Brass instrument
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It is a generic name of the wind instrument group to pronounce by the vibration of the lips of the player, and the brass instrument (きんかんがっき) is equivalent to a Japanese "blow hard" (trumpet).
Table of contents
Origin of the name
It comes from that a pipe body is made with brass (brass) mainly, but I am used for a wide sense in a meaning same as 唇簧管楽器 and have nothing to do whether there is it with "metal". For example, ツィンク and a serpent, the conch which the Buddhist monk has are made all with nonmetal, and there is the musical instrument (Sousa phones) adopting nonmetal material for reasons of the lightweighting again, but is classified in a brass instrument to start all a sound by the vibration of lips. On the contrary, the Saxo phone is made of metal, but is classified in a woodwind instrument because I do not use the vibration of lips for pronunciation. The metal flute is a woodwind instrument likewise, too.
Structure of the brass instrument
The structure of the brass instrument is very simple and has a song tongue (mouthpiece) to inspire you with breath and a morning glory (bell) to enlarge volume, and they can be connected by a cylinder or the conically-shaped pipe. In this state, I do not have all structure to change the pitch of the sound, but, by the state of lips and speed of the breath, I change a fundamental tone and a harmonic overtone and can change pitch. However, I cannot start a sound caught in the other harmonic overtones line because the pipe is decided to undergo pitch to sympathize with by length (or and that it is an open pipe is a closed tube) and the communication speed of the sound. Therefore I change the pitch to sympathize with by generally changing the length of the cosyrinx with the wind instrument and get a sound of various height. I got higher various sounds by even a brass instrument being old, and shortening the length of the acoustic pipe by a sound hole opened in the middle of the pipe such as the current woodwind instrument. I enable adjustment of the pitch of the sound that is smaller than the unit of the harmonic overtone now by comprising mechanism to change the length of the pipe such as expansion and contraction and the valve (valve) of the double pipe called the slide.
The cause of the vibration is a lip of the players, and, in a point not to be a musical instrument, it may be said that the brass instrument is not concluded with the musical instrument simple substance as a musical instrument. Because the woodwind instrument concludes as a musical instrument, the sound as the musical instrument appears if I make a flow of the air with pumps and expose it to the musical instrument. In contrast, the brass instrument concludes as a musical instrument only after I am united with the lips of the player. In addition, as for the tone and the range (the upper limit in particular), the opinion that there are many elements depending on degree of achievement and stigmata (thickness of lips, face frame, alignment of teeth) of the player exists because the source of the sound is a human lip [1]. On the other hand, there is the thickness of lips in the opinion that there are not relations [2]. The lower limit of the range is decided with the size (the pipe head) of the musical instrument. There is some range of the pitch, and, for no sound, it can be said that it is a fixed thing like the keyboard of the keyboard instrument. I can change pitch more than a semitone with the short musical instrument by the intention of the player.
Because the characteristic of the physical column of air changes by bending a pipe, various forms and condition are tried and continue now. With the horn, it becomes common to shut up two pipes with different condition in one musical instrument (double horn).
A cylinder pipe and conic pipe
In the shape of the pipe linking the conically-shaped mouse pipe bell connected to the mouthpiece of the brass instrument, there is a cylinder (straight) pipe, a cone (taper) pipe, and, as for the former, the inside diameter of both ends is the same, but the latter leaves near a morning glory from the side of the song mouth, and the inside diameter opens little by little.
The musical instrument which composed all of a cylinder pipe and the musical instrument composed of a conic pipe adversely are possible theoretically, but both are put together so that the that the that a mouthpiece is near as for the real brass instrument is near the cone pipe that a cylinder pipe is near, a bell whether a cylinder is a pipe says with a cone pipe. Because because the part of a slide and the valve to change pitch cannot change thickness on the way, it is made all with a cylinder pipe, and this is because it is the part of the bell namely a cone pipe.
The cylinder pipe produces gorgeous sound quality keenly generally, and it is said that the conic pipe brings about sound quality round more softly than it, but it is thickness, length, the shape of the cone pipe and thickness of the cylinder pipe that affect, and the length of the cylinder pipe does not really have a big big influence on many tones in a tone. This property contributes to the fact that I do not lose a tone even if I change the pipe head by a slide and a valve.
