クチャ prefecture
| The People's Republic of China Xinjiang Autonomous Region Kuqa prefecture | |
|---|---|
 | |
| A former title: 亀茲 | |
 | |
| Simplified Chinese character | 库 车 |
| Chinese Traditional | Kuqa |
| 拼 Sound | Kùchē |
| Katakana transcription | クゥチャア |
| Uigur | ك ۇچار |
| Uigur Romaji transcription | Kuchar |
| Nation |  The People's Republic of China |
| Autonomous district | Xinjiang |
| District | Lye district |
| Administrative class | Prefecture |
| Area | |
| Total area | 14,528.74 km² |
| Population | |
| Total population (2003) | 40.6 All people |
| Economy | |
| Phone number | 0997 |
| Zip code | 842000 |
| 行政区画代碼 | 652923 |
| An official web site: http://www.xjkc.gov.cn | |
The prefecture where the クチャ prefecture (- けん, Kuqa prefecture) is located in the People's Republic of China Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region lye district. It is on the route of the Silk Road (Amayama south way) and it is the place that prospered of ancient oasis 都市国家亀茲国 and is called a singing and dancing town.
It is an important base of the Nishibe University development having abundant oil and natural gas.
Table of contents
Geography
It is located in the Tian Shan south foot, Tarim Basin north relationship, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region central part. I occupy the eastern part of lye district, and, in the west, the east is next to the ブグル (wire flower-support) prefecture of the バインゴリン Mongolia self-government state, Hejing prefecture, the Lop Nor (尉犁) prefecture in the advantageous (Shinwa) prefecture of the district, the シャヤール (elegant sand) prefecture. They belong to temperate zone continental climate, and, as for the annual mean air temperature, 11.4 degrees Celsius, yearly average precipitation are most cities of the yearly average fine weather days in the whole country for 266 days in 64.5mm, a frostless period.
History
Han charges
In about B.C. 176, Mr. month is defeated by the Hsiung-Nu, and Western Regions 26 countries including 亀茲国 are annexed by the Hsiung-Nu.
When it is the times of Wu-di (in 141 years - former 87 former the reign:) of previous Han, power of the Hsiung-Nu declines, and, in Tarim Basin, it is a follower of former Han from Kasai corridor, and 亀茲国 becomes the tribute paid to the court country of Han, too.
When new の 王莽 died, the Western Regions and the traffic with China were cut off for a while.
When the times of 後漢 began, 後漢 could not start Western Regions administration for a while, and the Western Regions countries including 亀茲国 were put under the control of the Hsiung-Nu again. In 91, more than group of 後漢 subjugate the Western Regions and become 西域都護. After that the Western Regions countries are in the Chinese follower again, but the diplomatic relations with the Western Regions are cut off again when I enter the stour (so-called Age of Three Powers) of 後漢末.
Susumu Wei north and south morning service charges
When the Age of Three Powers was standardized by 晋, they came to present 亀茲国 to the Chinese dynasty again, but the diplomatic relations approximately Han charges were not concluded in stour of the Susumu Wei north and south morning.
When 苻堅 of former Hata unified Kitanaka countries (North China) for 16 five-forked prayer staffs era, I dispatched 呂光 to the Western Regions for 382 years and put more than 30 countries under the control. 鳩摩羅什 (Kumarajiva) which was a Buddha monk of 亀茲国 then was caught by 呂光.
Invasion (445 years) of north Wei and invasion (about 470) of 柔然 were in north and south dynasty in the times, and I was put under the control of the large country, but the tribute paid to the court was performed consistently each time.
When 柔然 fell by Turkic people for 555 years, 亀茲国 was replaced and entered the follower of Turkic people, and the King was tinged with a title such as イルテベル (頡利発, 俟利発, Iltäbär) and yl Kyn (俟斤, Irkin) and performed 貢納 under the monitoring of the supervisor dispatched by Turkic people called トゥドゥン (吐屯, Tudun), but, on the other hand, presented it to the China dynasty. When Turkic people split into the east and west by an internal dispute after the Altai Mountains for 582 years, the Western Regions countries will belong to west Turkic people.
