The ボルケーノ
| The ボルケーノ | |
|---|---|
 Photograph of the ボルケーノ where black スコリア looks thick to a foreground set | |
| Summit level | |
| Altitude | 1,656m (5,433 ft) |
| Prominence | 311m (1,020 ft) |
| Coordinate | 56°25'23" N 130°51'01" W / 56.42306 degrees N 130.85028 degrees W coordinate: 56°25'23" N 130°51'01" W / 56.42306 degrees N 130.85028 degrees W |
| The topography | |
  The ボルケーノ | |
| The location | Canada, British Columbia |
| Position mountain range | Boundary mountainous district（The Coast Mountains) |
| Geological feature | |
| Kind of the mountain | スコリア hill |
| Volcano arc / Zone | North コルディレラ volcano ward () |
| The latest eruption | 1800 (?)[1] |
 Project mountain | |
The ボルケーノ (English: The Volcano), an another name mule fork mountain (English: Lava Fork volcano) are small スコリア hills in boundary Mountains constituting the Canadian northwestern part of British Columbia, Coast Mountains () (). I am located approximately 60 kilometers of northwest of British Columbia Stewart (), and the source head of the mule fork river () is near. If altitude at the mountaintops is 1,656 meters, and the prominence has 311 meters and views a U-shape valley sharpened from away Yamao root by a glacier and the northern face where it is, I can expect a soaring mountain image from the inside among desolate scenes.
The mule fork volcano is connected with a small volcanic group called the イスクット-ウヌク river hill group (). This structure is a part of the larger-scale north コルディレラ volcano ward () where the Alaska = Yukon Territory boundary reaches in the suburbs of British Columbia Prince Rupert. Than other volcanoes belonging to this volcano ward, the eruption activity of the ボルケーノ is relatively these days. From a geologic study, the ボルケーノ and the volcanic ejecta are shown to have been formed for approximately 400 years. This is the considerable back of the last glacial epoch, and it is approximately 10,000 years ago that activity ended.
Table of contents
Geological feature
The ボルケーノ is located at the southernmost part among volcanoes of 10 in the イスクット-ウヌク river hill group volcano area (), and the eruption activity is the youngest [1]; [2]. The structure formation is incomplete and receives glacial erosion by mountains glacier formed from the altitude and high latitude. The altitude of the base of this volcano is estimated to be 100 meters, and is one of the active volcanoes with a little eruption records in the north コルディレラ volcano ward [3]; [4]. Volcanic ashes and tephra, the volcanic bombs of the stone size pile up loosely, and, as well as most スコリア hills, the ボルケーノ is formed. This sedimentation occurred during a period of the lava fountain () activity [5]. Small sedimentation of sulfur which sublimated from a volcanic bomb and volcanic gas more than 0.5 meters in length around the crater is founded [4].
Like other イスクット-ウヌク river hills group, the origin of the ボルケーノ is lift action of the continents which is the tear that spread for a long time of the earth crust which I produced by a lithosphere catching the tension. The lift of this initial stage occurred as a result that Pacific plate slid to the north along queen Charlotte dislocation () for Aleutian trench [6]. By the tension to act on the continent earth crust, the bedrock close to the earth surface sinks in an acute angle along lift structure and forms dislocation. A basaltic magma rises along such a break part and causes outflow-related eruption () [7]. This lift zone existed for at least 14,900,000 years, and formed north コルディレラ volcano ward [5]; [8]. There are multiple mountains which may cause eruption in the now volcano in this geological feature ward () without the activity, and the ボルケーノ is one of three volcanoes having an eruption career for the past less than several hundred years [8]. The last eruption activity is the 18th century, and Mt. sea Aske () is the southernmost volcano in this geological feature ward. On the other hand, a pudding dollar mountain () which there is near the center of the district at the east end of Alaska is considered to be the usually northernmost volcano, and what erupted is before it more than 10,000 years [6].