Method with a sound of the height except the harmonic overtone line
To structure to get a sound of the height except the harmonic overtone line in the modern brass instrument, there is the method with a slide and the valve.
Slide
The slide lets the pipe which did it in one of the oldest structure to regulate pitch double expand and contract, and most are turned down parallel. The general trombone can in this way get any pitch to 3 whole tone (6 semitones) bottoms using this mechanism. In addition, even other brass instruments are often provided for a fine adjustment of the pitch.
Valve
Heinrich シュテルツェル (Heinrich Stölzel) invented the valve for the brass instrument in 1814 [3]. The valve of various methods was suggested [4] and spread afterwards. Many brass instruments have some valve, and the thing which does not have one valve either is restrictive now.
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The number of valves to be attached to varies, but I assume three basics with many brass instruments and may be added some. I operate it only by the right hand, but usually operate horn and Wagner tuba with the left hand. In addition, there is a thing operating only the fourth (the fourth) valve with the left hand in ユーフォニウム, and there is a thing that a tuba has a valve a lot and uses the left hand for.
Each valve is attached in the middle of control, and a detour pipe is connected to the container of the valve. The length of the pipe which the air flows through by the choice of the detour pipe increases, and the pitch falls. In most cases, when I do not operate a valve, I do not detour, and a flow of the air comes to communicate it directly, but movement is the reverse at "a rise valve" to be attached to when it is special.
Most of musical instruments having valves more than three are set as follows.
- As for the valve, the whole tone (2 semitones, Buddhist preaching) falls most (the first).
- As for the second (the second) valve, a semitone falls.
- The third (the third) valve falls whole tone and a half (3 semitones, Buddhist preaching and a half).
I am equivalent to a forefinger, the middle finger, the third finger from the young person of the number each, and up to approximately three whole tone (6 semitones) can lower it, but, by these combinations, they more slightly originally have a short length of the pipe to produce by plural combinations. The fourth (the fourth) valve has many things of the setting to fall 2 whole tone and a half (5 semitones, two sound and a half), but the thing which changes condition of the whole musical instrument into B ♭ pipe from F pipe is common with the horn. This is the function that is important to lower an error to occur because of the combination of plural valves. In many cases, the additional valve of the trombone has a function same as this the fourth valve, too.
- Piston valve
- The piston valve chooses a pipe by the piston that a pipe commuting in a cylindrical container was planted.
- Rotary valve
- The rotary valve chooses a pipe by a piece turning in a cylindrical container. The thing which developed this has "a three-pronged valve" or "a say yeah valve", but they are often patent things of the inventor. At the normal rotary valve, the piece which processed two 1 be U-shaped grooves which faced each other to bind two holes next to each other together turns 90 degrees in the over container of four holes at regular intervals. There is a mechanical connection when I use a string in the organization which introduces the movement of the lever for operation into the piece.
- Weenie valve
- The weenie valve (or double piston valve [4]) consists of parallel twin pistons and chooses a pipe by a piece moving in a piston. I am used only for the horn of the Vienna expression at the present that is one of the methods suggested as a valve of the brass instrument early [4].
- Other special valves
- For other than these traditional valve devices particularly trombone use, special valve devices such as say yeah valve, ハグマンバルブ are used. Because originally the shape of the pipe body is simple, and there is little resistance at the time of the performance and adds the musical instrument called the trombone to a change of the resistance by the valve operation being apt to affect the performance characteristics and the tone as the background where such a special valve is used for in a trombone in particular, and there are few numbers of the valve device which the trombone has, it is thought that there are the circumstances that were not relatively worried about size and the weight of the valve device.
コンペンセイティング system (automatic vernier)
Musical instruments having four valves are usually set as follows.
- The first: The whole tone falls down
- The second: A semitone falls
- The third: It falls whole tone and a half
- The fourth: It falls 2 sound and a half
However, by the fourth and the combination of other valves, pitch becomes higher than a sound thought about on fingering. This is proportional if it becomes the low sound, and this is because the pipe head necessary to lower the sound gradually gets longer.
