Function electronic calculator
A function electronic calculator (かんすうでんたく) is an electronic calculator designed for a calculation about science, engineering, mathematics. Conventionally, the slide rule is used by the use that I used widely, and even the field of education is used well. Because the calculation of various functions is possible, I am called by Japanese in this way, but a name called scientific calculator is common in English.
It is replaced a graph electronic calculator in the field of European and American higher education. The graph electronic calculator includes the function as a function electronic calculator and the program electronic calculator and can draw a graph (the graph of the function to statistical chart, chart) based on input data more. The function electronic calculator has a part to overlap the electronic calculator for money market.
Hewlett Packard, Texas Instruments, CASIO COMPUTER Co., Ltd. are sharp, and a main maker includes Canon.
Function
The function electronic calculator includes a function more large number of than the electronic calculator which only addition, subtraction, multiplication and division operation and percentage can calculate.
As difference in method that is basic other than the addition of the function,
- Internal numerical value is a floating point method, and the value that absolute value is extreme is performed scientific notation of
- Addition and subtraction and 乗除算 are not calculated by input order like a common electronic calculator, and 乗除算 which I input later than addition and subtraction input earlier is given priority to
- I can input a parenthesis to appoint priority
With the point unlike といった, a general electronic calculator (in the case of inverted Polish notation order, is different).
The function equipped with varies according to a maker and a model, but many function electronic calculators include the following functions and the function.
- Logarithm (a natural logarithm and common logarithm)
- Trigonometric function (it may be equipped with hyperbolic function)
- 冪乗 and 冪根 (including the square root)
- I can input the fixed number such as pi or the number of Napier quickly.
- I possess several memory.
Furthermore, I include the following functions with the higher model.
- The binary scale, octal system, a calculation by the hexadecimal notation. Basic Boolean operation
- Complex number
- I calculate a fraction and an equation according to notation
- Division with the rest
- Reduction to its lowest terms and reduction to a common denominator
- Interconversion of an improper fraction and a mixed fraction, a fraction and the decimal
- Degree instant (time) calculation
- Numerical value rounding off function (decimal point fixation and cutting off, rounding off, close)
- Coordinate transformation (interconversion of an X-Y coordinate system and polar coordinates)
- Statistics calculation and probability calculation
- Calculus
- Conversion of the unit
- Outbreak of the random number
- Summons of the physical fixed number and mathematics fixed number
- Official summons
- Impedance calculation
- Calculation of the line
- List (vector) calculation
- Spreadsheet
- Finance calculation (compound interest calculation, loan calculation)
- Last answer memory (the function that I stick the answer that pushes = key last, and was settled on any place of the next calculating formula and can calculate)
- Recomputation that I change the value of the variable in the check of the calculating formula that it dates back to the past and a correction, the same calculating formula
- Numerical formula memory function
- I refer to programmable - program electronic calculator
- Graph drawing
- Data entry from a measure
- Printing to paper by the outside printer connection
- Projection to OHP and a telescreen
- Preservation as the user definition function of the calculating formula
- Preservation of a program and data
- Communication facility (with an equivalence model interval or the PC)
- Clock functions
Originally only one line of indication was possible like a common electronic calculator, and it was the indication from not more than ten columns to 12 columns, but there was the thing which had the figure for exclusive use of the index for floating point representation among them. The thing which was available for indication plurally came up, and the thing which displayed mathematical characters in natural form with a dot matrix display like a graph electronic calculator came up afterwards.
Use
When I want to calculate some kind of mathematics functions quickly, I am used widely. For example, I input it into a hand calculation or a mechanical calculator, and the trigonometric function calculated with reference to a number list, but came to be able to calculate by a function electronic calculator quickly. In addition, I may treat very widespread numerical value in astronomy, physics, the chemistry, and the function electronic calculator which can handle floating point number is used.
I am used well [the source required] in educational fronts of the mathematics to a university level by a junior high school, and I am often allowed in some qualifying examinations including the land and house investigator the carry-on of the function electronic calculator.
Models for engineering works engineers who assume the use the outdoors, and made much of waterproofing and impact resistance exist.
