Yuan
| Yuan | |
|---|---|
| People 币 | |
| ISO 4217 Cord | CNY RMB |
| The central bank | People's Bank of China |
| Website | |
| Formula Use country, area |  China Zimbabwe |
| Unofficial use Country, area |  Hong Kong Macao (Macao) North Korea State of Mongolia Myanmar |
| Inflation rate | 1.5% |
| Source of information | The World Factbook, 2006 |
| Fixed rate | Basket of currencies system |
| Subsidiary units | |
| 1/10 | Corner |
| 1/100 | Share |
| Currency sign | \ |
| Popular name | 块 |
| Corner | Hair |
| The plural form | The language of this currency does not have the morphologic plural form distinction. |
| Coin | |
| I circulate widely | 1, five angles, 1 yuan |
| The circulation is rare | 1, 2, five minutes |
| Paper money | |
| I circulate widely | 1, five angles, 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 yuan |
| The circulation is rare | Two angles, 2 yuan |
 | I sell colors in this item. Depending on reading environment a color appropriately I may not be displayed. |
Yuan (pitch a camp do not see it appear) is people 币 which is the currency which People's Bank of China which is the central bank of the People's Republic of China publishes (RMB, wall, Rénmínbì, レンミンビィ not to see to pitch a camp at); [1]. The cable address is RMB or CNY of the currency cord in ISO 4217. Before currency amount using \ (Japanese yen sign) [1]. In addition, in Hong Kong and Macao, the Hong Kong dollar that is an individual currency unit and Macao pataca are published.
General statement
To publication, circulating paper money, it is really transcribed a credit into "圆". Because it is a custom, it is called "yuan" that pronunciation assigns "the cause" with a little number of strokes to "圆" in same "yuán".
In addition, in Chinese, use spoken language and a unit of money properly in the written language; in the spoken language "the cause" "块 (lump) call it with クァイ". Originally "the lump" comes from that silver bullion was used as a currency.
"A minute" is spent for the subsidiary units of "the cause" "a corner" and is 1 yuan = ten angles = 100 minutes. "The corner" was "hair" in the spoken language, and "毫" indicating little amount was abbreviated to "hair" [2]. I still call it 毫 by Cantonese and become the formal currency unit in Hong Kong and Macao.
Until 1994, an origin of conversion that I could change for foreign currency was published separately from yuan.
History
Prehistory
From the Japan-China War era about the history of the Chinese currency before the yuan introduction by the People's Republic of China
The Chinese Communist Party published an original currency in the chieftaincy (liberated area). It is thought that the portent is a currency started in 井崗山一帯 in circulation ticket and April, 1928 when the trust Cooperative Society which association of farmer affiliated with the Communist Party runs for the first Kuomintang-Communist collaboration era started it, but it is thought that the system of the Chinese food Soviet Union republic established in November, 1931 was a basic currency system before the People's Republic of China establishment. Since Chinese Soviet Union Republic, the Communist Party liberated area did not have an extensive unity and the area beyond the rule of the Chinese Nationalist Party was dotted with small liberated areas and did not show an extensive unity. Therefore an issuing bank (the Soviet Union Bank / Soviet Union Government agriculture and industry bank) which gave coining facilities and a currency every area existed, and each published an original currency. Paper money and copper former vote (origin of 10 copper), 制銭票 (.3 one skewer) were used in Chinese Soviet Union Republic for .500 sentences .200 sentences copper coin, 1 yuan .5 angles .2 angles .1 angles .5 minutes for .1 minutes for 1 yuan .2 angles silver coin, five minutes. This did not have the big change in Yan'an (陝甘寧辺区) of 長征後 of 1935 either. A currency system was organized on the extension of the conventional system afterwards as a liberated area of the Communist Party called the side ward spread through anti-Japanese movement struggle in the Japan-China War. In other words, the side ward bank which was an issuing bank was established by a side ward unit newly and let the thing which gave you permission particularly among a side ward bank and a trading company, the stores where the Communist Party-led was installed in published paper money called 辺幣 (辺鈔, 抗幣) and use in the side ward concerned. It was published in a side ward of each place, and 辺幣 more than 20 kinds was published in the golden age since 辺幣 was published first in 晋察冀辺区 around Godaisan on March 20, 1938. This was placed as the offensive from an economic aspect for Chiang Kai-shek Administration and 汪兆銘政権, and, in fact, traffic increased with the expansion of the Communist Party side ward. However, the examples that the side wards that there was in each place in the process of the country cocivil war contacted with increased, and not only the money ticket of Nationalist China (the Chiang Kai-shek Administration) but also plural 辺幣 came to be mixed. The Communist Party planned the unification of the issuing bank by the unification of the side ward bank and the issue of new currency for 辺幣 for this situation. This is yuan [3].
