Kashmiri
| Kashmiri | |
|---|---|
| ک ٲشُر,कॉशुरkạ̄šur,कश्मीरीkašmīrī | |
| The country which is talked about |  India Pakistan |
| Area | Southern Asia |
| The number of the speakers | 5,580,000 (2001) [1] |
| Language system | |
| Notation system | Persia letter、デーヴァナーガリー、Roman letters、Shah ladder letter |
| Public position | |
| Official language | India |
| Language cord | |
| ISO 639-1 | ks |
| ISO 639-2 | kas |
| ISO 639-3 | kas |
Kashmiri (Kashmiri,कॉशुर,کٲشُر) is a language spoken in the western part of Jammu and Kashmir, India mainly. There are few speakers in Pakistan. I belong to the Dard of the Indo-Aryan group and am the best known language in this language. The population of the speaker approximately 5,580,000 (2001) [1].
It is 22 one determined by the eighth Indian constitutional additional clause of the designated languages. It is thought that a dialect spoken in the Srinagar whole area is standard [2]. But the official language of Jammu and Kashmir is Urdu [3].
The Kashmiri takes the V2 word order like German whereas the word order of most languages of the Indic is SOV.
The Kashmir district was governed by Islamic nations after the 14th century, and going Islam advanced. Persian was an official language until 1907, and Urdu that strongly received influence of Persian became the official language after it. Therefore, the Kashmiri comes under influence that Persian is strong [4].
Table of contents
Sound
Because I add it to a short vowel and a long vowel of each /a i u e o/ for Kashmiri unlike a language of other Indic, and central vowel /ɨɨːəəː/ and short /ɔ/ exist, seven long vowels exist eight short vowels. Furthermore, the nasal vowel develops, too [5]. It is the language with very various kinds of vowel sounds in a language of India. But, as for the analysis of the vowel sound of the Kashmiri, there is difference in the opinion by the scholar [6].
I distinguish c ch from ts tsh by the consonant. But what there is not so-called vocal sound aspirate does not develop a style like a language of Punjab like a language of Punjab.
It is a consonant, and, as for another characteristic of the consonant of the Kashmiri, palate distinguishes a consonant for a phoneme about all consonants except c ch jš palate [7]. There is opposition in the ending of a word.
| Meaning | Kashmiri | Hindi |
|---|---|---|
| Gardener | bāgvān | bāgvān |
| Lucky | bāg'vān | bhāgyavān |
Grammar
The grammar of the Kashmiri does not change with Hindi very much basically. The noun is divided into the nature of two kinds of men and women and changes by singular and a plural number, and the status is expressed by a postposition, and the postposition of the genitive changes for an adjective. The adjective synchronizes sex number, status with a noun to modify, but there is the adjective of the non-change, too. An adjective and the noun genitive are put before a noun to modify. There is not the article, but there is suffix expressing the uncertainty. The pronoun has 後倚辞形 expressing independence form and the subject and the object of the verb.
I put a participle and a copula (person changes by a sex number) together at the present of the verb, and it is past and takes the ergative case sentence structure, and the verb makes the object of the subject, the transitive verb of the intransitive verb and a sex number agree, but the person postposition (only as for the second person one or more) agrees with the subject. I express it in the future by adding suffix. The completion expresses the participle form which I attached suffix to in combination with a copula.
Because a verb comes in the second of the sentence, I compare the odd point of the Kashmiri with (the V2 word order), most languages (like as for not only the Indo-Aryan group but also Iranian group of a language family, Dravidian group, ムンダー group of a language family, the Tibet Burma family of languages) of the Southern Asia being SOV and am remarkably exceptional. Even if the first element does not have to be the subject and is an object, it may be a word to express a place and time, and, in that case, the subject is put after a verb. In addition, in the form that combined a participle, an auxiliary verb and an infinitive with a copula, a participle, infinitives are usually secondly put in the end of a sentence a copula, auxiliary verbs [8]; [9].
Notation
I used the Shah ladder letter of the system of the naga Lee letter once, but use Persia letter of the Arabic alphabet system mainly now.
When I use デーヴァナーガリー, I add some signs to express a central vowel and use it [10].
Footnote
- I stop at ^ a b Ethnologue
- ^ Koul (2007) 1.1
- ^ "Jammu and Kashmir". 50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (July 2012 to June 2013). (2014-07-16). p. 18. "The Official Language of the State is Urdu."
- ^ Koul (2011)
- ^ Koul (2007) pp.900-901
- ^ Masica (1993) pp.112-113
- The ^ example from Koul (2007) p.902
- ^ Masica (1993) pp.335-336
- ^ Koul (2007) p.931
- ^ Koul (2007) 1.3
References
- Koul, Omkar N (2007) [2003]. "Kashmiri." In George Cardona; Dhanesh Jain. Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. ISBN 020394531X.
- Koul, Omkar N (2011). "KASHMIR iv. Persian Elements in Kashmiri". Iranian encyclopedia. XVI, Fasc. 1. pp. 56-61.
- Masica, Colin P (1993) [1991]. The Indo-Aryan languages (paperback ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521299446.
Allied item
Outside link
- Ethnologue report for language code kas (English) - ethno Roeg
This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Kashmiri
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