Benny Murr tick
| Leo null do Benjamin Murr tick Leonardus Benjamin Moerdani | |
|---|---|
 Leo null do Benjamin Murr tick | |
| Nickname | Benny Murr tick |
| The birth | October 2, 1932 Central part Java チェプ |
| Death | August 29, 2004 Jakarta |
| Position organization | The Indonesian army |
| Military career | Is it 1945 -? |
| The last rank | Genl. |
The Leo null do Benjamin Murr tick (Leonardus Benjamin Moerdani, from October 2, 1932 to August 29, 2004), also known as the Benny Murr tick (Benny Moerdani) is an Indonesian officer. The last rank is genl.
When I repeated achievements as intelligence officer, and Delta Force took office as national military (ABRI) commander afterwards in 1983, I worked on bold national military reorganization.
I undertook a domestic secret service single-handed for 1:00 period and had powerful authority and wide acquaintances in my hand, but it would call caution of President Suharto before long, and national military commander was dismissed in 1988. I take office as a national defense peace and order minister afterwards.
In many decisive scenes controlling society, politics of Indonesia, I am known by having faced it with a strong manner. In addition, in Indonesia where Muslim population accounted for an overwhelming majority, I left an important footprint as a leader of the Catholics.
Table of contents
Childhood one-year term
On October 2, 1932, I am born in チェプ of central part Java. R.G. of father Murr tick ソスロディルジョ was a person from seal Europe where railroad worker, ロフマリア Gene of mother half inherited a trait or talent from the German. The Murr tick was the child who was born thirdly of 11 children. Father Murr tick ソスロディルジョ was a Muslim, but was tolerant likewise even if it was tolerant of the Catholicism of the wife, and children became Catholicism later [1].
Military career
Beginning of career as the officer
After Indonesian Declaration of Independence of August 18, 1945, the Murr tick was swallowed by a crowd of nationalism. Because I refused that the military police of the Japanese forces in accord with solo of central part Java surrendered to the Indonesian armed group after defeat in October, 1945, a surprise attack of the military police headquarters increased the Murr tick which was still 13 years old in those days [2]. When the people peace and order group that were an Indonesian regular army (TKR, forerunner of national military (ABRI)) was formed, the Murr tick participated in the student forces who was under the command of the local brigade (Tentara Pekajar, abbreviated designation TP). The Murr tick cast the body for an independence war for the Netherlands through this brigade, and the solo size offensive which was the climax increased it and did the strategy success in one of eyes.
I went to the high school while the Murr tick which stopped studies by an independence war getting school educability again when independence of Indonesia was accomplished, and graduating from a secondary school, and helping the business of the uncle afterwards and finished general education [3]. In 1951, the Indonesian government started a demobilization procedure, but the brigade where Murr tick belonged to functions well, and it is thought that I was able to let the national military just enter the government service in the soldiers who held it at the time of an independence war. The Murr tick was assigned to the military officer training center (Pusat Pendidikan Perwira Angkatan Darat, abbreviated designation P3AD) by the brigade, and training there began in January, 1951. At the same time, the Murr tick entered the foot soldier training school (Sekolah Pelatih Infanteri, abbreviated designation SPI).
The Murr tick finished military education in SPI in May, 1952 in P3AD in April, 1952 [4]. And I was given the rank of the chief warrant officer. In 1954 two years later, the Murr tick was promoted to a second lieutenant and was assigned to the third local military (シリワンギ division, Tentara Territorium III Siliwangi, abbreviated designation TT III Siliwangi) in charge of the peace and order of the west Java district.
Delta Force
The third local military (シリワンギ division) commander Aleck カウィララン colonel formed a third local military command corps (Kesatuan Komando TT III, abbreviated designation Kesko TT III) to be opposed to a menace of ダルル Islam (I work on Islam republic construction). An army command corps (Korps Komando Angkatan Darat, abbreviated designation KKAD) was founded in the army headquarters of Jakarta that paid attention to the success of the military unit in movement, 1954 by the Special Forces foundation. The Murr tick was appointed by the training instructor of the soldier who applied for enlistment in KKAD and took office as the education chief of the bureau of the military unit. In 1956, KKAD became the army air strategy regiment (Resimen Para Komando Angkatan Darat, abbreviated designation RPKAD) by a name change. Then I did it soon, and the Murr tick was appointed by Commander of squadron [5].
