January revolt
 | References and the source which I can inspect are not shown at all, or this article is insufficient. You add the source, and please cooperate with the reliability improvement of the article. (November, 2009) |
A January revolt or an armed uprising for Russian Empire where the revolt (Polish: powstanie styczniowe, Lithuanian: 1,863m.sukilimas) occurred in former Poland Republic of Lithuania territory (current Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, the northern part of Ukraine and the district at the west end of Russia) in 1863. It began on January 22, 1863 and terminated on April 11, 1864. It may be said that I followed until 1865 when last insurgents were cleaned up.
The revolt began with the protest movement for a Polish young man being drafted by the Russian Empire forces, and a Pole and a Lithuanian official and various politicians participated immediately, too. A scale made the rebel army small and was forced to adopt guerrillaism necessarily because there was not the full-scale support from the foreign countries. It was not able to occupy which major cities and fortress that they rebel army got any military victory, but succeeded in letting an effect of the serfdom abolition in the Russia territory Poland area which was planned to keep away tenants from Zionism fade. The cruel retaliation such as the exile for execution and Siberia was waiting to participants of the revolt. Thanks to severe correspondence of such a Kremlin, the people of Poland Lithuania gave up causing further military struggle and they accepted an idea of "organic labor" (Organic work) and came to devote myself to the strength of a nation reinforcement on an economic aspect and the culture side.
Table of contents
I it on the revolt previous night
Russian Empire lost for Crimean War and was economical, and the social conditions of the former Poland Republic of Lithuania territory became threatening when weakened politically. Tenant and students affected by Giuseppe Garibaldi, curl Marx, the thought of Mikhail Bakunin and others started an organized demonstration action. 116 times of demonstrations were in 1,861 years only in Vilnius. After the riot by patriots happened in succession, Poland vice-king カルル General Lambert whom the tsar Alexander second appointed spread martial law in Poland on October 14, 1861. A meeting was prohibited, and the action of some tribunes was selected as illegality.
The people who became the leader of the revolt gathered in St. Petersburg, Warsaw, Vilnius, Paris, London secretly. Two main political parties called a red party and the white party were formed while these people continued contact and a meeting each other. As for the tenant, the worker, some clergymen, the landowner and the intellectuals gathered in the white party each in the red party. In 1862, these two leading groups constituted support power of the former Poland Republic of Lithuania.
Revolt of the former Poland kingdom area
The revolt began in form to bring a new riot for a while in peaceful Europe in those days. Though some said that the public opinion to support a Pole was strong, the Great Powers countries such as France, U.K., Austria felt bitter that a political plateau was lost. A prospect to provide a weapon and the equipment was not put up to young men who leaders of the revolt that lay latent refused the draft order to the Russia forces by the Alexander ヴィエロポルスキ earl of the Russia territory Poland kingdom government Prime Minister, and hid in the forest. Approximately 10,000 people gathered under the flag of the revolution. There were people who participated in a revolt mainly around the layer such as the worker of the urban area and the young office worker, but a cadet of poverty シュラフタ and a large number of lower grade clergymen were mixed in a considerable ratio, too.
The Kremlin sent the army of 90,000 people who led General Ramsay into Poland to take care of the revolt numerator that did not arm itself directly. The revolt seemed whether it was suppressed immediately. However, the fight was started, and the Polish interim government which I stood and nominated of insurgents has begun to push on to the great achievement achievement of the mother country recovery enthusiastically. They gave a statement for "a creed, social position, all Polish sons who released it, and were equal without the distinction of the hierarchy". Even if the statement plowed the land which the tenant plowed by the service to a feudal lord even if it was lease, I would do it with their property unconditionally in future and did it when the national central bank contributed the compensation money of the land which a feudal lord would lose with it. The revolution government made full use of the guerrilla tactics in the state that lay scattered without a good weapon in each place skillfully during February and developed the fierce battle of 80 times against the Russian military. On the other hand, the statement of the revolt was given to the West Europe countries, and, in the north, in the west, even which area was taken with sympathy from the truth to Portugal by Norway. The Pope Pius ninth called a believer that Catholic country Poland succeeded in defense for Eastern Orthodox Church country Russia to give special prayer. This appeal greatly raised the European sympathy for the Pole.
Revolt of the former Lithuania grand duke country area
The revolt in Lithuania, Belarus, Latvia, the northern part of Ukraine and the western part of Russia began on February 1, 1863. The joint government of a red party and the white party was formed, and I was instructed by Sigmund シェラコフスキ, Ann tereggplant マツケヴィチュス, コンスタンティ カリノフスキ and others. They instruction layer supported comrades in Poland totally and acted to Polish insurgents faithfully throughout. Poland, Lithuania, the number of Belarusian insurgents increase more (at the point in time when a revolt reached at the climax more than 30,000 people); a haze lacking in weapon was improved, but the enemy side had a scale and military power to exceed them much more. The Russian military of 45,000 people was stationed in ヴォルィーニ 6,000 Cossack soldiers with the Russian military of 135,000 people in Lithuania. Whenever the revolt forces performed a large-scale battle with the enemy side, the number of revolt participants decreased to at least a one-tenth.
