Arkansas (ironside)
| Arkansas | |
|---|---|
 CSS Arkansas, R.G. Skerrett image. Navy history center | |
| Basic information | |
| Operation person |  American allied powers Navy |
| Career | |
| Ordering | August 24, 1861 |
| The start of work | October, 1861 |
| The launching | April 24, 1862 |
| The last | August 6, 1862 sinking |
| Essential points | |
| Displacement | Approximately 800 tons |
| Length | 165 ft (50m) |
| Width | 35 ft (11m) |
| Draft | 11.5 ft (3.5m) |
| Speed | 8 knots |
| Crew | 232 people |
| 兵装 | 10 gates (by 2 gates in the ship's side by 3 gates) in total. Embolum on the tip made of cast iron 8 inches (203mm) of colons biard gun in the front 2 gates, 6.4 inches (163mm) of Brooke gun on the stern side as 2 gates, broadside 6.4 inches of Brooke gun 2 gate, 8 inches of Dahl Glenn gun 2 gate, 32 pounds of 滑腔砲 2 gates |
| Armor | Casemate: I give armor manufactured from railroad rail materials on the wood and the cotton which I compressed. A steerage department: 2 inches, the upper part: 1 inch, the rear: Only as for the iron for the boiler |
CSS Arkansas (CSS Arkansas) played an active part in the ironside of the American allied powers Navy in the Western Front of the Civil War. Went through Federal army blockade fleet of BIC's Bergh on July 15, 1862 and gave the Federal army the damage more than the damage of oneself. It sank itself by the hand of the crew to finally prevent 鹵獲 by the Federal army.
The name of a warship comes from Arkansas.
Table of contents
Warship career
Building
In October, 1861, it is J. T. Building of Arkansas began by the hand of the Shah lei (John T. Shirley & Co.) in Tennessee Memphis [1]. Arkansas went down the Yazoo (Yazoo River) and moved to Mississippi Greenwood (Greenwood) to prevent 鹵獲 by the United States Navy which approached Memphis in April, 1862. Because CSS Tennessee of the sisters warship was far in the situation that I can navigate, I am incinerated in Memphis [2].
In May, 1862, the allied powers Department of the Navy of Richmond moves to Greenwood for Colonel Isaac Brown (Isaac N. Brown) of BIC's Bergh, and completion lets place on duty in arms in Arkansas;; gave it an order to start it to command it. At the point in time when he arrived, merely hull was only completed, and the armor was not attached, and the assembling of the engine had not yet come, too, and the cannon was not picked up on the naval gun mount. The planned railroad rail to use for armor has fallen into the bottom of a river. A collection order was given promptly, and a rail for the armor was left from mud of the bottom of a river. Brown let you tow Arkansas to the Yazoo city (Yazoo City) successively and let a local craftsman construct it and let 200 soldiers of the army support it as a worker [3]. I constructed five weeks under the sun of the midsummer, but Arkansas couldn't but leave the Yazoo city because the water level of the river fell. It was completed other than curve armor to defend a stern and a wheelhouse at this point in time. These parts were covered with sheet metal "to make appearance better".
BIC's Bergh
I let the United States Navy dispatched the fleet which David Fala gut commanded the other day from the Gulf of Mexico and attack BIC's Bergh, and an attack increased a small size gunboat and the embolum warship of the army position that Charles Davis (Charles Henry Davis) commanded again from the upper reaches.
Are Van Dorn who was Confederate Army commander of BIC's Bergh gave Brown an order to start it immediately afterwards to turn Arkansas to BIC's Bergh. The brown scraped up 100 sailors from a ship of the Mississippi and let 60 soldiers board it more. These soldiers had not operated the large size gun of 艦載用, and probably there was not the experience of the duty in a warship again, too. Brown states, it "was the only problem that prevent you from escaping from Arkansas in crews until the battle preparations with the Federal army fleet are set". On July 14, 1862, the brown made a sortie for Federal army fleet of BIC's Bergh.