Publication and redenomination practice of first yuan
People's Bank of China started a business in Shijiazhuang that was under the control of the Communist Party at the time of December 1, 1948, and a first yuan bill was published [4]. The denomination was 62 kinds from 1 yuan to up to 50,000 yuan. The reason why big face value of 50,000 yuan was necessary is that high inflation continued under the influence of hyperinflation before the founding of a country [4]. Person in charge (the later first representation head) 南漢宸 at the time stated, "the publication system of the RMB is supported by cereals, cotton cloth, others means of production that the liberated area people demanded not a thing based on a noble metal and foreign currency and production" and declared the creation of the new managed currency system to assume trust brought about by smooth use of the socialist economy a base. The start of yuan resulted in difficulty in unexpected form after this. I aimed for what I did to the currency system which I arranged 辺幣 of North China, sinter east which Communist Party and People's Bank of China expected the prolongation of the country cocivil war at first, and the Communist Party grasped now, the northwest and unified, and the abolition of 辺幣 and mutual currency measures of 各辺幣 were performed from January of the year before People's Bank of China started and were going to gradually change it to yuan by six kinds of 1 yuan .5 yuan .10 yuan .20 yuan .50 yuan .100 yuan. However, the offensive of the Communist Party forces got into full swing more these days, and expansion of the Communist Party power advanced more than expected, and the collection problem of the money ticket of Nationalist China surfaced. Therefore the fractional currencies such as 1 yuan .5 yuan perform postponement (I publish it in January, 1949 and start) of publication for the time being, and maintenance of conventional 辺幣 will be pressed for. Collection and exchange of the RMB were carried out from January, 1949, and 辺幣 of each place was almost completed with Xinjiang province of November, 1951. In addition, the collection of the money ticket got into full swing after Shanghai occupation of May, 1949, too. In addition, they were required to do it to the foreign currency account of the people bank whether the circulation was stopped, and foreign currency and the gold and silver changed the former for yuan in 公定比価, and, as for the latter, a thing and the export to use for the business of the thing which private enterprise possession was permitted were forbidden, and import and the country movement were done with a permission system. I succeeded in unification of yuan in the mainland from a start of yuan in approximately two years. But yuan was not stable, and, as for the prices, 75 doubled by a civil war and immediate development to the later People's Republic of China construction in one year of 1949. But resistance of the nation government troop in mainland China was finished in March, 1950, and cash management systems to forbid that "Mihira policy" to aim at three equilibrium of the important supplies supply and demand, state organ cash flow the national finance income and expenditure again in the same month was started, and a fruit unit and the nation held cash more than the amount of uniformity without permission in the occasion that was the value standards such as prices (allowed to leave a surplus at the people bank as a deposit) were introduced. The inflation went to the convergence tendency, but 50,000 yuan was in this way published in 10,000 yuan, 1953 in 1950 without coming to return to a price before the inflation. Paper money was published yuan for the second generation in March, 1955. Because prices were stable, I carried out redenomination with newly-issued bank note publication [4]. Yuan did the face value of the paper money with to up to 10 yuan from (0.01 yuan) at the ratio to assume first yuan 10,000 yuan yuan 1 yuan for the second generation for one minute for the second generation [4]. By redenomination, the domestic prices notation became the appearance that returned in 1937 before the Japan-China War [4]; [3].