When a secessionist group declared the Republic of Indonesia revolution government (PRRI) establishment in Sumatra on February 15, 1958, suppression operation increased the Murr tick as a member of RPKAD. A parachute descended to プカンバル and the enemy front rear of Medan and I prepared for the strategy of the national military which recaptured both cities and, in March, 1958, made the Murr tick. I participated in "an August 17 strategy" to increase a decisive blow for PRRI revolt on April 17, 1958 one month later [6]. The next duty of the Murr tick was to deal with another separatism campaign, プルメスタ (Perjuangan Rakyat Semesta, whole struggle) in Sulawesi since March, 1957. The military unit which led Murr tick performed the preliminary arrangement for all-out wars for プルメスタ like I did it in Sumatra, and, in June, 1958, the プルメスタ side surrendered.
When a suppression of PRRI revolt and the プルメスタ motion was completed, the Murr tick was assigned to Aceh. I thought about whether he became an army plane pilot in early 1960, but Ahmad nicotine persuaded you out of it. The nicotine sent Murr tick off in the United States and let you enter the army foot soldier school in Fort Benning. Therefore the Murr tick attended an upper course for foot soldier officers and participated in training of 101st Airborne Division.
When Murr tick returned home in 1961, the national military began preparations for the West Irian recapture operation. The first duty of the Murr tick was to bring up a branch of the service that the training of the air strategy soldier namely such a duty that a parachute descended to the enemy front rear and infiltrated within the range of enemy power was demanded from. Several months later, as for the infiltration operation, I did not include concrete result. In May, 1962, the Murr tick was given a duty with parachute airborn infantry organized by a soldier of RPKAD and army strategy wannabees (KOSTRAD) [7]. I succeeded in the West Irian landing in the end of June, 1962 and commanded a battle with the same military unit. The United Nations intervened in the skirmish of the military unit partner of the Netherlands Marine Corps in August, 1962 and continued until the decision that I did in Indonesia went down the reversion of West Irian. The Murr tick got the position in charge of all guerrillas corps of West Irian when ceased fire.
The Murr tick returned to Jakarta in 1964. His achievement by the Operation West Irian caught eye of Sukarno, and Sukarno wanted to make him a President guards official and thought that I wanted to let the one of the daughter marry into him more [8]. The Murr tick knew one's position and declined two proposals.
In 1964, the Murr tick was dispatched in Borneo with RPKAD battalion. As part of a confrontation in Malaysia, this was because it fought against Malaysia by a guerilla war to British troops corps partner. However, I came back to Jakarta briefly in September at the time that I spent in Borneo. Therefore the Murr tick was made to stand in the forked road how increased the later career again and was the career as the domain strategy commander in Borneo or decided to choose either which was a resident military officer. He chose the latter choice and expected assignment to Beijing.
Attendance was demanded from the Murr tick in the meeting with the RPKAD officer opened at the end of 1964. About the agenda of this meeting discharging the soldier who became disabled from RPKAD. The Murr tick objected to it [9]. The news that Murr tick objected to reached the Commander nicotine army. The nicotine called Murr tick and blamed the disobedience. The meeting was finished when I let Murr tick move from RPKAD to KOSTRAD because nicotine gave an order. On January 6, 1965, the Murr tick parted with the authority of the RPKAD battalion.
Army strategy wannabees
The transfer from RPKAD of the Murr tick to KOSTRAD was sudden things, and, in his position, it was not prepared to any in the transfer. I was assigned as the officer who belonged to the strategy training station first. It was time when ant ムルトポ lieutenant colonel saw him through when it was a member of KOSTRAD that I changed his luck. Because the Murr tick knew the Murr tick by Operation West Irian well, I recognized his potence and wanted to stretch it out more. The ant at that time was an information charge aide of the first battle conduct group (the KOSTRAD corps which was stationed in Sumatra to prepare for invasion in Malaysia). The ant pulled up Murr tick and appointed you an information charge Deputy Chief of Staff and gave Murr tick the work of the first information field.
Though I was appointed by an information charge Deputy Chief of Staff, I added it and became a member of the information bureau of the special work group of the ant (Operasi Khusus, abbreviated designation Opsus). His duty was to collect Malaysian information posing as an airline ticket distributor of Garuda Indonesian Airways in Bangkok [10]. At the time of 1965, there were critical officers in a Malaysian confrontation policy of Sukarno in the army, and they schemed a pacific solution behind closed doors in contact with a Malaysian side. The Murr tick will be in charge of the work to ship information offered by them.
When exercise was suppressed on September 30 on October 1, 1965 by Major General KOSTRAD commander Suharto, the activity of the Murr tick became busy, too. I have begun to start a preliminary arrangement to terminate a Malaysian confrontation policy with an ant. The effort of two people is realized; on August 11, 1966 Indonesia and both Malaysian government of the relations between the two countries agreed that was usual.