A revolt began, and, during 24 hours, armories in Lithuania were recaptured, and many Russian public employees were done for public execution. 驃騎兵部隊 of the Russian military and most of were large sickles, and, on February 2, 1863, the large-scale battle of the beginning with the armed Lithuanian farmer got up in チスタ ブーダ in the suburbs of マリヤンポレ. This battle terminated in the form that farmers who were a half-cock were slaughtered one-sidedly. Each group of insurgents who thought that a decisive battle was desirable for a short term concentrated it and made a bigger military unit and demanded a newer participant. Sigmund シェラコフスキ which succeeded in gathering 2,500 armed soldiers on April 7 was picked by a commander-in-chief of the restored Poland Republic of Lithuania. While a hard fight was forced to, the farmer forces led in シェ and others コフスキ had victory in its hand several times (fight of ラグヴァ of April 21, fight of building Jai of May 2, fight of メデイケイ of May 7). However, I was exhausted from a march and the battle that continued for several weeks and was defeated by a fight fought in the suburbs of グディシュキース on May 8.
Development
Nationalist China of insurgents hoped that a revolution happened in Russia thought that dissatisfaction for the noble rule spread. In addition, I counted on active support of French emperor Napoleon III. Prussia that I asked to support the suppression of the revolt that happened in Poland and the war with France were becoming unavoidable in those days, and, with Russia and a friendly relationship, it was thought that it could be in the alliance which had a common enemy in Poland and France. The agreement with Prussia is concluded with Russia on February 14, and "I decided military affairs agreement with the Kremlin, and, according to this, the two countries government seems to provide facility for each other about the suppression of the anti-government activity in late years to be up in Poland and Lithuania complimentarily mutually, and, as for the British ambassador of the Berlin residence, as for the special envoy of Prussia telling as follows for the home government, the Russia military authority comes to be able to send the armed forces of the own country into the former Poland Republic of Lithuania area that Prussia rules over using a railroad of Prussia". This agreement that Prussia prime minister Bismarck decided received protest from some government of the Great Powers country and let the nation which lived in the former Poland Republic of Lithuania territory again feel indignant. As a result, the thing which was a small revolt came to be tinged with character of the race war for Russia now at the beginning. I am encouraged by a promise of Napoleon III made in response to advice of Prince son ヴワディスワフ Czartoryski of Prince Adam イェジ Czartoryski, and all nations will take the weapon. I expressed that all the citizens of the old republic territory given a government official under the Kremlin including the Warsaw archbishop got united with the revolt forces and abandoned the position and followed the new constitutionalism government comprised of five most influential leaders of the white party.
The Great Powers country which continued intervention in domestic affairs to save Poland which started war of a race was only Sweden. I showed sympathy in the miserable situation of Poland, and the Swedish King curl 15th drew up the Crusade for Russia, but I was chased for measures to the Denmark war that I had for the same period, and the support to the revolt forces was not performed because of intention of the Swedish neutralism more. As a result of realism-like political judgment, the Great Powers country took the action that was detrimental by independent Poland. Austria took the friendly neutral viewpoint till then for a Polish meeting kingdom and I did not need to add oppression to the Poland Zionism in the Galicia ロドメリア kingdom which was a part of the own country territory, but I came here and stiffened a manner. The relations with the Russian radicals group which watched this revolt favorably worsened the surfacing of the nationalism till then. Russians of radicals put sympathy till then simply because they considered the character of this revolt socialistic not a nationalism mark. I came to ruin more energy by the early suppression of the revolt that the Kremlin was also getting force.