Times of the central control by the government
In the bottom of the planned economy system, the government dealt with all the foreign currency trading [5]. I ran economy by the policy of "independent independence, the own strength rebirth" that China of this time did not borrow foreign currency and did not accept foreign investment [5]. The limited trade transaction was full-scale plan trade by the government, and the foreign currency was central control by the government including trade loss filling [5]. Yuan was fixed to 1 U.S. dollar = 2.4618 yuan from 1955 through 1971 [5]. Because many countries changed it to the floating rate system after collapse of the Bretton Woods regime, and China prevented the adverse effects by the drop of the U.S. dollar value, I switched over from the U.S. dollar peg to "a basket of currencies system" in 1973 [5].
Times of the double market price system
Overseas Chinese and the foreign tourists who came to China by reform and opening up from the foreign countries increased [6]. China introduced a foreign currency "convertible note" system for these overseas Chinese and foreigners [6]. The convertible note displayed it in value of yuan, but had the function that I could change between foreign currency freely [6]. I was not able to change general yuan for foreign currency. When the foreigner changed foreign currency for a convertible note and could not use it, I changed it for foreign currency and was able to go back up. It was a doubleness market price system that the yuan exchange system that China established in 1981 founded trade settlement inside rate in past 公定 rate and let you run side by side [6]. The trade settlement inside rate was decided in a standard of 1 U.S. dollar = 2.8 yuan depending on the situation of the trade whereas 公定 rate was at a standard of 1 U.S. dollar = 1.5 yuan [6]. It was a theory of the trade purchasing power parity to have referred to. I compared the inside and outside the country price of product traded by real international trade and was decided [6]. As a result of, in addition, having adjusted it, using mean foreign exchange exchange cost traded by international trade at the time, the trade settlement inside rate did 10% of profit with 1 U.S. dollar = 2.8 yuan in the company [6]. In 1984, I reviewed prices system in China [7]. Reform was necessary by having switched that the domestic prices were established all for the previous planned economy era by the Price Bureau to a market economy. Prices system reform made a start by "decision about the Chinese Communist Party center economic reform" of the announcement in the same year. Two folds of China announced the market price system をの abolition as the part on January 1, 1985 and unified yuan exchange rates [7]. The 公定 rate set it to previous trade settlement inside rate 1 U.S. dollar = 2.8 yuan. The yuan exchange rate was devaluated with a rise in export foreign exchange exchange cost progressively afterwards [7]. It was 1 U.S. dollar = 5.8 yuan at the end of 1993. On the other hand, foreign exchange adjustment center between companies with the trade that started in 1980 was born, and a foreign exchange adjustment center was established afterwards in each place [7]. China was in the double market price system again in 1998 [7]. It was double speculation of business rate and the 公定 rate in the foreign exchange adjustment center [7].
Yuan reform and introduction of yuan revaluation, the management fluctuating rate
On July 21, 2005, the Chinese government announced the enforcement of the currency system reform. I announced that a new yuan currency system was "the management floating rate system to coordinate a market economy in reference to basket of currencies in the basics" [8]. The fixed exchange rate system of yuan that lasted since 1998 for U.S. dollars came to an end [8]. The shift to a new system rounded off rates of yuan for U.S. dollars and above to the next whole number from 1 U.S. dollar = 8.26 yuan to 1 U.S. dollar 8.11 yuan by approximately 2% [8]. Yuan will fluctuate by constant width every day afterwards [8]. The new system announced then is characteristic at a point "regulating in reference to basket of currencies", and it lets yuan link the basket consisting of not only the U.S. dollar 1 currency but also the plural currencies [9]. I take the specific gravity of each currency in each basket to calculate a rate of change of yuan vs. the U.S. dollar. The contents of the basket of currencies are not announced [9]. However, with the thing which mentioned the contents of the basket by the speech that President lap Ogawa performed on August 10, 2005 [9]. According to it, it is said, "the bedrock about the choice of the basket currency decides a kind and the ratio of currency by the specific gravity of the trade balance in consideration of the main other country, currency of the area of the international current balance of China" [10]. Furthermore, I stated, "the U.S. dollar, the euro, Japanese yen, won were the main constitution currencies of the basket and were important to the dollar, U.K. pound of Singapore, Malaysia ringgit, the Russia Louvre, Australian dollar, Thailand bhat, the Canadian dollar and I cannot ignore the other country currencies more than trade a total of 10 billion dollars" [10]. If adopt a pure basket of currencies system; theoretically of yuan lifting and lowering it by the specific gravity average of the change of each basket currency for U.S. dollars it is expected, but is a management market price system "adjusting the currency system to in reference to basket of currencies" to the last newly that People's Bank of China announced, and mean that adjust it by the judgment of the authorities [10].
