Utopia (book)
"Utopia" (the official name: Libellus vere aureus, nec minus salutaris quam festivus, de optimo rei publicae statu deque nova insula Utopia) writing [1] of 1516 due to the English Thomas moa.
If the title translates it literally, it is "my work of the true money which is useful like of the republican best state and utopia Niijima being fun", but is translated with "the best form of government of the society and my work useful happily about utopia Niijima" traditionally [2]; (refer to a title). "The utopia" is written in Latin, and the content is the frame story that described society, the religion of the island of the fiction, a social political custom mainly.
When the society which Thomas more talked about in this book is not at all really "complete society", modern people are taken in spite of an image to receive widely by the sound of the word "utopia". Rather the more expected a policy summary to compare usually different political thoughts of the land in the imagination and a policy in confusion in the reality world, and to argue about a European social problem and the thing that I did.
Title
It becomes "one of of the republican best state and a new island utopia" when I translate "De optimo rei publicae statu deque nova insula Utopia" (Latin: Dēoptimōreīpūblicae statūdēque novāīnsulāŪtopiā) of the title literally. This Latin is translated variously, and there is "about the best states of the new island of a federation and the utopia" about "the new island of with a kind of the republican best and the utopia" in "the new island of the utopia with the best state of the federation" about "a republic and the best state of the new island utopia" in "the republican best state and the new island of the utopia". If the present age is longer and translates "Libellus vere aureus, nec minus salutaris quam festivus, de optimo rei publicae statu deque nova insula Utopia", it is "a small book of the true money of of the state of the republican best that is useful like pleasant one and the new island utopia".
The word of "utopia" (Latin :Ūtopiā) consists of suffix "-iā" (-ία) seen in "non-ou" (οὐ) and "place topos" (τόπος), toponymy of the Greek well. In other words, with "Outopía" (Οὐτοπία, Latin "Ūtopia" emphasize the second syllable), "the place that is not where" means. I spell "a utopia" by initial Modern English with "Utopie" and become "Utopy" in today's some versions.
In English, I pronounce "Utopia" "Eutopia" (the latter is Greek Εὐτοπία[ Eutopiā], the will of "the good place" a prefix of the will of "it is good" "will be confused by English pronunciation of "οὐ" for εὐ- [eu-]) exactly [3], and the more speaks this with an appendix of writing "Wherfore not Utopie, but rather rightely my name is Eutopie, a place of felicitie" [4].
There is a way of thinking to suggest that it is really unrealizable while a utopia can be certain complete society as one interpretation.
Design
One volume: Question and answer of the discussion
The beginning of the work begins in some people whom Thomas more met on a continent, staff of city Peter Gilles of Antwerpen, letter which I exchanged with councillor Jerome bus lei den and others of the curl fifth. In the letter, there are the exchanges with the actual person, too. The more was going to thereby give the land of the fiction truthfulness. From a thought same as this, a letter sample and the poetry of the utopia are included in these letters. In addition, in the letter, it is explained that the trip to the utopia does not spread out, and somebody coughs about a utopia when longitude and the latitude that are correct in the scene which I described became the topic first. In Vol. 1, I investigate the matter that Raphael ヒュトロダエウス (hiss Roddy) of the traveler who invited more to Antwerpen becomes the topic then how you advise a prince.
In the first exchanges with Raphael, a modern disease has an influence on Europe, and King begins war and argues about continuing the expenditure that there is not that it is expected. In addition, I say that I can remove the eyewitness whom murder has better than a theft if I criticize execution for the theft, and the more is the same result anyway. When most of the problems of the theft enclose it that is he is due to doing a wall in the common, I do it. And it is said that poverty and the starvation of removed people began in the land after it for 牧羊.