Diplomat
The diplomatic relations between the two countries were normalized, but the Murr tick resided in Malaysia as a temporary diplomat who substitutes for an absent ambassador. His first work was to do the liberation of the Indonesian soldier and guerilla fighter who became a captive at the time of "a confrontation" that it was certain [11]. The Murr tick appointed in March, 1968 by a Malaysian ambassador got the position of the top of the West Malaysia consulate. At the same time, he continued a duty to observe a change of the Vietnam War as a member of Opsus.
At the end of 1969, the Murr tick was transferred to soul and became an Indonesian consul to Korea. In 1973, the position there of the Murr tick was promoted from a consul to a temporary diplomat who substitutes for an absent ambassador.
Intelligence officer
The background as the diplomat of the Murr tick was over by mullah re-case outbreak suddenly. The Murr tick returned to Jakarta within one week from case outbreak. President Suharto gave many positions to Murr tick immediately and kept much authority. The Murr tick took office as the information charge aide of the national defense peace and order minister, peace and order order recovery operation headquarters (Kopkamtib) information charge aide, national military strategy information center (Pusat Intelijen Stratesis, abbreviated designation Pusintelstrat) Director General, the national information adjustment agency (Badan Koordinasi Inteligen Negara, abbreviated designation Bakin) Deputy Secretary [12].
In 1975, the Murr tick will participate in the issue of de-colonization of East Timor deeply. The Murr tick camouflaged a volunteer to start infiltration in East Timor in August, 1975 and has begun to send an Indonesian soldier [11]. The duty of the Murr tick was information work to support a unification group in East Timor in Indonesia, but the situation grew tense by Fretilin (Fretilin) having declared independence of East Timor on November 28, 1975. The previous information work was stopped and was changed to a military operation (Operation Seroja) start. The Murr tick will continue participation in East Timor as a planner of the military intervention operation not an information war afterwards. His technique made the co-worker angry. This is because it continued concealing the process even to high-ranking officers such as national military second-in-command スロノ and KOSTRAD commander Leo ロプリサ in the position that should be engaged in the drafting process of the strategic plan [13].
On March 28, 1981, Garuda Indonesian Airways 206 flights to Medan from Jakarta were hijacked. When the Murr tick heard the news, he participated in a meeting (Commander national military M ユスフ attends it, too) of the national military leadership opened in Ambon. When the Murr tick got away from the meeting immediately and was going to start it in preparation for measures towards Jakarta, the hijacking machine landed at Don Muang Airport of Bangkok. The Murr tick met Suharto and got the permission of the President in acknowledgment of use of force for hostage release. A reason of the use of force was justified there when it must not be allowed to let hijackers threatened the pilot of the plane and steer it to the other countries [14].
I took reincarnation of RPKAD, a strategy corps from the Sandy Judah command corps (Komando Pasukan Sandi Yudha, abbreviated designation Kopassandha), and the Murr tick left for the Thai country. His plan received some resistance (resistance from the Thailand Government in particular), but finally agreed to carry out a military operation. On the early morning of March 31, 1981, I made a fierce attack on a hijacking machine with a Murr tick oneself Kopassandha corps and regained the control and rescued a hostage.
Commander national military
Commander national military assumption of office
In March, 1983, the Murr tick reached the top of the military career. Suharto appointed Murr tick to a commander of national military (ABRI) and was promoted to army generalcy. By the assumption of office ceremony, Suharto accepted the loyalty of the Murr tick and added an epaulet to the shoulder of the Murr tick by a hand of Suharto oneself.
It had not commanded military units more than a battalion, and it was an exceptional case that the Murr tick which had not taken the position of the local district under jurisdiction of military (Komando Daerah Militer, abbreviated designation KODAM) commander and Chief of Staff was selected as national military commandery. In addition to the position, the Murr tick was appointed to peace and order order recovery operation headquarters (Kopkamtib) commander, and a name maintained the position of the strange national military headquarters strategy information agency (Badan Intelijen Strategis, abbreviated designation BAIS) Director General firmly from national military strategy information center (Pusintelstrat). Unlike predecessors of the Commander national military of Suharto new system period, the Murr tick did not hold an additional post of a national defense peace and order minister.
National military reorganization
The Murr tick began to go through the first step of the national military reform immediately and, as the most recent aim, made the list of cost cuts and improved effectiveness and investigated professionalism [15].