Trade settlement
The yuan-based trade settlement was not accepted, but yuan between the Chinese company which received a company and the permission of some countries such as Hong Kong, Macao or the ASEAN countries based on "跨境貿易人民幣結算試点管理弁法" which government-affiliated six organizations including People's Bank of China promulgated in July, 2009 was built, and the trade settlement was started experimentally [11]; [12].
Direct trade
In June, 2014, People's Bank of China announced the start of the direct trade of pound and yuan [13]. The direct trade becomes 5 currency eyes next to the Australia dollar, the New Zealand dollar, Japanese yen, the U.S. dollar.
Yuan and SDR constitution currency
China which became the economic scale of the second place of the world has begun to show the movement that was going to open the about 2015 person Minjian settlement [14]. In November, 2015, International Monetary Fund (IMF) greeted the review time of the constitution currency of "the SDR" (Special Drawing Right, SDR) once in five years [14]; [15].
"An SDR" is assigned to the IMF member nation according to the amount of investment, and it is the structure which exchanges it in the emergency such as currency crises, and can draw foreign currency [14]. At the point in time until October, 2015, value is fixed with the U.S. dollar, Japanese Yen, the euro, the U.K. pound exchange rate, but if this increases yuan, the trust as the currency of yuan increases, and at the same time original globalization is accompanied by a spring [14]; [15]. In the case of SDR examination of 2010, there was the process that yuan was shelved by constitution, and China gave all power for this [15].
At first China changed a system to make much of a closing price the day before, and to decide the original standard value against the U.S. dollar and, in August, 2015, performed substantial devaluation of yuan [15]. In September of the year, 李克強首相 stated, "this is because it carried out the international responsibility that China expected the participation to the constitution currency of the SDR and held this to gradually globalize yuan and did not appear and should carry as a large country of developing countries." in an international conference in Dalian [14].
