2017년 4월 10일 월요일

Canadian English

Canadian English

The Canadian English (English: Canadian English abbreviation CaE) is one of English used in Canada. I have a term of British English while sharing vocabulary with American English. The spelling of Canada is comprised of an element of British English and American English. Only the Canadian English has the existing expression, too and receives French influence in many fields, and there is variety by an area.

Approximately 17 million Canadians (58.8% of population) make English a first language (mother tongue) [1].

Table of contents

History

It is the speech that アーキボルド Constable Guy key clergyman (Reverend A. Constable Geikie) performed in a Canadian society of 1857 that a term "Canadian English" was confirmed for the first time. On the Guy key which was a Scotland-born Canadian, the manner that was (Anglocentric) of British central principles reflected it, and Guy key did English talked to in comparison with the words that appropriate English and an emigrant from the U.K. which thought spoke in Canada with "a collapse dialect". This way of thinking lasts the next dozens of years. [2]

The Canadian English was made in a wave of an emigrant and the domiciliation in the four times in the past approximately 200 years. Member of Tory party from U.K. where the first wave served as the biggest position verbally in Canada (British Loyalist)  It is time when (Tories#Canada) escaped alive from American War of Independence. The second wave is time when U.K. and Ireland which I worried about when anti-British feelings may open to a Canadian citizen recommended an emigrant to Canada after U.S. and British war of 1812. Canada did not come under influence that emigrants increased worldwide from 1910 through 1960 as other countries, but I did Canada in the multiculturalism country and made the soil which accepted the verbal change in the current globalization times. [3]

The language of the Canadian indigenous people (Canadian Aboriginal people) has begun to influence a European language to be used in Canada before the township of the emigrant spread out. [4]In addition, wow, low was Canada, and spoken Quebec French supplied vocabulary to upper Canadian English. [5]

Spelling

As for the spelling of the Canadian English, a rule of British English and American English is mixed.

  • By the words that became available from French, a word to be over in "-or" "-er" becomes "-our" "-re" ("colour" "centre") where spelling of British English remains in American English including "a color" and "center". In addition, I write the nouns such as "defense" "offense" in American English as "defence" "offence" of the spelling in the U.K. in Canada.
  • I use "tire" "curb" as well as the United States in Canada without using "tyre" "kerb" of the spelling in the U.K. and may not use spelling in the U.K.
  • Words such as "realize" or "paralyze" are usually spelled with "-ize" "-yze" as well as the United States in Canada and do not use "-ise" "-yse".
  • The ending of a word of the verb of the noun to be over in "-ice" may become "-ise" in Canada. As an example the verb form of noun "practice" "practise." The verb form of noun "licence" "license" (the noun spells the verb with "license" in the United States, too).
  • When there is suffix such as "-ing" when an accent is not put in the ending of a word of the verb, often repeat consonants of the ending of a word as well as the U.K. in Canada (in Canada "travelling" "cancelled" "controllable".in the United States "traveling" "canceled" "controlable"); [6].
  • The custom of the spelling in Canada has the thing which I am related to with the Canadian industrial history. For example, it is thought that it is related to the British financial institution which was important to Canada to spell a check with "cheque" as well as the U.K. in Canada. On the other hand, the auto industry of Canada uses the American term for the technical term of motor parts including "tire" (tire) to assume an American company origin. Besides, the truck is the example that "truck" (in the U.K. "lorry"), the gasoline are seen in "gasoline" (in the U.K. "petrol").
  • By the political term, there are many things which Canadian political history affects. The document of the Canadian Government seemed to list it by spelling in the U.K., and Canadian Prime Minister Hatsuyo John A McDonald's has ever given an Imperial ordinance [7].

As for the current formula-like spelling in Canada, a thing used for the official minutes (Hansard (Hansard) style) of the Canadian Diet becomes the standard. But, among the Canadian editors, a lot of people referring in a chapter of "Editing Canadian English" (editing by the Canadian English) of Canadian Oxford dictionary (Canadian Oxford Dictionary) [8] use, if necessary, more plural dictionaries.

In late years I use spelling in the U.K. about Canadian newspaper particularly end "-our". The Canadian national newspaper "glove and email" performed update [9] of a spelling policy in October, 1990 and changed other newspapers equally. "The Toronto star" was not active in adoption of the spelling in the U.K., but performed a change like the another newspaper.

Comparison of United States Canada British English

Word The United States Canada The U.K. Remarks
Meter meter metre metre
Check Check cheque cheque
The center Center centre centre
Fiber fiber fibre fibre
Color Color colour colour
Taste flavor flavour flavour
I canceled it canceled cancelled cancelled
Capitalization capitalize capitalize capitalise
Tire tire tire tyre
Airplane airplane airplane aeroplane
Elevator elevator elevator lift
Apartment for rent apartment apartment flat
License license licence [the name]
license [is shaken]
 licence [the name]
license [is shaken]

Phonology and pronunciation

There is not the Canadian in total linguistic definition, but, in Canada of the western part and the central part, uses approximately homogeneous English (cf. West/Central Canadian English). When the characteristic to define the Canadian English of the western / central part is gathered by the Canadian grassy plain part (Canadian Prairies), I recognize William ラボフ, and, in the penumbra including the urban area of Toronto and Vancouver, there are some patterns. [10]