After having navigated approximately 15 miles (24km), steam leaked out from the boiler and the gunpowder of the front part powder magazine got wet and understood that it became unusable. Brown and crews found vacant land along the Yazoo and dried the gunpowder which I was able to paint with there by the sun. The gunpowder always dried by the sunset because I stirred gunpowder and replaced top and bottom so as to be able to catch fire. Arkansas started the navigation again [4].
Just after night of July 15, it was viewed that three Federal army war vessels, ironside キャロンデレット (Carondelet), wooden gunboat Tyler (Tyler) and embolum warship queen of the waist (Queen of the West) came to Arkansas. An encounter was started between Federal army fleet. キャロンデレット could not fight by the hit to the steerage department just after that and left a battlefield. Tyler and the queen of the waist pursuited Arkansas. A war vessel of the Federal army where "a mast and chimneys mushroomed" before long was viewed by the flexion of the slightly river of BIC's Bergh of upper reaches. Brown decided to close the hostile craft as much as possible to prevent an embolum attack and confusion. Because the Federal army war vessel did not cook steam, most were not able to change. Both exchanged bombardment at point-blank range, but Arkansas passed through Federal army fleet safely. The arrival to BIC's Bergh of Arkansas was reached with enthusiasm and was able to view the civic cheer from downstream Federal army fleet [5].
In the evening, the fleet of the downstream Fala gut was going to destroy Arkansas passing through a battery of BIC's Bergh. However, of the day when because was not able to move till late, moved to an action; already well invisible aims. Only one hit it, and two people died, and three people only got injured [6].
Arkansas was not able to destroy one hostile craft, but big for Federal army fleet; caused human damage. In the first battle, a dead person on the Federal army side was 18 people, and the injured person was 50 people. In addition, ten people (probably I am drowned) were it in disappearance [7]. Furthermore, the Federal army suffers damage for five death in battle, nine war wounds when I went through the battery of BIC's Bergh in an evening [8]. On the other hand, the damage of Arkansas was 12 death in battle, war wound 18 in total [9]
I it under BIC's Bergh cliff
After repair, Arkansas became the menace for Federal army fleet again. The Federal army war vessel had to classify fire into a boiler for flame world of the midsummer, 24 hours a day. The Federal army fleet made a sortie again for anchorage of Arkansas to solve this problem and tried that I destroyed this. The number of the crews of Arkansas was greatly reduced then, and, as for the cannon, 3 gates were available. Therefore, I did not get dependence するを from protection from coast artillery. On the morning of July 22, USS Essex (Essex), queen of the waist, three ships of USS Sumter (Sumter) remained and hung the attack that I did not get of the cooperation. Essex took an embolum attack, but the crew of Arkansas moved a warship quickly first. The attack of result Essex failed and passed the side of Arkansas. For ten minutes, Essex was exposed to coast artillery and bombardment from Arkansas afterwards. Armor of Essex protected a crew, and the damage remained for one death in battle, war wound three. On the other hand, the first of the cannonball which Essex shot penetrated an iron plate of Arkansas, and the damage of six war wounds was given six death in battle. Essex left the bank and came back to the main force of the downstream Fala gut.
A queen of the waist took an attack later for a while. Because the captain of the queen of the waist mistook the speed, the warship passed the side of Arkansas and came to cannot but attack it again from the side of upper reaches. Although I succeeded for a collision to Arkansas, the damage that I gave Arkansas was small because speed was not enough. The queen of the waist joined the fleet of the side of upper reaches afterwards. The queen of the waist caught the bombardment from coast artillery, but did not receive the big damage in being surprised.
The Fala GATT has already demanded withdrawal permission from BIC's Bergh for the Department of the Navy. It was clear that support of the army was necessary, but I could expect it immediately and did not seem to occupy BIC's Bergh. A disease spread over the fleet crew without being used to summer heat of Mississippi, and the force became the original 1/3 degree. In addition, the drop of the seasonal water level gave a menace for a deep war vessel of the draft. It will finally promote decision to have to continue caution for Arkansas. The Fala gut got New Orleans suburban permission to be able to turn, and to withdraw and left BIC's Bergh on July 24 [10].
This withdrew without the escadrille of Davis doing anything. Davis moved his war vessel to Arkansas Helena (Helena) and was able to watch this from the north of BIC's Bergh.