In contrast, the financing charge cabinet minister of the Buddha British two countries entered Beijing in succession and expressed support to entering constitution currency of the SDR of yuan [14]. IMFも上述制度変更を「中国が基準を満たすための必要なステップを踏むことが、最も重要だ」として評価した[14]。 これに対し日本と米国は慎重姿勢であり、特に2015年の人民元の切り下げに関してルー財務長官は、米紙への寄稿で「最近の為替政策の急激な変更で、人民元は対米ドルで3パーセント下落し、世界の金融市場の混乱を招いた」としてクギを刺し[14]、日本の麻生太郎財務大臣兼金融担当大臣も会見で「人民元が国際通貨になることは決して悪くない」としつつ「突然、政府が介入するというようなことをやっている間は、大丈夫かということになる」と苦言を呈した[16]。
2015年10月27日朝日新聞夕刊の報道によると、IMF関係者が同年同月26日、「一連の中国当局による人民元自由化の動きはポジティブだ。最終判断は理事会で決まるが、採用の方向になるだろう」と話したとされる[17]。IMF報道官も、「意思決定はされていない」としつつ、「スタッフが来月の理事会に向けた報告書の最終調整をしている」とコメントしたともされ、特別引出権の構成通貨に人民元が採用される見通しとなったと報じた[17]。
この背景には、かつての中国が抱えていた、為替レートや金利、資本取引を巡る規制の多さという問題の解消があげられる[18]。2015年10月23日預金金利の上限規則を撤廃すると発表し、完全自由化を目指していることを国際社会へ改革姿勢をアピールしたことなどが評価されたとされる[18]。欧州などが賛成する中、米国のルー財務長官も支持に回り[19][18]、日本の麻生財務相も容認に傾いた[20][21][22]。11月13日IMFは、人民元のSDRへの採用を妥当とした報告書を理事会に提出した[23]。
中国人民銀行は翌11月14日に、「SDRに人民元が加われば、SDRの魅力が高まり、世界と中国双方に利益になる」との談話を発表した[23]。11月30日のIMF理事会はSDR採用を決定、関係筋は全会一致[24]としており、かつて慎重派だった日米政府も歓迎を表明した[25][26]。
11月30日、IMF理事会は2016年10月からのSDRの構成通貨に、人民元を加えることを正式に決めた[27]。SDRの価値を計算する際の構成比については、米ドル41.73パーセント、ユーロ30.93パーセント、人民元10.92パーセント、日本円8.33パーセント、英ポンド8.09パーセントとした。SDRは市場で取引されているものではなく、実際の為替市場への影響は少ないと見られている[27]。
ラガルド専務理事、同日、「世界の金融システムに中国経済を融合する上で重要な一里塚だ」と指摘した[27]。中国の過去数年の金融改革を評価したうえで、さらなる改革を求めた[27]。今回の決定は象徴的な意味合いが大きいが、IMFから「お墨付き」が得られたことで、人民元の利用が広がる可能性がある[27]。SDR構成通貨入りの条件としては、その通貨を持つ国や地域の「輸出額の大きさ」と「通貨が自由に取引できるかどうか」の2つが判断基準である[27]。
世界最大の貿易額を誇る中国は「輸出額」の条件は5年前にクリアしており、取引の自由度についても、今回の見直し期には基準を満たしたと判断された[27]。ただ、中国は投資目的などでは国境を越えた人民元のやり取りを現在でも規制しており、完全に自由に使える通貨とは言えない面もある[27]。
構成比に関してドル、ユーロに次ぐ第3の通貨の地位を認められたのは、IMFが輸出の規模や各国が持つ外貨準備に加え、為替市場での取引額なども考慮したからである[28]。貿易などで使われる割合の順位で、人民元は急上昇している。銀行間のネットワークを運営する国際銀行間通信協会（SWIFT）によると、人民元は2010年は割合の順位が35位であり、割合もわずか0.03パーセントにすぎなかったのが、2015年8月になると順位にして4位、割合にして2パーセントとなっていた[28]。
人民元の国際化
中国人民銀行は2015年12月23日、人民元の国際化を加速させる目的で、人民元取引が増えているヨーロッパの金融機関に配慮して2016年1月4日より、人民元取引時間をそれまでの7時間から14時間に倍増させると、発表した[29]。上海での外国為替市場での人民元取引の終了時間は、それまでは午後4時半であったが、午後11時半に繰り下げるとした[29]。
