2017년 4월 24일 월요일

Marine transportation Arai Ann's

Marine transportation Arai Ann's

The marine transportation Arai Ann's (worth yes Arai Ann's, shipping conference) is an international cartel by the container liner company. It is common that the cartel images an agreement to conclude between companies. However, the marine transportation Arai Ann's assumes the contract with the shipper the element.

Table of contents

History

There was Calcutta alliance by the freight flows sharp decrease by the panic as an opportunity in 1873. This alliance was a model of the cartels in world's first marine transportation Arai Ann's. I stopped the discount to a big shipper performed well and applied the fare of the one rate to all shippers till then. Because a free competitor and shipper resisted it, I made the system such as the deposit in 1877. It is a fado rebate system on a day to return the constant ratio of fare to the shipper who used only an alliance ship during a period selected as later (deferred rebate system). The return made two phases and irritated a shipper. In other words, a loyalty period was established every stage, and by half price was returned when it passed each.

After the fashion of the example that Calcutta alliance let shippers surrender, the marine transportation Arai Ann's increased like so many mushrooms after a rain. In the times when a submarine cable influenced the earth, it was the area where money howled that was able to fight against them. At first the South African federation established Post Office Administration and Shipping Combinations Discouragement Act in 1911. This law forbade 郵便逓送契約 with the shipping line which took the D fado rebate system. In addition, I arranged the ocean marine transportation meeting in Australia in Australia in 1929. And it revised Australian industrial protection law, and the authorization of the meeting was necessary for the contract between a shipper, alliances.

Because these areas did not succeed in a D fado rebate system, the marine transportation Arai Ann's came to relax the trammel of the shipper. I stopped letting I held a fare hostage, and the loyalty promise semipermanently and I tied it up only in term of a contract and applied a relative fee structure at the same time.

On the other hand, the United States was particularly strict with marine transportation Arai Ann's. At first the marine transportation method forbade a D fado rebate system in 1916. Marine transportation Arai Ann's in itself survived as an exception of the antitrust laws, but came to cannot but have the contract system that I already spoke. The United States added another single blow before long. It revised the marine transportation method in 1920 and forbade an alliance to treat the new entrant of the marine transportation market coldly. The use of this law was weak, but came to let you write, "I can join it on an equal condition as far as there was not a fair and rational reason" to an alliance article for the duration in 1940.

Chronological table

  • Seven U.K. founds Calcutta alliance in 1875
  • It is the first among the world as the foundation of the European alliance, an international alliance for 1,879 years. It is allied in the Chinese route and starts.
  • It is allied in the Australian route in 1884 and starts.
  • It is allied in the West Africa route in 1885 and starts.
  • It is allied in the South African route in 1886 and starts.
  • It is allied in the north Brazil route in 1895 and starts.
  • It is allied in river plate, the south Brazil route in 1896 and starts.
  • It is allied in the South American West Coast route in 1904 and starts.
  • A South African federation shuts a D fado rebate system out of mail in 1911.
  • 1929 Australia ocean marine transportation meeting start.
  • A European alliance is renamed to Far Eastern Freight Conference in 1941. The link understands only participant companies name for an English sense.
  • I sing the treaty adoption about the voyage, a principle of the marine transportation freedom in 1958.
  • Sea Landes Corporation contributes to the alliance collapse including container transportation in the transatlantic route of the foreign route in 1966.
  • It is voted a liner alliance action charter treaty plan in consideration of the North-South problem in 1972. Developed countries such as United States, British Norway object or they renounce it.
  • 2008 Far Eastern Freight Conference cancellation.


Liner alliance action charter treaty

Though the developing countries occupied 16.5% by 62.4%, import by export in global trade according to United Nations statistics of 1970, I simply held 7.6% in world total loading capacity quantity. The important thing is the ship of the developed country carried most of the freight which a developing country exported it and imported. And global inflation mainly on the dollar let a fare soar without being able to finish defending the dollar even if the FRB or other central banks became the bunch these days. Therefore I let the shipping line of the own country participate in an alliance freely or gave a constant transportation share, or the developing countries realized a demand to regulate an unfair raise of タリフ at United Nations Conference on Trade and Development general meeting in the third in 1972 and railroaded it.

The main point is six items. ①The free-for-all that I already spoke. ②About a transportation share, I half do it between import and export countries concerned, but assign 20% when the third nation ship progresses. ③I set a giving special treatment fare to promote the export of developing countries. ④I make discussion with shipowner mechanism of the shipper, and the government concerned participates in here. ⑤I fix a concrete procedure for タリフ raise. ⑥I make a forced arbitration system to handle the dispute between a shipowner, shippers.

The above laid the foundation of the liner alliance action charter treaty and was just adopted as a treaty in United Nations full power meeting in 1974. 30 countries such as developing country, Soviet Union, Germany France Belgium participated during a signature period until June 30 in the next year. The effect requirements were condition precedent for half a year after quantity of vessel which the participating nation held was beyond world 1/4. I say this effect condition and affirmative action called good ,②③⑤ and am not free competition. The liner alliance action charter treaty is reorganization of the marine transportation Arai Ann's.

According to Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, U.K. United States Norway does not still change a viewpoint.

Main group

I have been ever protected by special designation called the freight conference (Shipping Conference), but I disappear now, and the competition that assumed globalism a background intensifies. Grouping by the codesharing and the grouping by mergers and acquisitions advance to maintain building and the possession of the containership becoming gigantic, the regular line of the world net because vast investment is necessary. These groups are called "global Arai Ann's".

Before April, 2017

I it (plan) after April, 2017

Allied item

References

  • Takayuki Mori "entirely is p72 and p204 in a ship and the master of sea" same content Tachi publication
  • Nippon Yusen K.K. history of a company editing room "20 years Nippon Yusen from Nippon Yusen history of a company centenary of its foundation"
  • Michiho Enatsu "international cartel Japan criticism new company 1961 pp.226-230. of the present age" Knob of the history

Source

  1. ^ Zim Upgrades Cooperation With G6 Alliance on Asia-PNW Route JOC May 9, 2014
  2. MISC of ^ Grand Alliance / Malaysia is withdrawal LNEWS May 19, 2009 from Asian - Europe route
  3. ^ THE Alliance teams with Zim on trans-Atlantic service JOC December 7, 2016
  4. ^ Smaller carriers crowd into trans-Pacific JOC January 25, 2017
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