The last fight in Baton Rouge
When Federal army fleet withdrew, I applied, and it was allowed to proceed to Mississippi Grenada (Grenada) for four days Brown. As for the brown, an engine of Arkansas broke down for Van Dorn before departure and told that it was necessary to repair it before a sortie. In addition, I ordered Captain henLee Stevens of the subordinate not to make a sortie until he came back.
Unfortunately Van Dorn ignored this. He let downstream Louisiana Baton Rouge navigate Arkansas for Stevens and gave it an order to start it therefore to support an attack for the Federal army of the marshalcy which Major General John Breckinridge led. Because there was an order from brown, Stevens hesitated and posed a question for one of allied powers Navy and "the wrm" which there was. This wrm chose not to intervene in a problem. Therefore, there was not Stevens according to an order of Van Dorn except that I let Arkansas make a sortie [11]
The engine of Arkansas broke down from BIC's Bergh several times on the way to Baton Rouge as Brown was afraid. It was able to move そのたびごとに, an engine again, but it was clear to be lacking in reliability. However, Arkansas navigated it somehow to Baton Rouge and comprised it for the battle with the escadrille of the Federal army including Essex that won, and had fought. Because Essex was included in distance to view on the morning of August 6, Arkansas made a sortie to fight against this. Most of the crank pins of both engines failed at the same time just then, and Arkansas has been strolled around in the bank.
Stevens let a crew prepare for 退艦. I destroyed an engine and loaded a cannon with a cannonball and destroyed the left cannonball and, on top of that, set a warship on fire. The crew got away afterwards. The warship was broken approximately at the same time and has begun to drift at the lower part of a river. Stevens who stayed till the last swam and got away. Arkansas drifted towards Federal army fleet while burning and sank by explosion at about the midday [12].
Present
Arkansas lies in the north and south direction under 1.4 miles of railroad, car combination bridges of Free Negro Point southern dike. It is a point of 233 miles and 690 feet from the river mouth.
Footnote
- ORN I = Official records, Navies, series I: Official records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion
- ^ Still, Iron afloat, p. 62.
- ^ Soley, James Russell, "The Union and Confederate Navies," Battles and leaders, v. 1, p. 629.
- ^ Still, Iron afloat, p. 65.
- ^ Brown, Isaac N., "The Confederate gun-boat Arkansas", Battles and leaders,, v. 3, pp. 572–573.
- ^ Brown, Isaac N., "The Confederate gun-boat Arkansas", Battles and leaders, pp. 575–576.
- ^ Still, Iron afloat, p. 72.
- ^ ORN I,. 19, pp. 4, 7.
- ^ ORN I, v. 19, p. 8.
- ^ ORN I, v. 19, p. 69. The list of wounded is obviously incomplete; Brown himself is not listed, although he is known to have suffered a head wound.
- ^ Still, Iron afloat, pp. 74–75.
- This ^ wrm is William Lynch (William F. Lynch). Brown cannot permit indiscreet obedience for Van Dorn of Lynch and does not write down the name of Lynch when I wrote reminiscences later either. Brown, Isaac N., "The Confederate gun-boat Arkansas", Battles and leaders, v. 3, p. 579.
- ^ Still, Iron afloat,, pp. 76–78. The motions of Arkansas just before the final breakdown of her engines are not clear. See Still's note on page 77.
Reference materials
- Silverstone, Paul H. (2006). Civil War Navies 1855–1883. The U.S. Navy Warship Series. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-97870-X.
- Still, William N., Jr. (1985). Iron Afloat: The Story of the Confederate Armorclads (Reprint of the 1971 ed.). Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 0-87249-454-3.
- Official records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion. Series I: 27 volumes. Series II: 3 volumes. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1894-1922. See particularly Series I, volume 19, pages 3–75.
Allied item
- Arkansas (battleship) - The second warship of the Wyoming grade battleship.
- Arkansas (atomic energy missile cruiser) - The fourth warship of the Virginia grade atomic energy missile cruiser.
Outside link
This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Arkansas (ironside)
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