When a job to make a proposal for King in the Royal Courts of Justice is found, the more is going to persuade Raphael. However, I say that one's thought is too radical, and Raphael will not be accepted. Raphael understands that it is philosophical, and King must act to establish self-government, but points it out as follows.
| " | Probably Plato would foresee enough, but I have a perverse nature and infect a brutal thought and am polluted unless the King devotes himself/herself to study of the philosophy since I will not at all completely authorize the council of the philosopher elsewhere, and the philosopher was young once. | " |
The more thinks about the duty that a philosopher should achieve in the real situation and expects that they begin from the rather first principle for better life even if there is the defect for political utilitarianism.
| " | ……As for them, somebody is going to keep one's peace in a court and may not endure that I consent tacitly to what somebody other does. Because you approve the worst defense lawyer barefacedly, and the person must consent to the most malicious plot and, as a result, it is a spy, a betrayer and must recognize such a wicked act. | " |
Two volumes: Statement about the utopia
The more set the position of the utopia in the new world and tied a trip of the discovery of Amerigo Vespucci in the real life to a trip to Lafer. He sets 24 Raphael to one of Vespucci whom there was and does it when I stayed in Brazilian カーボ Julio on the fourth trip of 1507 for half a year. Raphael goes out farther from there and arrives at the utopia island, and it is said that I observe the custom of people of the ground, and five years were over.
According to the more, the state of the utopia island is the following thing.
| " | ……After similar width continued at 200 miles in width in the largest place, the center part gradually narrows towards both ends. Both ends bend in a circle and create the circle of 500 miles of circumferences and they form the island of the crescent and become like the new moon [5]. | " |
The island was a peninsula at first, but a waterway of 15 miles of width is dug by a founder ユートパス king of the community, and I will be separated by the mainland. There are 54 towns in the island, and approximately 6,000 houses live in each. Capital アーモロート is located in the flat center of the island of the crescent. Each family is grouped by every 30 houses, and I am managed by "Syphograntus" (Styward). Styward is put under the control of "Traniborus" (Bencheater) by every ten groups. The mayor of each town is chosen from Bencheater. 10-16 adults live in each family and they locate it again so that the population of home and the town becomes equal and regulate the number of people. When the population of the island became superabundant, a colony is prepared for by the mainland. In addition, it can be over a colony if the mainland resident who settled in the colony of such a utopia once hopes. When it becomes the underpopulation, the colony settler is called back.
The possession of personal assets is not accepted in the utopia, and the articles which people need are kept by the warehouse. The key is not installed in the door of houses either, and the house to live in is fixed in the taking turns every ten years. The work that is the most important in an island is agriculture. I learn agriculture from men and women and have a duty to live in the countryside for two years, and to engage in farming. Parallel to this, all citizens have a duty to learn textile business (female oriented), joinery, Kaji, other important commerce at least one including the mason. These commerce is simplified consciously. For example, all people wear the deep-down fashion of the same design, and the supplier making elaborate clothes does not exist. The unemployment is exterminated to be liable for the work to a healthy citizen and becomes shortest in the working hours. As for people having to work, most no longer mind that they work only for six hours in a day. In the utopia society which oneself thought about, I employ a scholar to the civil authority and a clergyman, and the more lets the initial education of people hit it. It is recommended that all other citizens work hard for learning at time of the spare time.
A slave is indispensable to the life in the utopia, and it is said that by two people are placed in all families. A slave may be from other countries, or there is it in former criminals from utopia. Former criminal is tied to the gold chain. The money restricts a criminal in one of the national properties of this country and uses it for the thing which is not refined such as the chamber pot, and the citizen hates money and prevents simple sense of values from being spoiled it. Property hardly has importance and purchases necessities from the foreign countries and only makes use to purchase the nation fighting each other. The slave whom an act has good is emancipated regularly.
In the innovativeness of the utopia, there are other important things. Other than welfare systems such as the charge-free of medical expenses, the euthanasia that the nation accepted, a married clergyman, divorce, as for the penal regulations for the sex, in the case of a single life, the adultery of the life, social position was cut down on in before marriage by a slave. I had the meal in a local dining room, and the work of the serving meals was turned to every house in taking turns. All the members eat the same menu, but it is said that the food which is good for an old man and an executive is turned by the explanation of Raphael. Only the permit is enough to travel in Shimauchi, but it is said that I am dropped to the second by a slave even if the first is reprieved when permit なしが is found out. In addition, the lawyer does not exist, and the law is understood by all the members because it is simple and is established daringly, and there is not inevitability to hesitate about a judgment of the right and wrong.