History of volcano
I can sort the eruption activity of the ボルケーノ becoming clear so far for at least two phases. In both activity, the Xuanwu rock-like character lava flow falls down the hillside consisting of the granite of the mountain range with the ボルケーノ with eruption endlessly [2]; [5]. In doing so, the lava flow flows down 5 kilometers along a mule fork valley [2]. The lava flow flows into the Alaska side of the United States of America across British Columbia state border, and dam up the blue river of the branch of the ウヌク river (), and form plural lakes [2]; [9]. The total extension of the lava flow yet keeps the shape that the lava flow such as to approximately 22 kilometers and pressure ridge () and the lava channel () cools off, and was made up at the time. During eruption, several big trees are swallowed for the lava flow. The root of trees collapsed in the lava that a trunk and a branch in the upflare solidified and was buried under the surface of the lava flow. After I get cold, and the lava flow hardened, a trace and the lava cave of the tree collapse, and a pit of the volcanicity is formed [4]. At the south end of a certain lava flow, a wide terminal robe opens in the flat alluvial plain of the ウヌク river [5]. As for the volcanic ashes and the lava which the ボルケーノ gushed, a trace yet remains in the small glacier in near the Lewis refuse mountain (mountain of 1,094 meters above sea level in the Alaska - British Columbia state border neighborhood) [10].
One at least lava flow derived from the ボルケーノ caught eye of フレモント Morse that participated in 1905 exploring it by the border committee. Morse describes the lava flow in the last eruption in 1906 saying "probably I am up within 50 years" [10]. After a report of Morse, the summary of two phases of activity phases of the ボルケーノ was analyzed using a measurement technology in an annual ring and the radiocarbon generation of the tree. When produced it 150 years before stood as for the later phase approximately 360 years ago as for the first phase, is estimated [4]; [5]. I am the youngest, and, as for this fact, the ボルケーノ shows that the volcanic activity time is these days in comparison with many other volcanoes in British Columbia in a known volcano in Canada [4]. When the last eruption of the ボルケーノ occurred with plural documents in 1904, is listed [11]; [12]. However, according to the data of the world volcano program () of the Smithsonian Institution, this eruption is handled as the thing that conclusive evidence is not provided [1].
The last eruption of the ボルケーノ is estimated with 150 years ago, but, after 1985, is one of five volcanoes where seismic activity was recorded in north コルディレラ volcano ward. Other volcanoes are Mt. castle Locke () (twice) and Mt. フードゥー () (eight times), claw lagoon mountain () (four times), エジザ volcanic group () (eight times) [13]. The underground magma reservoir of these volcanoes is in a still active state, and, according to the place that earthquake data show, show what hide possibility that the plural volcanoes of the north コルディレラ volcano ward are in activity state and cause a remarkable volcano disaster in [13]; [14]. This seismic activity copes well with the both sides of Mt. フードゥー and a volcano new geologically in Canada such as the エジザ volcanic group and the volcano causing big eruption activity continuously [13].
History of human
Confusion of the name
The name of this mountain was suggested during Cambridge University Coast Mountains exploration activity carried out in 1979 by Chris ディッキンソン. This suggestion is adopted on November 24, 1980 and after that will be used as an official name [15]. However, I do not usually see this name with a document about vulcanology. Borrow the name of the creek flowing through the neighborhood instead and is mentioned unofficially as "a mule fork" or "a mule fork volcano" [2]; [4] [15]. What led to such case is because a name the ボルケーノ (The Volcano) is a general noun in English. When I give an oral explanation in English, I beckon confusion to come not clarity whether you mentioned it with "the volcano" (the volcano) whether you spoke it with "the ボルケーノ" (The Volcano). It is a cause that the volcano of the name similar to Canada like ボルケーノ mountain () of the ボルケーノ vent mountain () in the toe shop volcano area in northwestern British Columbia () and Fort cell Kirk volcano area of the Yukon Territory central part () exists [5]; [16]. As of 2009, the unofficial name of this the ボルケーノ continues using the ministry of Canadian natural resources () [4].