About the conduct structure of the military, I abolished the area military headquarters (Komando Wilayah Pertahanan, abbreviated designation Kowilhan) of the whole army unification since the foundation in 1969. Then I reorganized the army, the navy, the local headquarters system of the air force. I reorganized it, and district under jurisdiction of local military (Kodam) of the army was integrated with ten wards from 16 wards. 8 navy headquarters (Komando Daerah Angkatan Laut, abbreviated designation Kodaeral) was reorganized in 2 fleet headquarters (the eastern area fleet headquarters of Surabaya and the western area fleet headquarters of Jakarta). 8 air force headquarters (Komando Daerah Udara, abbreviated designation Kodau) was reorganized equally in 2 air defense headquarters, too [16]. The police reorganized the government office constitution, and an action was reduced immediately by the police force of the minimum level that I only got.
The Murr tick showed directionality to reduce a ratio of the non-military education among the curricula of the national military academy (Akademi ABRI, abbreviated designation Akabri). The Murr tick brought about the concept called a school to train bright talent that it should be the member of the national elite later namely the senior high school (pre-academy) to let you strengthen the nature as the nationalist with improvement of the quality in the education contents of the academy (it is run as タルナ ヌサンタラ, and the school is next to the national military academy of the mug orchid now). The Murr tick propelled the cooperation with the armed forces of each ASEAN country again [17].
タンジュンプリオク case
It was time when it gave it an order for the suppression for the Islam pro-protest group that gathered in the タンジュンプリオク Port of Jakarta with district under jurisdiction of the fifth area forces (Djaja division) commander Try Sutrisno in 1984 that the background of the Murr tick as Catholicism appeared on the front. A dead person in this way appeared. The people who participated in a protest movement were instigated, and the peaceful control was lost;, as a result, the Murr tick vindicated it when gave it an order for a suppression [18]. As for the Murr tick, himself wants to never persecute a Muslim, I visited the Muslim schools in Java and insisted when I intended to improve outlook on Muslim of his own.
As for the Murr tick of this time, there was being wrong in being virtual No. 2 next to Suharto as national military commander in neither the domestic politics nor the Indonesian society. Except Suharto, I became a person with the power most.
Friction with Suharto
People's Consultative Assembly general meeting best for 1,988 years
The Murr tick and the relations of Suharto have become already serious in 1988. The Murr tick promised the loyalty to Suharto, but, about corruption and the nepotism (nepotism) which prevailed in the system, criticized the President absolutely. Thereafter the Murr tick antagonized son-in-law プラボウォ スビアント of Suharto.
For 1,988 years, it was the important age that the best People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) general meeting that elected Vice President Tadashi was held. As a general meeting of March approached, Suharto has begun to send a signature to make Sudharmono (President of GOLKAR, Lieutenant General of military retirement army) the Vice President. According to Kivu orchid then to have a near relation with プラボウォ, this was a headwind for the Murr tick that oneself wanted to become the Vice President [19]. Movement over such running mate election seemed to be a reason of the Commander national military dismissal of the Murr tick in February, 1988, but, according to political scientist Robert L loss of Australia, the further big reason of the Murr tick dismissal is that Suharto thought when Murr tick does not want you to be in the position ruling over the national military when Sudharmono was appointed by the Vice President. The L loss speaks an opinion that it was the last step to control presidential election itself whether Sudharmono can take office as the Vice President [20].