Tang charges
When Tang destroys 高昌国 (current torr fan) of the Western Regions for 640 years, I establish 西州都護府 there and begin Western Regions rule. When Tang conquered Yanqi country, 亀茲国 more, I established 安西都護府 in 亀茲城 (648 years).
After 670, invasion of the Tufan of Tibet becomes a follower of the Tufan in succession for 787 years.
Amayama Uygur era
For 840 years, an Uighur (Uygur empire) of Mongol Plateau collapsed, and part moved to Tarim Basin and built the Amayama Uygur kingdom (west state Uighur, 高昌回鶻). I call an Uighur of 旧亀茲国 亀茲回鶻 soon, but this is a part of the Amayama Uygur kingdom, too. I believed in Buddhism in the Amayama Uygur kingdom, and Uigur and an Uygur letter developed.
Dynasty of Karakhan Era
In the middle of the eleventh century, クチャ is governed by Dynasty of Karakhan of the Islam dynasty of テュルク origin.
West Liao Era
耶律大石 of the Khitan group chased on Friday in the twelfth century came over to this ground, and clothes let you belong in Amayama Uygur kingdom, and I destroyed east Dynasty of Karakhan, and the founding of a country did west Liao (empty Kitai), but west Liao was taken over by Kutchluk of the Naiman group chased in 1211 by Genghis perception.
Times of Mongolia
I am conquered in Genghis perception in 1218 and become a part of Mongol Empire.
The late soil of this west Liao was given afterwards in second son チャガタイ of the Genghis perception when a territory of Mongol Empire was distributed. The territory of the チャガタイ Kahn country which an empire is divided later, and is formed is almost equal to that of west Liao.
The チャガタイ Kahn country splits into the east and west across the Pamirs Heights, and call the east side where クチャ belongs to with another name モグーリスタン Kahn country and was a nation respecting a Mongolian tradition, but is subordinate in the Timur morning of the Islam dynasty which gained power temporarily from the west チャガタイ Kahn country. The モグーリスタン Kahns continued after this, but of the 15th century if became in the first half, was pressed by Uzbek who descended from the ジョチ Ulu's, the's two biggest nomadism groups called Kazakh, and the imperial family of モグーリスタン and the tribes gradually moved the south, and moved to the oasis of Tarim Basin, and settled down like an ex-チャガタイ person (west チャガタイ Kahn country), and made it テュルク.
In the 16th century, imperial family of the progeny of チャガタイ formed Yarkand Kahn country, and it was to the ruler of the oasis in western Tarim Basin, but was gradually robbed of real power of the politics by ホージャ of the Islam mysticism religious community. Because whole Tarim Basin was ruled in 1680 by nomadism tribe Jungar of the Tibet Buddhist, the government by Kahn of the チャガタイ family became extinct.
Rule of the Qing dynasty
In 1755, Chi'en Lung of 清 let Jungar march on in the big army which mobilized Mongolian military and National Guard and captured ダワチ which escaped into Tarim Basin in only 100 days and destroyed Jungar empire. The Qing dynasty named a historic site of Jungar "Xinjiang" in the meaning called "a new border" in 1759 and added it to the census registers and maps. The supreme power person of Xinjiang said 総統伊犁等処将軍 (for short 伊犁将軍) and only the influential person of the Manchurian family including the Imperial mausoleum was appointed from generation to generation and was stationed in 恵遠城 of the イリ banks of a river.
Revolt of the citizen of time
Triggered by the case that corps kneading on fire (private militant) of the citizen (Muslim speaking a Chinese word ホイミン) collided with corps kneading on fire of the Chinese in the time that was mobilized to prepare for the Pacific Paradise forces which was going to invade Shaanxi from Sichuan in the spring of 1862, the whole area of 渭水盆地 was rolled up in the mutual massacres in Han, a time. The slaughter case for the citizen of time that kept peace to call itself "洗回" occurred in many places and the citizen side drained the rumor that 洗回 came to adversely in a time and has risen in revolt earlier. These, the revolt of the citizen of time leaped to Xinjiang in (1864) in Gansu, the next year in (1863) in the next year.