As this solution, break Lee introduced "コンペンセイティング system" into ユーフォニアム in 1874. This is to build more revision pipes in conjunction with the fourth piston to each piston and secures distance of the deficit. Blowing came to be able to in this way start the range right on the difficult pedal tone by normal fingering with the pitch that was correct in before to become the structure that air went along the revision pipe automatically for the fingering that the fourth piston was included in. By this system, I added ユーフォニアム to high mobility called the piston musical instrument, and it was the brass instrument which had the characteristic that could cover a wide practical use range.
In addition, the French horn with structure same as this コンペンセイティング system is called "a semi-double horn". There is the example which writes "コンペンセイティング" (B ♭ /F semi-double) and both names jointly in the catalogue of ユーフォニアム and the tuba.
A slide and loss and gain of the valve
Any length is got continuously, and the length that can play right pitch can regulate the slide. The performance in the tune except a temperament and the pure temperament is possible, and it is said that I can get better sound quality again because structure is simpler than a valve, and the omission of the sigh that there are fewer curves of the pipe than a valve is good, if necessary. On the other hand, it is unsuitable for a musical instrument having a pipe having a long it because there is a limit to distance of the expansion and contraction again without movement growing big to expand and contract, and to operate a slide by the expansion and contraction of the arm (elbow), and amounting to a valve by the quick movement. In addition, the length amounts to 40% of the full length of the pipe when this part has to be a cylinder and draws it most. Therefore, a use is limited for a fine adjustment of the pitch with the musical instrument which a lot of conic pipes occupy. In addition, processing with the precision that is relatively high so that breath balances prevention of leaking it with fluent movement and adjustment are particularly necessary for the long thing.
When I push it alone, as for the valve, accurate pitch is provided, but a sound is excited when I put a valve together like statement above. Some kind of revision of that purpose is necessary. (when it is in a French horn again, the technology of exclusion and adding and the lips of the pipe, I revise it by a technique of the insertion of the right hand)
Materials and surface finish of the pipe body
金管楽器の管体には、主に真鍮（黄銅、Brass）や洋白 （Nickel Silver）といった材質が用いられ、多くはその表面にラッカー (lacquer) 塗装やメッキが施される。真鍮にもイエローブラス、レッドブラスなど組成の異なるいくつかの種類があり、硬度や比重が音色や吹奏感に影響する。機構部に影響のない朝顔部分の素材の変更や表面処理の変更で音色を調整することがよく行われる。古楽器の復元などには素材自体を同じ組成にすることも重要で、微量のベリリウムを含んだ真鍮などを特別に調製する事もある。ラッカーは通常は透明なクリヤラッカーが用いられるが、黄や赤の染料を添加してより美しい色合いを演出することもある。メッキで最も多いのは銀メッキである。低価格帯の楽器ではニッケルメッキも使われる。まれに金メッキも用いられるが、音色の要求によるものであり、金メッキの楽器は確かに「高価」になりはするが、銀メッキと比べて特に楽器として「高級」とはいえない。銀メッキの楽器はあたたかくまろやかな音色、ラッカーは輪郭のはっきりした音色、金メッキは明るく華やかな音色が特徴であるといわれるが、それ以上に管の素材（組成および厚さ）、ラッカーやメッキの厚さがきわめて重要な要素であり、それらを無視して一概に論じることは出来ない。
主な金管楽器
脚注
- ^ 中国学園大学紀要『金管楽器奏法における適性について ～身体的特徴とアンブシュアの関係～』(2010年、森利幸、三川美幸)
- ^ 『金管演奏の原理―クラウド・ゴードンによる自然科学的解明』(著:クラウド・ゴードン、訳:杉山正、聖公会出版、2001年、ISBN 978-4882741121 )p.22
- ^ "Why Was the Valve Invented?". John Ericson. 2014年9月20日閲覧。
- ^ a b c "Early Valve Designs". John Ericson. 2014年9月20日閲覧。
参考文献
- ウォルター・ピストン、戸田邦雄訳『管弦楽法』音楽之友社,1967年,ISBN 4-276-10690-7
- 安藤由典『新版 楽器の音響学』音楽之友社,1996年,ISBN 4-276-12311-9
関連項目
外部リンク
- Whirlwind for Another Style - 元自衛隊喇叭手による旧帝國陸海軍と自衛隊の信号喇叭データベース
This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Brass instrument
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