現在流通している紙幣
1999年10月1日より建国50周年を記念し第5版（セット）の発行が始まり、その後2005年8月31日より第5版改訂版の発行が始まっている。また、偽造紙幣の多い100元紙幣のみ2015年11月12日から2回目の改訂版が発行された。ユーリオン模様を導入するなど、第4版に比べ、偽造対策と耐久性の向上が図られている。デザインは、表面にすべて毛沢東の肖像画、漢数字表記の背景に中国でよく使われる花の図案化を使用。裏面にはモンゴル文字（モンゴル語）、チベット文字（チベット語）、アラビア文字（ウイグル語）、アルファベット（チワン語）が表記されている。毛沢東の肖像が単独で用いられたのは第5版からであり、それ以前の第4版は満州族、モンゴル族、漢民族、回族、高山族、プイ族、朝鮮族、チワン族、チベット族、ウイグル族、イ族、トン族、ミャオ族といった少数民族の肖像が多く、毛沢東の肖像は周恩来、劉少奇、朱徳とともに描かれた100元のみだった。第5版としては1元以上の6種類。但し現在、以前の版の小額紙幣も流通している。現在有効なのは第5版と第4版および、第2版のうち分単位の紙幣である。第3版と、第2版のうち元と角単位の紙幣は廃止されている。第1版は1953年に行われた10000分の1のデノミネーションにより廃止されている。なお、第2版の「分」単位の紙幣は2007年4月1日に市場での流通が停止となった。現在は1角以上まとまった場合に限り、指定金融機関で角以上の紙幣との交換が可能となっている。
第5版人民幣
| 額面 | サイズ | 主要な色 | 肖像画 | 裏面のモチーフ | 漢数字背景 | 発行年月日 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 100元 | | | | | | |
| 50元 | | | | | | |
| 20元 | | | | | | |
| 10元 | | | | | | |
| 5元 | | | | | | |
| 1元 | | | | | | |
第4版人民幣
- 5角（1980年第4版）
- 1角（1980年第4版）
過去の版（現在も有効）
- 100元（1980年第4版・1990年第4版改訂版）
- 50元（1980年第4版・1990年第4版改訂版）
- 10元（1980年第4版）
- 5元（1980年第4版）
- 2元（1980年第4版・1990年第4版改訂版）
- 1元（1980年第4版・1990年第4版改訂一回目・1996年第4版改訂二回目）
- 2角（1980年第4版）
- 5分（1953年第2版・2007年4月1日に市場での流通停止）
- 2分（1953年第2版・2007年4月1日に市場での流通停止）
- 1分（1953年第2版・2007年4月1日に市場での流通停止）
現在流通している硬貨
- 1元(2000年10月16日より第5版発行)
- 5角(2002年11月18日より第5版発行)
- 1角(2000年10月16日より第5版発行)
- 5分
- 2分
- 1分
偽札問題
中華人民共和国では、2014年現在でも100元、50元、20元、10元、5元の紙幣と1元のコインで偽札・偽硬貨が、相当数流通している。そのため、特に偽札が出回る高額紙幣の100元紙幣を渡したときは、受け取り側は、念入りに見て透かしなどを確認したり、手で擦ってインクが滲まないかを確認する。紙幣識別機を備えた店舗もある。
ATMでも、支払い紙幣に偽札が出てくる場合もあり、偽札の場合は、その場を動かずATM脇の監視カメラに向かって「偽札申告」をしなければ、真札と交換して貰えない。50元紙幣は、旅行者がお釣りや両替商の支払い紙幣として受け取る可能性が高いため、注意が必要である。なお、気がつかずに偽札を受け取った場合、罪に問われることはないが偽札は没収される。補償は一切ない。
2015年9月中旬には、広東省恵州市にて、新中国建国以来最大規模の偽札事件が公安当局に摘発された[30]。最高額紙幣の100元札で2億1000万元（約39億8000万円）分の偽札（重ねると66階建てのビルに相当する）が押収された[30]。偽札印刷工場は、摘発を防ぐため別目的の工場内に密かに作られており、事務所の書棚を押すと隠し通路が現れる仕組みだったという[30]。
『広州日報』によると押収額、容疑者数（29人）とも、1949年の新中国建国以来過去最大という[30]。中国では2015年11月12日に、最新の偽札防止策を施した新100元札が発行されたので、偽造グループは「最後の機会」として、偽札をフル生産していた[30]。
為替レート
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| 対ドル | 対円 |
参考：ニューヨーク連邦準備銀行のForeign Exchange Rates Historical Search。
| 現在のCNYの為替レート | |
|---|---|