The revolt extremely extended to the whole Xinjiang triggered by a citizen of time of クチャ having attacked a government agency in cooperation with some local Muslims in June, 1864 during a short term. The siege of 恵遠城 of イリ and the whole castle of Kashgar lasted to a long term a little, but the garrison of each place was destroyed before I did it for several months. Promotion did ラーシディーン ホージャ which was believed when people of revolt of クチャ were descendants of the saints who converted tugrik Timur Hahn to Hahn. He advertised spiritual ability and I mobilized a religious community organization and collected the staff and supplies and organized the expeditionary force to other oases. The army made an expedition from east ハミ to west Yarkand, but did not come to completely hold these districts.
ヤークーブ Beck Administration
Officer ヤクブ Beck of Kokand that held Kashgar conquered a power of Yarkand Khotan クチャ Urumchi sequentially and almost put an area (Tarim Basin) from Amayama and to the south under the control in 1870.
When the Qing dynasty appointed 左宗棠 to the total commander of the Xinjiang expedition in 1875, at first I occupied Urumchi and gave power of ヤークーブ severely wounding at a mountain pass of ダバンチェン which was the barriers from Urumchi to paths of Amayama south in April, 1877. Approximately one month later, ヤークーブ Beck made sudden death (theory existence to commit suicide by taking poison) in コルラ, and the nation was disappointing, and it collapsed.
Not a conventional flag person military administration official, I entrusted the rule to a Chinese bureaucrat in order to govern Xinjiang some other time for the Qing dynasty and enforced a ministry system in 1884 and let you complete land surveying by 1886. The イリ general came nominal, and 新疆巡撫 stationed in Urumchi became a supreme power person.
Xinjiang government -saving
When Shingai Revolution happened in 1911, the revolution group that spread among 哥老会 among the Chinese of Xinjiang caused a revolt. The revolution group of イリ carried the wide fortune of the former イリ general on its shoulder and established a military regime. In contrast, 袁大化 of the Xinjiang head-saving appointed him 提刑按察司 in anticipation of Yang increase new の political experience and the armaments and let you act as the training of the Muslim soldier. When Xinjiang was pursued later 袁大化, I was recommended to tuchun newly, and Yang increase hit the suppression of a Muslim revolt of ハミ and the revolt of 哥老会 and the farmer of each place.
On the other hand, Yang increase newly of イリ performed the revolution government and a peace negotiation, and took the イリ government in own power skillfully. Yang increase newly of Xinjiang held real power, and the control of Xinjiang province was accepted by the north seas government. In 1928, I was appointed from Nanjing Nationalist China by the Xinjiang head-saving. I maintained the rule system in the times for the Qing dynasty while Yang increase was despotic virtually newly in Xinjiang and I governed it and oppressed the opposition and brought political stability in this way in Xinjiang for 17 years.
Eastern Turkestan Islam republic
On July 7, 1928, I was assassinated by the 樊耀南 and others which was Yang increase newly Mayor at the time of military duties agency, the diplomatic head. When I arrested 樊耀南 immediately, and 金樹仁 which was Yang increase new の confidant executed it, it was the new Xinjiang president-saving and Gunji law and held power. He performed the policy that increased pressure for a Muslim and caused the revolt of ハミ (1931) and the torr fan (1932).
In February, 1933, I mobilized the revolution group which Muhammad アミーン ブグラ which was a teacher of window Lhasa organized behind closed doors in Khotan of the Tarim Basin south side and rose in revolt and it swept away a Chinese bureaucrat and established the new government. "King" gave one religious leader of Khotan to this government and appointed Muhammad アミーン ブグラ in ameer Al Islam (general) in shaikh Al Islam (chief) in サービト ダーモッラー and was going to carry out the rule based on the Islam method. This power marched from Khotan to Yarkand, Kashgar, and, in November, 1933, the establishment of "the Eastern Turkestan Islam republic" was declared by サービト ダーモッラー. I performed promotion of ホージャ ニヤーズ which was a revolt leader of ハミ for the republican President, and サービト ダーモッラー became the prime minister.