I work on protection and monitoring and it
Volcanic ejecta of the ボルケーノ and the existence of the large-scale mineral spring are protected as mule Fawkes State Park (). As for 7,000 hectares, this extremely out-of-the-way park established as State Park () of class A in 2001 has plottage. In the park, there are the mule lakes which are two lakes formed by the natural damming of a river formed of the lava flow which the ボルケーノ gushed (). In mule Fawkes State Park located in the area insisted on as a traditional domain by a tar tongue first nationality (), it is in the field of the ecological process study in conjunction with the primary transition () and fixation of the vegetation after the eco-doom. After a period without the eruption activity of 150 years, vegetation such as moss or the lichen covers up appearance of the lava flow. The vegetation for hemlock spruce and mountain hemlock () and the mountains tundra () vegetation geographical climate subregion is founded in this area, too and forms a part of the boundary mountainous district creature geography division [11]
The Canadian geological survey can identify activities of the magma in the ボルケーノ and, as well as other イスクット-ウヌク river hills group, cannot build a monitoring system close enough. One of the reasons is that there is a mountain in the place separated from it from a human dwelling, and again one includes what large-scale eruption does not produce in Canada for several hundred years. As a result, the volcano monitoring has lower importance than a tsunami and an earthquake, other natural disaster such as the landslide. However, the existence of the seismic activity suggests activation of the future volcanic activity and will bring a change for neighboring scenery. From such an anxiety, the construction of basic data is carried out about the state of the volcano in Canada with big support from the researcher of the university in Canada [17]
Volcano disaster
At least seven times of eruption occurs in the イスクット-ウヌク river volcano area during the past 10,000 years. All the eruption activity after 1600 is almost up in the ボルケーノ [1]. The quantity of total spout of the case is estimated at a 2.2 cube kilometer. Probably it will present a property like the eruption for the past 360 years in future when the ボルケーノ erupts [4]. The possibility that eruption occurs in Canada is a one-200th in the year and is a one-220th when it is accompanied by a spout of the lava flow [18]. If eruption will happen in the near future in Canada, north コルディレラ volcano ward is very likely to be it than other unrelated volcano wards. There is イスクット-ウヌク river volcano level in the north コルディレラ volcano ward, and is because is the volcano zone that is the most active in Canada [3]; [4].
Influence
ザ・ボルケーノで噴火が発生したとしてもその影響は狭い範囲に収まると見られる。遠隔の無人地域にあるため、その火山災害は限定的で、危険性はあまり高くない。溶岩泉から噴出する火山灰と噴石も、この地域の航空路を遮断するほど高くはならないと見られる。しかしながら、バンクーバーとアラスカを結ぶ北部沿岸空路を低空で飛行する航空機については、危険に曝される可能性がある[4]。最も近い主要航空路は東に約170キロ離れている[19]。火山灰は視程を低下させ、ジェットエンジンに障害を引き起こし、他の航空システムにも損害を与える[20]。
過去の火山活動において噴出した溶岩の構成からみて、将来の噴火において噴出する溶岩流も玄武岩質となるだろう[4]。玄武岩質溶岩流はシリカの含有割合が小さく、流速は15から50キロメートルである[21]。ザ・ボルケーノにおける150年前の最後の噴火において、溶岩流が谷筋をカナダ＝アメリカ合衆国国境を越えて流れたため、棲息する魚類や植生、動物に多大な影響を及ぼした[22]。周辺の地勢から見て、将来の噴火で充分な量の溶岩が噴出すれば、地域の河川を再びせき止める可能性がある。そうなれば、魚類の棲息域と産卵場所にまた壊滅的な影響を与えるだろう[4]。しかし、この噴火により地域の住民が何らかの影響を受けた記録はなく、目撃者がいた証言すら存在しない[22]。ラバ・フォーク渓谷で幾度となく山火事が発生しているのは、噴出した溶岩の周囲に植生が存在したためである可能性もある[11]。
出典
- ^ a b c d "Iskut-Unuk River Cones" [イスクット－ウヌク川火山域] (英語). 世界火山プログラム. スミソニアン協会. 2010年6月27日閲覧。
- ^ a b c d e "Lava Fork, NW British Columbia/SE Alaska" [ラバ・フォーク、ブリティッシュコロンビア州北西部／アラスカ州南東部] (英語). オレゴン州立大学 (2000年11月). 2014年2月19日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2010年6月19日閲覧。
- ^ a b "Stikine volcanic belt" [スティキーン火山帯] (英語). Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. カナダ天然資源省 (2008年2月13日). 2010年6月21日閲覧。
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Lava Fork" [ラバ・フォーク] (英語). Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. カナダ天然資源省 (2009年3月10日). 2010年6月19日閲覧。
- ^ a b c d e f Wood, Charles A.; Kienle, Jürgen (2001) (英語). Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada [北アメリカの火山：アメリカ合衆国とカナダ]. イングランド、ケンブリッジ: ケンブリッジ大学出版局. pp. 114, 118, 121, 129. ISBN 978-0-521-43811-7. OCLC 27910629.
