United Nations general meeting was a resolution of 2007 and I established February 20 every year in (World Day of Social Justice) on "a day of the world social justice" of the international D and confirmed poverty reduction and the equality of the sexes, improvement of the respect for social justice such as the right of the worker whom the International Labour Organization established. This international D is carried out from 2009.
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Tokyo birth. 1991 Tokyo University law department graduation, Doctoral degree course in 1996 university academy law political science graduate course unit acquisition withdrawal from school. A same year doctor (law). The title of the doctoral dissertation "investigation of base and premise - - that comb de トクヴィル of "the politics" in the democracy" [5].
In addition, Tranpedia is simply not responsible for any show is only by translating the writings of foreign licenses that are compatible with CC-BY-SA license information.
In addition, Tranpedia is simply not responsible for any show is only by translating the writings of foreign licenses that are compatible with CC-BY-SA license information.
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A political party (Seitow) is a grouporganized by a person with a common political purpose. It is the combination by honor and the item of virtues [1], and, according to British member of the House of Representatives Edmund Burke of the 18th century, it is said that it is not a human being group based on the self-interest (gang).
Table of contents
General statement
The people with the common point gather for a policy and a claim in politics and plan the collection of the opinion and the formation of the unified policy, and or, as activity for the realization of the policy, charge aims for the government and points to an organization performing it being in a base unit of the administration of the assembly or the group. The formation of a party, the natural human constituting call that I form a political party a party member and call the dissolution of the political party a solution party. When meet the legal requirements (political party requirements) at various political levels (federate nation, league of nations, nation, local government) in many modern nations; legally the qualification as the political party is under the protection. On the contrary, there is the government in the political party where is in an illegal state by prohibiting it in a specific political party when I do not adopt political pluralism.
The classifications by the number of political parties and relations with the power include political pluralism, one-party system (one-party system, hegemony political party system). In addition, I call the political party which does not participate in the ruling party (father), the political power in a political party participating in the political power an opposition party (employ). The ruling party on the government may not be the ruling party in the Local Assembly that this is above-mentioned various political levels and exists.
Function
At first I gather various profit in the society, and a function of the political parties includes a function to let you reflect it to politics. A political party shows what's called which the profit gathered for a citizen in form policy and serves to let you show it for the government and carry it out. In addition, supplement, the election function of the political leader is important, too. I let you choose a candidate from the thing which resembled closely of the policy and run for election and bring it up while letting you load experience in the party if elected and bring up the leader who can lead a higher group. And I let the leader take office as the national leaders such as the sovereigns using the power of the political party. At this chance a political party is the government inside and I am based on own member and organize a cabinet and the Executive Office of the President and perform that I organize a policy-making body. In addition, I have the function to promote understanding, participation in citizen's politics by showing the plain policy and issue that a political party gathered to a citizen. And the political party which won by election is in charge of the government as the ruling party, and the political party defeated by criticizes the deficient point of the policy of the ruling party as an opposition party and has a function to let you revise monitoring. If this ruling party, opposition party is a democratic nation, a thing maintaining both of the ability for ability for government charge, government criticism is demanded from the political party by election results to produce natural replacement.
The legislation of the political party and legal political party
The attitude toward political party of public opinion and the law changed to the antipathy for the political party, the acceptance of the political party, the legislation of the political party. It was originally a personal association, and the political party was not a thing with no legal grounds, but because it was admitted that a function such as the above was effective, the political party came to be gradually made much of and came to be considered indispensable for democratic politics.
Important one step to the legislation of the political party was stepped forward to by introduction of the proportional representation in the early 20th century. As for this system, the candidacy premises the existence of the political party [2].
Then, in the late 20th century, a system of regulation and the furtherance of the political fund brought legislation to step into the internal administration of the political party. Legislation includes both sides of encouragement of the political party activity and the national interference for the political party. In Germany which got a head start of the system, this state was studied as a political party nation model. The national rule by the political party is not realized simply (in the meaning that the intention of the political party is, for example, superior to than the intention of the nation). However, there is the side to disturb the challenge of the new political party by national power by limiting a benefit of the legislation to the existing political party.
In each country, the political parties are classified by a political spectrum. It is so-called right wing, left-winger, and the left, conservatism and fascism are considered to be a right wing communism and socialism. I may call innovation, a right wing maintenance at the left. In addition, the extremely radical thing insisting on is called the extreme right, the extreme left each in both groups. In addition, even if call the middle political party insisting on which does not deviate to the Arctic and Antarctic with moderation, and put it within moderation;; stand, and a classification of a right-center, the left-of-center faction exists by a position.
History
Establishment of the political party
The origin of the modern political party
It is in the political organization which planned reform and a revolution of the political system in the country where an assembly does not exist, and the right to vote was confined to.
It was in the early assembly, and a faction for assembly administration developed from a temporary thing at the lasting organization.
Of notable political party and two of the mass party political party mentioned above fall on two origin. I received the challenge of the new mass party, and the former notable political party made self-renewal in the mass party, too. Conservatism, a political party of the liberalism often took the form of the notable political party, and social democracy, a political party of the communism often took the form of the mass party (about the descent from political party of each country in the history of the political party).
Modern political party
Because the opinion of the well-known politician, party came to reach the direct electorate by the development of the mass media, the role of the party organization decreased and did not wield the mass party either. Because the interest of people centers on the prime minister, the President as the head of the government and a candidate individual to those public office, as for the power of the political party, there is the observation that decreased more. There is other various political party declinism.
But, in the present when a phenomenon leading to the political party decline spreads among the society, and several decades passed, I do not have the fluidity of the election results that should get up theoretically either. A large number of political party systems of the advanced democracy country change without a big change. It is a cartel political party theory that explain saying that the political party which lost a social infrastructure merely survives this as a monopolist with vested rights in an election market.
To ^"a political party theory clue of glorious political science - Burk" Chihiro Kariya (policy science 14(1) 立命大学) [1] [2] [3]
^is close, and there is only political party list proportional representation assuming the existence of the political party. Similarly the single entry transfer-style vote (STV) does not necessarily premise the existence of the political party in the system classified into proportional representation either. Therefore, in the Lower House election adopting STV of Ireland, the independent of the constant number is picked.
Publication information
Burke, E. 1839. Thoughts on the cause of the present discontents(1770), in The Works of Edmund Burke, vol. 1, Boston: Little, Brown & Co.
Dahl, R., ed. 1966. Political Oppositions in Western Democracies. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.
Downs, A. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper & Row.
Written by Anthony Downs, Seiji Furuta supervising a translation "economic theory document temple of the democracy", 1980
Duverger, M. 1954. Political parties. New York: john Wiley.
Maisel, L., and Cooper, J. eds. 1978. Political Parties: Development and Decay. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
Panebianco, A. 1988. Political Party: Organization and Power. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press.
パーネビアンコ work, Shinichiro Murakami reason "political party organization and power" Minerva Publishing, 2005
Putnam, R. D. 1976. The Comparative Study of Political Elites. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
Sartori, G. 1976. Parties and Party Systems. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press.
For monkey toe re-work, Norio Okazawa, Hideyuki Kawano reason "analysis framework of modern political party educational administration party system theory" Waseda University publishing division, 1,980 years, it is popular edition 2000
Schattschneider, E. E. 1942. Party Government. New York: Farrar & Rinehart.
Schumpeter, J. 1942. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. new York: Harper & Row.
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