本間と親交を深める事となる。
  2. ^ 夜尿の傾向はその後も続き、それに伴う睡眠不足に生涯悩まされることになる。
  3. ^ 陸軍大学校卒業後、しばらくして今村自身が当時の岩尾教官に会い、事を尋ねてみると「(教官の集まりにおいて)あそこまで居眠りをしてしまっているものの、成績はすこぶる良く本人も寝たくて寝たいわけではなさそうだ、もしかしたら何か病気持ちなのだろう。という結論に達して特に叱る事はしなくなった」と事の真相を教えられ、今村は教官達に感謝した。
  4. ^ 同期生には本間雅晴や東條英機がおり、本間は3番、東條は11番の成績で卒業した。
  5. ^ この時杉山から「バターン攻略に難航した本間雅晴軍司令官を大本営は更迭する予定である」と聞かされた際に、今村は杉山に対し「バターン攻略の難航は大本営の認識・指導不足に因るところが多く、兵力不足の状態でバターン占領を急かされてしまった不遇の本間にのみ責任を被せるというのは酷すぎる。」と大本営を鋭く批判し、本間を強くかばい杉山をある程度軟化させた。
  6. ^ 左遷に近いものであり、これは杉山参謀総長の叱責がその遠因でないかという説もある。後任の原田熊吉中将は今村とは逆に、強圧的な統治を行ったため、ジャワでは抗日ゲリラの動きが活発になった。
  7. ^ 今村着任時の夕食会で「大本営がラバウルの陸海共同作戦を担当する司令官が君(今村)だと聞いた時は、誰だか同じ様なものの何だか安心なような気がした。遠慮や気兼ね無しに話し合えるからな」と陸海軍の側近らの前で話した。
  8. ^ 早々から自給自足を提唱していた今村ら陸軍に対し、海軍は当初は冷淡な対応であったが、戦局悪化に伴い作物の栽培に関して陸軍に教えを請う事になる。
  9. ^ 第8方面軍経理部部員だった主計大尉によれば、敵機の数は1919年1月2979機、2月2732機。
  10. ^ これらの為に米軍が失った兵力は300名程度であった。C.Wニミッツ著『ニミッツの太平洋海戦史』恒文社 p196
  11. ^ 本来、オーストラリア軍は戦時中の汚名を雪ぐために何としても今村を死刑にしようとしたが、戦時中の今村の軍政、軍事指揮の中には死刑にする口実を見出せなかった為に無理矢理罪名を被せて何とか懲役刑にしたという。一説には今村を死刑にすることによって現地住民が蜂起することを恐れたともいわれる。
  12. ^ 今村が戦後連合軍に囚われた際、スカルノを指導者とするインドネシア独立軍による救出作戦の計画があり(今村本人が謝絶)、現地住民の多くは裁判で今村を擁護した。また今村は部下の裁判に率先して弁護に赴いては「戦時中の全ての責任は自分にある。部下には責任は全く無い」旨の証言を繰り返して部下を擁護し、それにより刑が減軽されたり無罪になった部下も多かった。
  13. ^ 第5水雷戦隊司令部「昭和十七年一月一日~昭和十七年三月十九日 第五水雷戦隊戦時日誌」 アジア歴史資料センター、Ref.C08030119100
  14. ^ 『歴史街道』2000年9月増刊号
  15. ^ 水木しげる「カランコロン漂泊記」小学館文庫
  16. ^ 『ヤクルトスワローズ球団史』徳永喜男・元同球団代表
  17. ^ 『文藝春秋』2014年12月号「巻頭随筆」

関連項目

外部リンク


軍職
先代:
安藤利吉
第5師団長
第11代:1938年11月9日 - 1940年3月9日
次代:
中村明人
先代:
-
第23軍司令官
初代:1941年6月28日 - 同11月6日
次代:
酒井隆
先代:
-
第16軍司令官
初代:1941年11月6日 - 1942年11月9日
次代:
原田熊吉

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