- ^ a b "Map of Canadian volcanoes" [カナダの火山分布図] (英語). カナダ天然資源省 (2008年2月13日). 2008年9月12日閲覧。
- ^ "Diagram of the Continental Rift Zone" [大陸リフト地帯のダイアグラム] (英語). カナダ天然資源省 (2007年3月23日). 2010年6月25日閲覧。
- ^ a b "Canada Volcanoes and Volcanics" [カナダの火山とメカニズム] (英語). アメリカ地質調査所 (2006年11月9日). 2008年6月13日閲覧。
- ^ "Blue River" [ブルー川] (英語). 地名情報システム. アメリカ地質調査所. 2010年6月27日閲覧。
- ^ a b Carter, H. Adams (1997) (英語). The American Alpine Journal, 1990 [1990年版アメリカ山岳ジャーナル]. en:The Mountaineers Books. p. 94. ISBN 0-930410-43-2.
- ^ a b c "Lava Forks Provincial Park" (英語). ブリティッシュコロンビア州公園局. 2010年6月20日閲覧。
- ^ Byers, Andrew R.; Payette, Andrée; Humbert, Gilles; Wong, Susan; Eastman, Elizabeth; Harris, Eric; Fick, Steven; Simpson-Lewis, Wendy (2004) (英語). The Canadian Atlas: Our Nation, Environment and People [カナダの地図：我々の国家、環境、人々]. バンクーバーおよびトロント: ダグラス & マッキンタイア. p. 22. ISBN 1-55365-082-4.
- ^ a b c Etkin, David; Haque, C.E.; Brooks, Gregory R. (2003-04-30) (英語). An Assessment of Natural Hazards and Disasters in Canada [カナダにおける自然災害アセスメント]. シュプリンガー・サイエンス+ビジネスメディア. pp. 569, 582, 583. ISBN 978-1-4020-1179-5.
- ^ "Volcanology in the Geological Survey of Canada" [カナダの地理探査における火山研究活動] (英語). Volcanoes of Canada. カナダ天然資源省. 2010年5月13日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2010年6月20日閲覧。
- ^ a b "The Volcano" [ザ・ボルケーノ] (英語). ブリティッシュコロンビア州地名情報システム. ブリティッシュコロンビア州執行評議会. 2010年6月27日閲覧。
- ^ Wetherell, K.; Edwards, B.; Simpson, K. (2005). "[ブリティッシュコロンビア州北西部、ウェスト・トゥヤ溶岩原を対象としたフィールド・マッピング、岩石の分類、GIS空間分析の予備結果]" (英語). Preliminary results of field mapping, petrography, and GIS spatial analysis of the West Tuya lava field, northwestern British Columbia. カナダ天然資源省. p. 3. ISSN 1701-4387.
- ^ "Monitoring volcanoes" [火山の監視] (英語). Volcanoes of Canada. カナダ天然資源省 (2009年2月26日). 2010年6月21日閲覧。
- ^ Stasiuk, Mark V.; Hickson, Catherine J.; Mulder, Taimi (2003). "[自然災害]" (英語). Natural Hazards. The Vulnerability of Canada to Volcanic Hazards. 28. シュプリンガー・サイエンス+ビジネスメディア. p. 563. ISSN 0921-030X.
- ^ "Volcanic hazards" [火山災害] (英語). Volcanoes of Canada. カナダ天然資源省 (2009年4月2日). 2010年6月20日閲覧。
- ^ "Volcanic Ash–Danger to Aircraft in the North Pacific" [北太平洋における航空機に対する火山灰の危険性] (英語). アメリカ地質調査所 (2004年10月14日). 2010年6月19日閲覧。
- ^ "Grossary: Magma, Lava, Lava Flows, Lava Lakes, etc." [用語集：マグマ、溶岩、溶岩流、溶岩湖等] (英語). アメリカ地質調査所 (2007年2月9日). 2010年6月20日閲覧。
- ^ a b "Volcanoes" [火山] (英語). カナダ天然資源省 (2007年9月5日). 2013年1月22日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2010年6月20日閲覧。
外部リンク
- "The Volcano"（英語）カナダ天然資源省、地名データベースの「ザ・ボルケーノ」に関するデータ
- "The Volcano" bivouac.com における、ザ・ボルケーノのデータ
- "The Volcano" カナダ天然資源省、カナダの地図における、ザ・ボルケーノの地形図。
This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia The ボルケーノ
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