Characterizing the Canadian English in comparison with the accent of the Northern U.S. which was conservative in phonology as follows:

  • Canadian raising: As for the diphthong before the voiceless consonant, the position of the tongue is pronounced "" by the Canadian English highly. For example, /aɪ/ (vowel sound of ice), vowel sound) of /aʊ/(house are pronounced [əɪ], [əʊ] each in front of voiceless consonant [p], [t], [k], [s], [f]. In total this Canadian tendency including the Atlantic Provinces (Atlantic Provinces) is seen. [11] I am seen particularly conspicuously in an inland, and this tendency becomes weak in British Columbia, some youths of Ontario. A lot of Canadians who do not have this tendency are, and this tendency is seen in the Northern U.S.
  • Cot-caught merger: Vowel sound [ɑ] (vowel sound of cot) is not distinguished from vowel sound) of vowel sound [ɔ](caught after a non-Japanese yen lips glossa after a Japanese yen lips glossa in the whole area of Canada. Thus, the pairs such as caught-cot, Don-Dawn become 同音異綴語. In addition, in the United States from the western part of the middle western district do not do this distinction as far as is wide. Speakers do not distinguish between the open-mid back rounded vowel [ɔ] and open back unrounded vowel [ɑ].
  • Canadian Shift: It is a characteristic to be seen in the whole area except the Atlantic Provinces (Atlantic Provinces) of Canada. [12]It is a chain shift from above-mentioned en:cot-caught merger. A vowel sound of /æ/ seen in bat becomes [a], and /ɛ/ such as bet moves to [æ]. In addition, /ɪ/ of bit becomes near [ɛ]. [13]This tendency is not seen except a western part in the United States, but a change similar to California vowel shift in California of the western United States is seen.
  • /eɪ/ such as /oʊ/, bait such as boat which is a diphthong originally has near sound quality in a short vowel. It is remarkable in an inland in particular.
  • The vowel sounds such as /o/ or /aʊ/ are pronounced in 後舌.
  • /u/ is pronounced so that a previous tongue stops by before the tongue top sound.
  • /æ/ is pronounced as a strain vowel sound before the palatal closed sound.
  • The words such as borrow, sorry, tomorrow are pronounced [ɔr] not [ar].

Expression

It is eh? /eɪ/ to show predominantly frequent use, and, in expression of the Canadian English that there is a number, "even anything" is used for meanings such as (I resemble huh? of American English) "right?". It is "Canajian, eh? again "Or "Canadian, eh? "And the website in the title come from a collection of satire illustrations published in 1972.

The source, footnote

  1. ^ 2006 national census [1]
  2. ^ Chambers, p xi
  3. ^ Chambers, p xi–xii
  4. ^ AskOxford.com:Factors which shaped the varieties of English
  5. ^ Chambers, p xi
  6. ^ Oxford Press and Katherine Barber (2001). The Canadian Oxford Dictionary. Toronto, Ontario: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-541731-3. 
  7. ^ Richard Gwyn, John A.: The Man Who Made Us, ([Place of publication not listed]: Random House Canada), 2007, pp. 3–4.
  8. ^ Toronto: Oxford university press (Oxford University Press) , 2004
  9. ^ Allemang, John (September 1, 1990). "Contemplating a U-turn." The Globe and Mail. p. D6 
  10. ^ Labov, p 222
  11. ^ Labov, p 222
  12. ^ Labov, p 68
  13. ^ Labov, p 218

References

  • Barber, Katherine, editor (2004). The Canadian Oxford Dictionary, second edition. Toronto: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-541816-6.
  • Boberg, Charles (2005). "The North American Regional Vocabulary Survey: Renewing the study of lexical variation in North American English." American Speech 80/1.[2]
  • Courtney, Rosemary, et al., senior editors (1998). The Gage Canadian Dictionary, second edition. Toronto: Gage Learning Corp. ISBN 0-7715-7399-5.
  • Chambers, J.K. (1998). "Canadian English: 250 Years in the Making," in The Canadian Oxford Dictionary, 2nd ed., p. xi.
  • Labov, William, Sharon Ash, and Charles Boberg (2006). The Atlas of North American English. Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-016746-8. 
  • Peters, Pam (2004). The Cambridge Guide to English Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-62181-X.
  • Walt Wolfram and Ben Ward, editors (2006). American Voices: How Dialects Differ from Coast to Coast. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 140, 234-236. ISBN 1-4051-2108-4. 

Development document

Development document to know "the Canadian English" in detail
  • Canadian Raising: O'Grady and Dobrovolsky, Contemporary Linguistic Analysis: An Introduction, 3rd ed., pp. 67-68.
  • Canadian English: Editors' Association of Canada, Editing Canadian English: The Essential Canadian Guide, 2nd ed. (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 2000).
  • Canadian federal government style guide: Public Works and Government Services Canada, The Canadian Style: A Guide to Writing and Editing (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998).
  • Canadian newspaper and magazine style guides:
  • Canadian usage: Margery Fee and Janice McAlpine, Guide to Canadian English Usage (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2001).

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