2017년 5월 7일 일요일

Near word

Near word

Near word
Li Niha
The country which is talked about Indonesian flag Indonesia
Area Near island of the north Sumatra state, Batu Islands and Sumatra
The number of the speakers 770,000 (2000)
Language system
Austronesian
Notation system Roman letters
Language cord
ISO 639-1 Unavailable
ISO 639-2 nia
ISO 639-3 nia
I display a template

Near word (near Nias) is a language to be vested in Austronesian. The speaker lives in the Indonesian near island and Batu Islands mainly. Belong to Northwest Sumatra-Northern Barrier Islands languages same as メンタワイ word and バタク word as a classification [1]; [2]. The number of the speakers is approximately 770,000 people as of 2000 [1]. The グヌンシトリ (English version) dialect that there are northern, central dialect, three of the Southern dialect as a dialect [3] equal to the northern [1].

Table of contents

History

As for most of valuable books, a description was performed linguistically by German since デニンガー clergyman (E. Ludwig Denninger) of the line Protestant foreign mission association (English version) got down on the ground of near in 1865 [2]. The most important grammar depends on propagator ズンダーマン (German version) of the association published in 1913 in that [4].

Phonology

Phoneme

Shown below with the list of phonemes of the near word Southern dialect [5].

Vowel sound
  Front vowel Central vowel Back vowel
High [i] [u]
The inside [e] ö [ɤ] [o]
Low [a]
Consonant
  Labial Labiodental sound Both lips velar sound Alveolar consonant Rear alveolar consonant Hard palatal Velar sound Voice
Closed sound [b]     [t]
[d]
ndr [dr]

     [k]
[ɡ]
 '[ʔ]
Affricate         c [tʃ][6]
z [dʒ]
      
Nasal [m]     [n]     (the northern part: [ŋ]) [7] [8]  
Fricative   [f]
[v]
   [s]
(the northern part: [z]) [9]
     kh [x] [h]
Approximant   ß [ʋ] [w] [l]   y [j]    
Tremor sound mb [ʙ]     [r]        

Syllable

It may be said that the syllable of the near word is extremely simple open syllable structure. The ending of a word is a vowel sound by all means [10], and there is not it, and a consonant connection and the long vowel do not exist at all when I terminate in the consonant [7]. In addition, as for the word to begin by a vowel sound, prefix is really often pronounced in glottal [ʔ] [7].

Stress

Except an a short distance exception, a stress is put in the second syllable from the last [5]; [11]. At this chance the suffix connected to the word continues being counted as some syllables, and the prefix is not considered to be a part of the syllable [5].

Grammar

A noun and the verb exist, but there is not the adjective, and a verb is put instead [12].

Change of the head rhyme

si 〈 which has a function to change a noun and a verb phrase of the near word into a noun phrase to express a temporary doer…Person 〉 doing causes a change of the following head rhyme under a specific grammatical condition [13]. This phenomenon is called "an outside liaison" [8].

Change of the head rhyme
Basic form Declension
f v
t d
s z
c
k g
b mb
d ndr
Vowel sound n + vowel sound
g + vowel sound

It is the following cases that a change of the head rhyme happens [13].

  1. When it becomes the object of the subject of the intransitive verb or the transitive verb that is it becomes the absolute status [14].
  2. When I become an owner (by the term of ズンダーマン "hypotaxis" (status constructus (de))) [15].
    An example: salawa mbanua (<banua 〈 village 〉) - Village mayor
  3. When it becomes the object of the preposition.

In the case of head rhyme, n- or g- is added, but a vowel sound is decided by a word where arrives [13]. If it is in unit 〉, göri which caught the village of 〈 plural collectively if it becomes nöri, öri which is a multisense word comes to express only a meaning of 〈 bracelet 〉 and 〈 lucky charm 〉 [13].

Word order

The word order of the basic sentence of the near word is a VOS type like バタク Toba word and the Malagasy [16], and, as for the noun phrase, it is the turn of "noun - relative clause" [17], "noun - demonstrative pronoun" basically [18]; [19]. In addition, it becomes the order of "cover owner - owner" [20].

Footnote

  1. ^ a b c Lewis et al. (2015).
  2. ^ a b Hammarström et al. (2016).
  3. ^ Brown (1997).
  4. ^ Brown (2,005:562).
  5. ^ a b c Brown (2,005:564).
  6. There is not it in the ^ northern (Brown 2,005:563).
  7. ^ a b c Brown (2,005:563).
  8. ^ a b Shibata (1,989:1,527).
  9. ^ Shibata (1,989:1,527), Brown (2,005:563). I am equivalent to [dʒ] of the Southern dialect.
  10. ^ Da Nang Djaja & Koentjaraningrat (1,985:64).
  11. ^ Dryer & Haspelmath (2013).
  12. ^ Brown (2,005:566).
  13. ^ a b c d Brown (2,005:567).
  14. ^ Brown (1997:398–399).
  15. ^ Shibata (1989:1528–1529).
  16. ^ Dryer (2013a).
  17. ^ Dryer (2013d).
  18. ^ Dryer (2013c).
  19. ^ Brown (1,997:397).
  20. ^ Dryer (2013b).

References

Allied bookm

  • Sundermann, H. (1913). Niassische Sprachlehre. The Hague: M. Nijhoff.

Outside link

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