| Yahoo!ファイナンス: | AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD |
| Google Finance: | AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD |
| OzForex: | AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD |
| XE.com: | AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD |
| OANDA.com: | AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD |
脚注
- ^ a b 張（2012年）40ページ
- ^ 本位货币"元"的来历
- ^ a b 『体系金融大辞典』（東洋経済新報社、1971年） ISBN 978-4-492-01005-1 第Ⅻ 貨幣金融制度（各国）7.中国 a通貨制度（執筆者:宮下忠雄）
- ^ a b c d e 張（2012年）41ページ
- ^ a b c d e 張（2012年）42ページ
- ^ a b c d e f g 張（2012年）43ページ
- ^ a b c d e f 張（2012年）44ページ
- ^ a b c d 張（2012年）45ページ
- ^ a b c 張（2012年）47ページ
- ^ a b c 張（2012年）49ページ
- ^ "中国大陸と香港、人民元建て貿易決済開始"、中国国際放送局、チャイナネット、2009年7月6日発信（2009年7月29日閲覧）
- ^ 中国人民銀行他『跨境貿易人民幣結算試点管理弁法』2009年7月1日公布（日本語では「人民元建て貿易決済の試行に関する管理規則」や「クロスボーダー貿易人民幣決済試行管理弁法」などと翻訳されている）
- ^ "人民元・英ポンドの直接取引、19日に開始－元利用拡大を推進". ブルームバーグ. (2014年6月18日)
- ^ a b c d e f g h 朝日新聞（2015年9月24日）
- ^ a b c d 朝日新聞（2015年9月25日）
- ^ "麻生財務相「大丈夫か」 人民元の国際通貨認定にクギ刺す". 産経新聞 (2015年10月2日). 2015年12月1日閲覧。
- ^ a b 朝日新聞（2015年10月27日夕刊）
- ^ a b c 朝日新聞（2015年10月28日朝刊）
- ^ "米国、人民元のSDR採用を支持 ルー財務長官が中国副首相に伝達". ロイター (2015年11月7日). 2015年12月1日閲覧。
- ^ "財務相、ＩＭＦの人民元採用「悪いことではない」". 日本経済新聞 (2015年11月20日). 2015年12月1日閲覧。
- ^ "人民元のSDR入り、信頼できる通貨増えるのは良いこと". ロイター (2015年10月27日). 2015年12月1日閲覧。
- ^ "日本にも人民元決済銀を＝中国財政相に要請－麻生氏". 時事通信 (2015年10月9日). 2015年12月1日閲覧。
- ^ a b 朝日新聞（2015年11月15日朝刊）
- ^ "ＩＭＦ、人民元のSDR採用を決定". ロイター (2015年12月1日). 2015年12月1日閲覧。
- ^ "麻生財務相、人民元のSDR入り「民間取引に直接影響はない」". 日本経済新聞 (2015年12月1日). 2015年12月1日閲覧。
- ^ "人民元の基準通貨入り支持＝米財務省". 時事通信 (2015年12月1日). 2015年12月1日閲覧。
- ^ a b c d e f g h 朝日新聞（2015年12月1日夕刊）
- ^ a b 朝日新聞（2015年12月2日朝刊）
- ^ a b 朝日新聞（2015年12月24日朝刊）
- ^ a b c d e 朝日新聞2015年9月25日朝刊11面（国際面）
参考文献
- 張秋華著、太田康夫監修『中国の金融システム 貨幣政策、資本市場、金融セクター』（2012年）日本経済新聞出版社
- 田村秀男著『人民元・ドル・円』（2004年）岩波新書
- 朝日新聞2015年9月24日朝刊「円が移す戦後70年（下）進まなかった『国際化』」
- 朝日新聞2015年9月25日朝刊「人民元主要通貨へ地固め 習主席訪米の焦点」
- 朝日新聞2015年11月15日朝刊「人民元「主要通貨」IMF、30日決定」
- 朝日新聞2015年12月1日夕刊第1面「人民元、『主要通貨』3位に 円を上回る IMF採用決定」
- 朝日新聞2015年12月2日朝刊第3面「人民元台頭『第3の通貨』 主要通貨入り 構成比、円上回る」
- 朝日新聞2015年12月24日朝刊第4面「中国人民元の取引時間倍増」
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