In the island, heliolatry, the moon worship, the planet worship, ancestor's soul faith, the plural religion including the monotheistic religion are propagated, but each is tolerant of other religion. The atheism is permitted, but they are considered to be the menace to nation, and they are looked down only on. Both post mortem heaven and Hell are because they break law for the profit of oneself without the reason that is going to share the life of the communism of the utopia to the person whom I do not believe at all. Even if I am not expelled, the atheist discusses their wrong creeds with a clergyman, and it is recommended that I notice a mistake. It is said that Christianity has begun to spread among the utopias by oneself having told according to Raphael. The religion of the utopia is tolerant of faith of other religion, and all of utopia inhabitants attends with a one prayer type.
| " | ……However, I will think that they want to know the heart of the master if they are wrong, and the government is solid more, and there is religion to meet will of God more. | " |
Probably a woman is not given democracy if I say for a contemporary sense. The wife is limited in submission to a husband to engage in domestic work. Only the widow of slight number becomes a clergyman. The woman is still employed below the man while all the members have draft duty and confesses one's crime to a husband once a month. However, seeing from a modern standpoint, the role divided in two in a utopia by a woman may say that I am more liberal. In the utopia, gamble, hunting, makeup, all the astrology are prohibited.
Significance of the work
One of the most difficult problems includes the intention that Thomas more wrote this book about "a utopia". Ease of a divorce and the euthanasia to be introduced in "a utopia", the marriage of the clergyman, the woman clergyman are considered that there is it in the completely opposite acme of the creed of the more that is a religious Catholic. The concept about the freedom of religion contradicts the fact that was the Lord Chancellor that more attacked a pagan namely a Protestant eagerly. Similarly, probably the criticism about the lawyer is written based on the fact that was a lawyer with the power most in the U.K. at the same time as more is the Lord Chancellor. In addition, the communism-like lifestyle of the utopia was disproportionate to the more that was a rich landowner, but probably would be influenced by the colonization of the American continent by Spain. この時期のヨーロッパには、インカ帝国などの共産主義が、理想的な文明の話として響いたのである。
『ユートピア』はよく風刺と見なされ、ヨーロッパの人々がいかに正直かといった多くの冗談や余談が生まれた。通常それらは、質素かつ簡素なユートピアの社会と比較して語られる。女性聖職者のような宗教上の概念のいくつかは、ウィリアム・ティンダル他のプロテスタントにより提言されていた。そのため、モアにはプロテスタントを嘲笑しようという意図があった可能性もある。