I was going to approach in horse relation British は Urumchi that was a Muslim armed faction of Gansu that occupied the torr fan at the same time, but because height of worldly wisdom of Urumchi invited the Soviet Union forces and repulsed it (January, 1934), I escaped to the west and annihilated Eastern Turkestan Islam republic and I negotiated with the Soviet Union and took refuge in the Soviet Union. I arrested サービト ダーモッラー which was the prime minister and delivered it to the Xinjiang province government that ホージャ ニヤーズ which was the republican President contacted a messenger of the Soviet Union and exchanged it for a promise that oneself took office as Vice Chairman of Xinjiang province.
Remains
Jurisdiction
I have jurisdiction over 4 highways, 8 鎮, 6 volost.
- A highway: 熱斯坦街道, 薩克薩克街道, Shinshiro Highway, Tojo highway
- 鎮: ウチャル 鎮 (烏恰鎮), ARA Kaga 鎮 (阿拉哈格鎮), チメン 鎮 (斉満鎮), デョンコタン 鎮 (墩 闊坦鎮), ヤカ 鎮 (牙哈鎮), ウズン 鎮 (烏尊鎮), Ishihara 鎮 (依西哈拉鎮), 雅克拉鎮
- Volost: ユチョステン volost (玉奇吾斯塘郷), ビイシバグ volost (ratio west Tomoe volost), ハニカタム volost (哈尼喀塔木郷), アキョステン volost (阿克吾斯塘郷), asafoetida volost (flatter status volost), タリム volost (tower village tree volost)
Economic
The water soil light and heat resources of クチャ are rich. It is oil, natural gas development of タリム in particular and an important base of 西気東輸工程. The natural gas reserves account for more than 90% of reserves found out in Tarim Basin in 2 trillion m³, and the reserves of crude oil occupy more than 70% of reserves found out at 700,000,000t. There are 雅克拉, tower river, 東河塘, 牙哈, 伊奇克里克, large 澇壩, 依南, 依深, 迪那 2, 亜肯背斜 in an oil field, the gas field where the digging has already begun. The discovered coal resources reserves reach 1,560,000,000t. The reserves of the halite reach 3,600,000,000t. As for the every prefecture cultivated area area, 790,000 Mu, 可墾荒地 are approximately 3,500,000 Mu.
Traffic
Aviation, a railroad, a highway of 南疆 crosscut it and become the distribution center of a traveler, the freight. Urumchi, a direct flight to lye leave from the クチャ Airport (Kuqa weaving shop). 南疆鉄路 crosses the prefecture area and leads to a dedicated line for oil, the coal transportation. G314 national highway runs through the every prefecture 5 鎮 1 volost 1 place and G217 national highway penetrates Amayama to the north and south and is connected to 314 lines in クチャ of the terminal.
Footnote
Reference materials
- 『Chinese classics』 (Western Regions biography)
- 『後漢書』 (Western Regions biography)
- ("three will") a "Wei abbreviation" western barbarian biography
- 『晋書』 (surrounding foreign tribes biography western barbarian)
- 『Wei book』 (the 90th Western Regions)
- 『Lap book』 (series of biographies 42nd overseas bottom)
- 『Sui book』 (the series of biographies 48th Western Regions)
- 『The north history』 (the series of biographies 85th Western Regions)
- 『Old Tang book』 (series of biographies first 148 western barbarian)
- 『New Tang book』 (in will 30th geography four, series of biographies first 146 in the Western Regions)
- 『History of Soong』 (series of biographies 249th foreign country six)
- Xuangzang "description of large Tang Western Regions" (Shinsei Mizutani reason, Heibonsha Publishers Ltd., 1999)
- Nobuo Yamada "history of north Asia nomadic tribe study" (in Tokyo University publication society, 1989 ISBN 4130260480)
- Hisao Komatsu "history of history of all the countries of the world 4 center Eurasia" (in Yamakawa publishing company, 2005 ISBN 463441340X)
This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia クチャ prefecture
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