The Murr tick did not seem to give it up. GOLKAR officials gathered on the same moon and talked about an MPR general meeting. About the problem of the running mate, each group of the function representative agreed with the executives in the GOLKAR on Sudharmono nomination. However, because I said that Murr tick did not talk with Suharto about a matter of the running mate nomination in the national military denomination in the GOLKAR and continued prolonging it, I recommended whom for a running mate from the national military denomination, or decision was late. 圧力を受けたムルダニは、さしたる理由も挙げられないまま、スダルモノの副大統領指名には懸念があると表明した。 ある段階では、トリ・ストリスノ（ムルダニの後任として国軍司令官に就任）が副大統領候補に指名されるべきだ、という潜在的なシグナルを発し始めた。 トリの方ではそれに乗らず、他の将校達とともに渋面のムルダニを説得した。 国軍会派がスダルモノを副大統領候補にするつもりであることをムルダニも納得せざるを得なかった。
ムルダニが論議を巻き起こしてスダルモノの副大統領候補指名に難癖をつけ続けたことについて、多くの人々がムルダニに責任があると思っていた。また、イブラヒム・サレー准将がスダルモノを攻撃したことや、開発統一党 (PPP) 議長 ナロ を副大統領候補に指名するという画策は、ムルダニの仕業ではないか、と思われていた。そんなことがあったにもかかわらず、最終的にはスハルトの意思が貫かれ、スダルモノが副大統領に選出された。
国防治安大臣
ムルダニによるスダルモノ降ろしの画策があったにもかかわらず、スハルトはムルダニを失脚させず、国防治安大臣に任命した。ただし、国防治安大臣の地位は、ムルダニ自身が国軍司令官時代に断行した国軍改革によって機構も権限も縮小され、国防治安省も「二流官庁」となっていた[21]。また、1998年9月の治安秩序回復作戦司令部 (Kopkamtib) 廃止とともに、ムルダニは権力の拠り所をほとんど失うことになった。
国防治安大臣の在任中、ムルダニはスハルトに対する反乱を計画しているとして追及を受けた[22]。この動きに刺激されたスハルトは、憲法上の手続きによらずに大統領を交代させようとする者に対しては、たとえそれが誰であっても、厳しい弾圧を加えると約束した。
1993年最高国民協議会総会
1993年の MPR 総会の前に、ムルダニは先手を打って、国軍がトリ・ストリスノを副大統領候補にすることに辣腕を振るったようである。スハルトはその指名を歓迎しなかったが、渋々、副大統領にトリを指名することを受け容れた。スハルトにとっての慰めは、ムルダニを次の閣僚に入れないことだった。
死
2004年8月29日、脳梗塞に倒れ、ジャカルタで死去。
脚注
- ^ Pour, Julius (Indonesian). Benny: Tragedi Seorang Loyalis. Jakarta. pp. 13-14. ISBN 978-979-1056-10-6.
- ^ Pour, Julius. Benny: Tragedi Seorang Loyalis. p. 18.
- ^ Pour, Julius. Benny: Tragedi Seorang Loyalis. p. 33.
- ^ Pour, Julius. Benny: Tragedi Seorang Loyalis. p. 36.
- ^ Pour, Julius. Benny: Tragedi Seorang Loyalis. p. 42.
- ^ Pour, Julius. Benny: Tragedi Seorang Loyalis. pp. 60-69.
- ^ Pour, Julius. Benny: Tragedi Seorang Loyalis. p. 87.
- ^ Pour, Julius. Benny: Tragedi Seorang Loyalis. pp. 104-105.
- ^ Pour, Julius. Benny: Tragedi Seorang Loyalis. p. 132.
- ^ Pour, Julius. Benny: Tragedi Seorang Loyalis. pp. 141-142.
- ^ a b Pour, Julius. Benny: Tragedi Seorang Loyalis. p. 163.
- ^ Pour, Julius. Benny: Tragedi Seorang Loyalis. p. 184.
- ^ Area Studies: East Timor (r)
- ^ Pour, Julius. Benny: Tragedi Seorang Loyalis. p. 213.
- ^ Pour, Julius. Benny: Tragedi Seorang Loyalis. p. 239.
- ^ Pour, Julius. Benny: Tragedi Seorang Loyalis. p. 243.
- ^ Pour, Julius. Benny: Tragedi Seorang Loyalis. p. 242.
- ^ Pour, Julius. Benny: Tragedi Seorang Loyalis. p. 264.
- ^ Uba (2004年8月30日). "Arsitek Intelijen Itu Telah Pergi". Republika. 2007年1月13日閲覧。
- ^ Elson, Robert. Suharto: A Political Biography. UK: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. pp. 258-259. ISBN 0-521-77326-1.
- ^ 白石、1995年、115頁。
- ^ SIB (2006年10月5日). "Kivlan dan Prabowo Dukung Habibie, Cegah Benny Moerdani Jadi Presiden". Sinar Indonesia. 2007年1月13日閲覧。
関連項目
参考文献
- Centre for Strategic and International Studies ed., L.B. Moerdani, 1932-2004.- Festschrift in honor of Leonardus Benjamin Moerdani, former Commander in chief of the Indonesian Armed Forces and Minister for Defense. Jakarta: Centre for Strategic and International Studies. ISBN 979802687X (In Indonesian, some articles in English).
- 白石隆「国軍 - その世代交替と変貌 - 」、安中章夫・三平則夫編『現代インドネシアの政治と経済 - スハルト政権の30年 - 』、アジア経済研究所（研究双書No.454）、1995年 ISBN 4258044547C3030
外部リンク
- Various articles marking Moerdani's death （インドネシア語）
- Profile on pdat.co.id （インドネシア語）
- Article on ABRI's reluctance to nominate Sudharmono as Vice President （インドネシア語）
| 軍職 | ||
|---|---|---|
| 先代： モハマド・ユスフ | インドネシア共和国国軍・国軍司令官 1983–1988 | 次代： トリ・ストリスノ |
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