Jerusalem siege war (70)
| Jerusalem siege war | |
|---|---|
 The relief of the triumphal arch of ティトゥス. The Rome soldier who carries out war trophies such as the menorah of the sanctuary | |
| War: (the first) Jewish war | |
| The date: It is September from March, 70 | |
| A place: State of Jewish genus Jerusalem | |
| A result: Destruction of victory of the Roman Empire, Jerusalem city and the sanctuary | |
| War power | |
 The Roman Empire | Jewish others |
| Leader, commander | |
| ウェスパシアヌスティトゥスルキウス Fra we Usu Silva | Simon Baru ギオラ John of ギスカラ Eleazer Ben Simon |
| Force | |
| 70,000 people | But 60,000 people were divided into three |
| The damage | |
| － | A lot of citizens die although being unknown |
The attack castle war where the Jerusalem siege war (Jerusalem English not to shirr in this way: Siege of Jerusalem) was caused visiting Jerusalem in 70 in the Christian era. Of the Jewish war (the first Judea war) that happened between a Jew and the Roman Empire of the Jewish genus state was fought a decisive battle. The Roma forces let Jerusalem where the Jewish revolt forces shut themselves up in since 66 fall by this fight, and, other than city, the sanctuary which was a sacred place was destroyed. Some Jews escaped in Masada fort and continued fighting until they died an honorable death in 73.
Zion who lost a stronghold in the loss of Jerusalem broke up in each place. It is done with a day of the tragedy of a race on the day when the shrine collapsed and is still done with a memorial day of the sorrow called ティシュアー ベ = Abu. The literature with the destruction of the shrine as a picture and the subject which I created was created much until the present age.
Table of contents
Siege war
For the attack of the ティトゥス Roma forces to lead, the Jew fought profitably at first, but Simon Baru ギオラ leading Sicarius, Eleazer Ben Simon leading an ardor party, a leader such as John of ギスカラ stand side by side in the Jerusalem city and develop a fight, and there was not a thing gathered up in one. In addition, it was in weakness with it hitting a siege war that rules, training, the preparations for fight were not enough on the Jewish side.
ティトゥス placed the tenth army corps フレテンシス in the east olive mountains of city in the facing to the west of the city in the fifth army corps マケドニカ, the twelfth army corps Furumi hatchet, army corps of three of the 15th army corps Apollinaris and surrounded Jerusalem. ティトゥス performed the starvation tactics that there were water and supply of the food no from for Jerusalem. ティトゥス accepted 入市 to the pilgrim who came to Jerusalem by a festival of the Passover, but the population in the city continued increasing, and the famine became serious because, on the other hand, I did not admit that they appeared from the city. When a large number of dead people appeared in the Roma forces in a Jewish counterattack, ティトゥス let you sent Josephus Ben マタティア (Flavius Josephus) of the historian to the cause of Jews who protected Jerusalem in Jewish cause leaders and negotiate. However, Jews threw an arrow and sent away negotiators and counterattacked it more. ティトゥス was a place to be almost caught by the surprise attack of this verge.
In the middle of May, ティトゥス began to destroy the third castle wall built newly with a battering ram and opened the way for like the second castle wall. I turned an attack to the Antony fortress in the immediate north of the hill of the shrine afterwards. The Rome soldier entered the city area and fought against an earnest parties Jew in spite of being a fight on the street of the town. I did not seem to send a lot of victims to the earnest party, and the retreat to the shrine was given an order to start. After this fight, Flavius Josephus fails in negotiations again, and the Roma forces fail in attack castle tower construction for the Antony fortress capture, too. There became fewer and fewer necessary supplies including water and the food in the city, but a food requisition corps went back and forth in the inside and outside of the city in secret and carried supplies and I was on the way and performed the attack for the Rome forces. ティトゥス let you reopen the construction of the attack castle tower including the construction of the new wall to prevent their comings and goings.
In the Roma forces, the castle wall of the Antony fortress was going to be able to open the way for many times, but I failed and defeated the defense soldier who performed a night surprise attack finally, and slept and let a fortress fall at last afterwards. The fortress was built to look down at the shrine and was the perfect point of the shrine attack. The castle wall attack with the battering ram did not advance, but castle wall in itself was burnt down by a rose having sprinkled the stick which Rome soldier burnt with during a battle on the castle wall of the shrine.
There is not the intention to destroy according to Flavius Josephus at first in ティトゥス, and it is thought that I make it and intended to change it into the shrine to give to the same caesar and the various gods of Rome what you would do to a huge sanctuary (the second shrine) which Herod the Great built. However, the force of the fire that had begun to move to the shrine completely collapsed at the end of August without knowing that I stayed. It was a day of ティシュアー ベ = Abu that the first sanctuary which King Solomon built strangely on that day was destroyed. A part of the wall of the shrine which remained unburned then is "Wailing Wall" of the sacred place for the modern Jew.
The fire spread to the residential quarter more. The Rome soldier suppressed the resistance of Jews in the city area. I got away from the city among Jews partly in a secret tunnel and stood in the corner surrounded more in the castle wall of the city area partly and stayed. The force of the Roma forces stopped by this resistance and was made to make an attack castle tower again.