Thousands of "republics" citizen lost the life in a fight, and I did it, and, as for the Russian Mikhail ムラヴィヨフ general who was called "a committing suicide by hanging oneself shop", and was hated by a Pole, Siberia exile was sentenced hanging to 9,423 men and women in 128 insurgents personally (the record of Russia is estimated very low and, about the number of people that became the exile, estimates it when it is 2,500, and British historian Norman Davies was 80,000 and insists on this in the Russian history when it was prisoner transportation the largest in history). A village and the city were burnt down in sequence, and campaigners were hung and シュラフタ was subject to the property confiscation and unreasonable taxation and disappeared. Because the barbaric act of the Russian military was a too cruel thing, some raised the criticism from the whole area of Europe, and the ムラヴィヨフ general who repeated brutal Lynch was replaced in Russia by insurgents. Earl フョードル Berg appointed newly by a Polish vice-king did not change at all with ムラヴィヨフ and faced it with non-humanitarian severe punishment and oppression for a meeting kingdom. 赤党は保守主義者が集まる国民政府が行った小作農の扱いに関する反動的な政策を批判していたが、ナポレオン3世の空約束を信じ切っていた。 国民政府もまたフランスからの援軍を信じ、彼らが来ることを前提とした戦術方針に固執した。 1863年10月に高い尊敬を集める有能な軍人ロムアルト・トラウグトが実権を掌握するに至り、国民政府側にはようやく希望が見え始めた。
トラウグトは最初の国民政府の政策に立ち戻り、小作農に土地を与えて彼らを蜂起に積極的に参加させることで、全階級による闘争を実現させようとした。小作農たちの反応は上々だったが、広範な動きに結びつくことはなかった。優れた政策ではあったが、採用するには時期が遅すぎたのである。ロシア政府は先手を打ってポーランドの貴族領地の小作農たちに働きかけ、彼らに自由所有の土地の請求権を与えていたのである。戦闘はその後も数カ月にわたって、断続的に続いた。蜂起軍の将軍たちの中でもユゼフ・ハウケ＝ボサク伯爵は勇猛さを見せ、数の上で圧倒的な優位を誇るロシア軍から数都市を奪い取った。ロムアルト・トラウグトと他の国民政府のメンバー4人が1864年4月に逮捕されてワルシャワ要塞で処刑されると、1月蜂起はその年の下半期には急速に終結へと向かい、8か月しか続かなかった。蜂起はそれまで650回もの戦闘と小競り合いを繰り広げ、およそ2万5000人のポーランド人の命を犠牲にしていた。サモギティアとポドラシェの2地域が、最も長く蜂起を支持し続けたと言われる。両地域ではカトリック教会に属しながら正教の典礼を保つギリシア・カトリック教徒の住民が、蜂起の参加者たちから内通者と見なされて私刑にかけられ、処刑された。
蜂起の消滅後には、厳しい報復が待っていた。ロシアの公式記録によれば、396人が処刑され、1万8672人がシベリア送りになった。多数の男女がカフカース地方、ウラル地方といったロシア内陸部に送り込まれた。またおよそ7万人が逮捕され、後にポーランド国外へ追放されてロシアから遠く離れた地域に身を落ちつけている。ロシア政府はポーランド会議王国にあった1660の所領を、旧リトアニア大公国にあった1794の所領を没収している。全ての所領には戦争の「賠償金」として収入（注：所得ではない）の10%もの税金がかけられた。この高額な税金は、1869年になってようやく5%に引き下げられた。ロシア政府は小作農たちに土地を与えたばかりでなく、「地役権」の名目で森林や放牧地の利用権その他の諸権利を与えた。こうした措置は、続く数十年にわたって起きた領主と小作農とのあいだの絶えまない紛争の火種となったし、土地の細分化を引き起こしたことで経済発展の障害にもなった。ロシア政府は教会の領地と資金をすべて没収して修道院を閉鎖した。宗教教育を除けば、学校で行われる全ての授業と研究はロシア語で行うことが強制された。ロシア語は旧「共和国」地域の公用語となり、中央でも地方でも全ての行政機関ではロシア語以外の言葉を使うことは禁止された。かつての自治国家であるポーランド会議王国の痕跡を残すものはすべて消し去られ、王国は10の地域に分割され、それぞれの地域にはワルシャワ総督の完全な統制下にある軍政官が置かれた。蜂起以前に会議王国の公職についていた者はすべてその地位を追われた。こうした厳しい措置は一定の成功をおさめた。蜂起の終焉から41年後の1905年、ロシアによる強権的な統治が革命によって崩壊すると同時に、次世代のポーランド人たちは再び独立を求めて立ち上がることになる。
文学における1月蜂起
- ポーランドの詩人ツィプリアン・ノルヴィトは「ショパンのピアノ」という詩の中で、1863年の1月蜂起中に作曲家フレデリック・ショパンの遺品のピアノが、心ないロシア軍の兵士によってワルシャワの建物の2階から投げ出される情景を描いている。実際のショパンは1830年の11月蜂起が起きる少し前にポーランドを出国して以後、2度と故国には戻っていない。
- ジュール・ヴェルヌ『海底二万里』の初期構想では、ネモ船長は1863年の1月蜂起で家族をロシア人に虐殺されたポーランド貴族という設定だった。しかし同書の出版時期、フランスはロシア帝国との同盟条約に調印したばかりだったことが考慮され、小説の最終決定稿では、ヴェルヌの編集者だったピエール＝ジュール・エッツェルがネモの人物設定をあいまいなものにしてしまった。
- ギー・ド・モーパッサンの小説『ピエールとジュール』で、主人公ピエールには、祖国で起きた血腥い事件の後にフランスに移住したというポーランド人化学者の友人がいる。この「血腥い事件」とは1863年の蜂起のことと考えられる。
関連項目
This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia January revolt
This article is distributed by cc-by-sa or GFDL license in accordance with the provisions of Wikipedia.
In addition, Tranpedia is simply not responsible for any show is only by translating the writings of foreign licenses that are compatible with CC-BY-SA license information.
0 개의 댓글:
댓글 쓰기