それとは別に、モアは、プロテスタントの提言に同意したのだという考え方もある。モアは、想像上の場所を想像上の人物に語らせるという物語作製の手法により、彼の急進的な政治論から距離を置こうとしたのである。「どこにもない」を意味する「ユートピア」以外にも、いくつかの地名が登場している。「土地がない」を意味する「アコラ Achora 」、「センスが全くない」を意味する「ポリルリタ Polyleritae 」、「幸せの地」を意味する「マカレンサス Macarenses 」、「水がない」を意味する「アニドラス川 Anydrus 」などである。これらの名前は、作品の架空性を強調する効果がある。また、ラファエルの姓「ヒュトロダエウス」も「ナンセンスの分配者」を意味し、この冗談を耳にした人々がラファエルの言葉を真に受けないようになっている。しかし、モアがラファエルの名前を選んだのは、『トビト記』に登場する大天使ラファエルを読者に連想させるのが目的だったのかもしれない。『トビト記』で天使ラファエルは、トビアスを導いた後、その盲目の父を治癒した。その言葉が真実でないことをヒュトロダエウスの名が暗示する一方で、「神の癒し」を意味するラファエルの名は、彼が読者に何らかの真実を伝えていることを示している。モアがラファエルの考えに同意したのかもしれないという考えは、ラファエルの服装にも真実味が現れている。「マントをぞんざいに引っかけていた」というラファエルのスタイルは、ロジャー・アスカムが書き記したものによれば、モア自身がよくしていた服装なのである。
さらに、近年の評論では、ギレスの注釈も、本文中の「モア」のキャラクター自体も、信頼性が疑われている。『ユートピア』の本はユートピアとヒュトロダエウスを堕落させるだけであるという主張は、おそらく問題を単純化しすぎであろう。
共産主義的な見解が、カール・マルクスの提言より300年以上も前に書かれているというのは不適当に感じられるかもしれないが、同様の共産主義的な考えは聖書の中にも記されている。『ユートピア』に書かれた共産主義に言及するには誰もが慎重になるだろうが、歴史の前後関係が異なることは、マルクスとモアそれぞれが資産のあり方について独自に考えていたことを意味する。
これは、エルサレムの原始キリスト教社会全体について述べた部分で、ユートピアと同様、強制されたものではなかった。モアの政治的見解にも、聖書のこの部分が影響しているかもしれない。トマス・モアの目的や著作での実際の見解がどうであれ、『ユートピア』の最後の文を読めば、それが風刺のはずがないのは明らかである。
| " | 私は、彼が語ったことに全面的に同意することはできない。しかし、ユートピア連邦には、我々の政府にも見習ってほしいと希望、というより見習ってくれればよいのにと願うような事柄が多く存在する。 | " |
評価
『ユートピア』は1515年5月、トマス・モアが使節としてフランドル滞在中に書き始められた。モアは序章と、ユートピア社会の様子から書き始め、それが作品の後半部になった。英国に戻ってから第1部を書き、1516年に完成させた。同年、『ユートピア』の印刷はルーヴェンで、『エラスムス』の編集と同時進行で進められた。モア自身による改定が行われ、1518年11月、今度はバーゼルで印刷された。モア処刑後16年めの1551年までには、ラルフ・ロビンソンによる英訳版の初版が、英国で発刊された。1684年のギルバート・バーネット訳が、恐らく最もよく引用される版である。
『ユートピア』はどの時代にも、よく知られた作品であったと思われているかもしれない。モアは1518年、モアを著者として尊敬せず、他の誰かの言を繰り返しているだけだとした、ある愚か者について述べたエピグラムを紹介している。
ユートピアの語は、もはやモアの一著作を表すだけでなく、様々な内容の仮想社会を指す言葉として使われてきた。ユートピアとディストピアのフィクションのジャンルを確立したのはモアではなかったかもしれないが、この考えを一般化したのは確かにモアである。トマソ・カンパネッラ著『太陽の都』、ヨハン・ヴァレンティン・アンドレアーエ著『クリスチャノポリス共和国の記述』、フランシス・ベーコン著『ニュー・アトランティス』、ヴォルテール著『カンディード』等の作品は、モアの『ユートピア』に負うところが大きい。
『ユートピア』の制作は、アナバプテスト、共産主義の考え方に影響力があるように思われる。ユートピアン社会主義により、社会主義の最初の概念が記述された一方で、のちのマルクス主義理論家は、その考えが単純すぎて現実の法則にはそぐわないと見なす傾向にある。作品の宗教的なメッセージと、不確かで、考えようによっては風刺的な論調のため、『ユートピア』を遠ざけた理論家もあった。
モアの考えたユートピアを発展させた例として、メキシコミチョアカン州のヴァスコ・ダ・キロガの実践が挙げられる。彼はモアの『ユートピア』を直接的に参照していた。
日本語訳
脚注
- ^ 訳書は『ユートピア』沢田昭夫訳（中公文庫、改版1993年）
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=rVwLAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false
- ^ See http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/blog.htm.
- ^ More's Utopia: The English Translation thereof by Raphe Robynson. 1556年第2版。"Eutopism"
- ^ More, Thomas (2002). George M. Logan and Robert M. Adams (eds.). ed. Utopia. Raymond Geuss and Quentin Skinner (series eds.) (Revised ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81925-3 (hb); ISBN 0-521-52540-3 (pb).
外部リンク
This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Utopia (book)
This article is distributed by cc-by-sa or GFDL license in accordance with the provisions of Wikipedia.
In addition, Tranpedia is simply not responsible for any show is only by translating the writings of foreign licenses that are compatible with CC-BY-SA license information.
0 개의 댓글:
댓글 쓰기