It was about September 7 that the Roma forces completely gained control of Jerusalem City. The Roma forces continue purging the Jewish diehard who escaped from Jerusalem after this in each place.
Destruction of Jerusalem
Sulpicius Severus (Sulpicius Severus, 363 years –420 age) quotes a part of the book of Tacitus (56 –117 age) in book "Chronica" and writes that ティトゥス wished I destroy a sanctuary to exterminate a Jew. On the other hand, Flavius Josephus looks from a more moderate viewpoint, and as a result of having performed other people and talks, ティトゥス writes that I was going to leave a sanctuary having the history for 1,000 years since construction (it is about the tenth century B.C. that Solomon shrine (first shrine) was built, but the shrine of this siege war at the time is the second shrine which the Herod great king built and is approximately 90 years after construction). I set the division that the Rome soldier who Flavius Josephus is angry at the Jewish repeated attacks and tactics, and became the heart breaks an order of ティトゥス, and is next to the shrine on fire and do it when it opened in the whole shrine.
Roma forces and Jewish intermediary たろうとしたものの failed in Flavius Josephus. About what I witnessed, I write it in "a Jewish account of war" as follows afterwards. After the thing which a reason, the thing to kill take disappeared, it is said that ティトゥス gave it an order for the shrine to break all city. But the castle wall which surrounded the west of ファサエルス tower (Phasaelus), ヒッピクス tower (Hippicus), three big towers of the Mariamne tower (Mariamne) and the city was left. The tower will be saved to follow the barracks where the castle wall was made by the sign of the town to show it in history what kind of firm city Jerusalem that the Roma forces conquered was. But other castle wall was dug away and was destroyed so that the person who visited this place in history came to can not believe that a person lived in this ground [1]. All the grand cities among trees and gardens disappear, and Flavius Josephus writes what the beautiful suburbs have become like desert that it is to be sad [2].
"1,100,000 people" are killed in this siege war (as for the most, Jewish), and Flavius Josephus writes that it is a captive, and 97,000 people were considered to be a slave. In the captive, John of Simon Baru ギオラ and ギスカラ which were the leader of the revolt was included. Many Jews ran away to the Mediterranean Sea whole area; is turned on. It is said to ティトゥス that I refused what receive a corolla of the victory even if "I conquer people got rid of by their God saying, there is not anything to get" [3].
The post
Caesar ウェスパシアヌス at the time lets you coin a commemorative coin called "Judaea Capta" (Jewish conquest) in 70 to celebrate what I conquer Jerusalem, and son ティトゥス destroyed. ウェスパシアヌス let you build public accommodation called "form (shrine of the peace) of ウェスパシアヌス" in the Rome city in 75. This memorializes Jerusalem conquest, and it is said that the menorah which I took from the Herod shrine was put [4].
ドミティアヌス emperor memorialized victory of Jerusalem conquest and the Jewish war in about 82 and let you build the building called the triumphal arch of ティトゥス in the Rome city. The menorah drawn on the relief of this triumphal arch came to be known as the things which symbolized the plunder of the second shrine. This gate is still left in the Rome city.
The sanctuary was not rebuilt after this. I managed a shrine festival, and Rabbi and the sudducee which conserved Judaism as the shrine religion faced the decline, and an F re-rhinoceros group to assume that I protected law and practiced it the center of the religious life entered the mainstream of the Judaism. It is said that Jewish アーモーラーイーム (scholars who were active in Babylonia and Israel over the third to the fifth century) considered the destruction of Jerusalem and the shrine to be Heaven's vengeance for the hatred that there is not of the grounds that covered the Jewish society at the time [5].
Because the Adrian emperor who made a tour of inspection to Judea for 130 years decided the rebuilding in Jerusalem that became the wasteland, I will revive again as a city. However, it calls Jewish anger adversely that Jupiter shrine is built in the name of the rebuilt city becoming "Aeria カピトリナ" not Jerusalem, the shrine ruins, and the second Judea war (revolt of Baru コクバ) will break out. The Jewish position after the second Judea war became still severer.
The theme called Jewish war and the destruction of Jerusalem has been becoming the inspiration of many Western novelists and artists for many years, and a large number of pictures are described.
Footnote
- ^ Flavius Josephus. The Wars of the Jews or History of the Destruction of Jerusalem. Containing The Interval Of About Three Years. From The Taking Of Jerusalem By Titus To The Sedition At Cyrene. Book VII. Chapter 1.1
- ^ Flavius Josephus. The Wars of the Jews or History of the Destruction of Jerusalem. BOOK VI. Containing The Interval Of About One Month. From The Great Extremity To Which The Jews Were Reduced To The Taking Of Jerusalem By Titus.. Book VI. Chapter 1.1
- ^ Philostratus, The Life of Apollonius of Tyana 6.29
- ^ Cornell.edu
- ^ Yoma, 9b
Allied item
- Ancient Israel
- Rome civil war (from 68 to 70)
- Jewish war
- Revolt of Baru コクバ
- Sanctuary
- Solomon shrine (the first shrine)
- Herod shrine (the second shrine)
- Wailing Wall (west wall)
Outside link
- Second Temple and Talmudic Era. The Jewish History Resource Center: Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- The Temple Mount and Fort Antonia
- Map of the siege of Jerusalem
This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Jerusalem siege war (70)
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