History
The first function electronic calculator which comprised all the above-mentioned basic functions is HP-9100A () (1968) of Hewlett Packard (HP) [1]. But I preceded it, and Wang LOCI-2 and Mathatronics Mathatron were equipped with part of function to be considered to be the function of the function electronic calculator later, too. The HP-9100 series is comprised of a transistor not an integrated circuit and realizes the calculation of the trigonometric function by the CORDIC () algorithm as a calculator for the individuals for the first time and is the electronic calculator which adopted an input method by the order of inverted Polish notation (RPN) for the first time. HP comes to adopt inverted Polish notation order with an electronic calculator widely and still adopts inverted Polish notation order as an input method of the defaults in the HP-48 () series of HP-12C and graph electronic calculator for finance afterwards.
HP-35 which came up on February 1, 1972 is the world's first handheld model function electronic calculator with an electronic calculator of the HP's first pocket size [2]. Like a desktop type function electronic calculator made in HP, I adopt inverted Polish notation order. The price was sold for 395 dollars until 1975. It releases a function electronic calculator such as HP-35s () and the HP-49 series () afterwards. HP-65 of 1974 is a program electronic calculator [3].
After Texas Instruments released some function electronic calculators of the desktop type, it released handheld-shaped function electronic calculator SR-50 on January 15, 1974 [4]. I continued showing presence in a function electronic calculator market, and the TI-30 () series (1976 -) was adopted widely afterwards in an educational front.
CASIO COMPUTER Co., Ltd. and Sharp are main makers of the function electronic calculator, too. The FX series (as for the first model FX-1[5] of 1972) of Casio sold well in schools. Casio is a graph electronic calculator market, but I play an active part, and FX-7000G () is known as the world's first graph electronic calculator.
For example, subsequently at first "1 4 input an argument like "sin", and, as for most function electronic calculators, in the case of the function of 1 argument, an input method of the order subsequently to push the button of the function was mainstream 3" once. When if is this method, find the immovable point of the cosine; "1" "cos" "cos" "cos"... You should ring のように repeatedly. A method to input in order of according to normal numerical formula (with according to according to format, formula) appeared later, and a numerical formula spread out from a displayed model. There is the maker which I have changed approximately all like Casio. By order same as this numerical formula street method writing a numerical formula from the left, for example, "sin" subsequently "3 operate it like 1 4". In contrast, the conventional method is called standard methods.
The method that fraction or the Kaiping sign called the numerical formula nature indication [6] are displayed like the scale in the general numerical formula from the late 2000s comes up.
After Windows7, the electronic calculator attached as accessories (application) becomes the function electronic calculator by changing indication. In addition, a function electronic calculator working on a browser appears when I search it with "a function electronic calculator" by the Google searching.
Footnote, source
- ^ HP-9100A/B at hpmuseum.org
- ^ HP-35 Scientific Calculator Awarded IEEE Milestone
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=ndQDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
- ^ SR-50 page at datamath.org
- ^ Casio FX-1 Desktop Scientific Calculator
- With ^ mathematics nature indication, ceremony street input indication, the textbook view. A case to have apart from input and the output when I have input and output in a mass by a maker is attention in there being it. In addition, Casio registers a trademark of "the mathematics nature indication" in 2004 (the registration number 4822181st)
Documents
- Take "function electronic calculator perfect guide revision first edition 遠藤雅守 for physical science people", and is; bookshop ISBN 978-4,863,340,756
Allied item
Outside link
- The Old Calculator Web Museum
- A guide for university students by the author of function electronic calculator select guide - "function electronic calculator perfect guide for physical science people."
- Programmable calculators – The site that comments on the specifications of various program electronic calculators and function electronic calculators
- Explanation in Japanese of the structure (CORDIC アルゴルズム) CORDIC algorithm of room - function electronic calculator of the function electronic calculator enthusiast
- The Museum of HP Calculators
- Museum site of the electronic calculator made in Datamath.org TI
- Electronic calculator collection made in the Soviet Digital Electronics Museum Soviet Union
- Online Scientific Calculator
- Online Calculators
This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Function electronic calculator
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