Commercial Press (I carry it) is the publishing company which Zuiho, 鮑咸恩, 鮑咸昌, high Otori pond established by help of 牧師費啓鴻 of the presbytery in the summer which worked with the Mika book building who is the printing office of the American presbytery on February 11, 1897. Because it dealt with commercial bookkeeping mainly early, "commercial affairs" and the name are on.
I establish a printing office formally in 1902. I assume 蔡元培 (later 張元済) a director in 編訳所 and a publishing office. 張元済, high Otori Funato, 夏曽佑 join it almost simultaneously.
I publish a textbook "latest textbook" of the elementary school becoming Part 1 in China in 1903, and in primary, middle and high schools textbooks are used afterward in the whole country. 同年厳復訳 "群学肄言," forest 紓 publishes reason "Italy strand fable" (Aesop fable). The reason work of both has a big influence on the after ages.
On January 10, 1914, Zuiho dies in the founders in the summer that was the total accounting. I set up a branch office in Hong Kong in the same year. I launch "a student magazine".
On January 29, 1932, the first Shanghai incident (128 incidents) happens. Commercial Press, east library are burnt by an air raid in Japan on the second day.
I move to Beijing from Shanghai in 1954. I repeat the famous books of the arts and sciences of Europe and publish it. (as for the collection of total ten more than 400 class published "translation in Chinese world arts and sciences famous book library," Beijing Commercial Press is a publisher)
In addition, Tranpedia is simply not responsible for any show is only by translating the writings of foreign licenses that are compatible with CC-BY-SA license information.
The Japanese Navy deployed 45-caliber of decades type 12cm anti-aircraft gun when 改設計 did an expression 12cm gun as an antiaircraft gun (so-called anti-aircraft gun) as an anticraft weapon for 45-caliber of three years. But I will develop 砲 which I designed as an anti-aircraft gun (antiaircraft gun) because it was expected that performance lack produces the decade ceremony that was not designed as the development and an antiaircraft gun of the planes.
In a design
I do discharge speed very much. I aimed for 14 a minute per 1 gate.
I increase the power of the bullet. I increased a diameter 0.7cm than an existing 12cm anti-aircraft gun and let a damage radius spread.
I hold below down the weight of the ammunition parcel 35 kg. To hold down that discharge speed decreases by physical strength consumption of the gun crew.
The naval gun mount is lightweighted if possible and gives movement speed. The elevation speed became 12 degrees/s.
The fuse assumes it automatic mediation. Because this suppresses the drop of the discharge speed, too.
とされた.
As for the breechblock, it was called a fast wide chain of the closedown speed that a stopper-type. All the anti-aircraft guns developed afterward in the Japanese Navy adopt this breechblock method.
A design was started in (1929) in 1929, and the first unit was completed in (1931) in 1931 and was done regulation adoption [1] with 40-caliber of 89 sets 12cm seven multi-launching Takatsuno naval gun mounts in February in the next year.
Evaluation
Because discharge speed greatly has good operation characteristics from what can fire up to 14 a minute (the example which I fired 20 at is reported), and the hit precision was high, the use results are good, and it is a common view that got the evaluation that is high in not only the anti-air warfare but also the anti-warship battle. I am asked about the voice whether "you did not use this 砲 for as a for two uses gun more positively why" by the person concerned at the time.
But this opinion is included in the evaluation that I saw from the back year, and the evaluation changes when I see it item by item. At first it is pointed out that I cannot cope with a fact, a high speed machine without being about the same, and it having possibilities to be said that drivenness is better than a type on the number with a catalogue level of 12.7 centimeters of 50-caliber of three years expressions gun that the drivenness including elevation speed and the turning speed was used as the main battery of the destroyer widely for three years (later description include it). The shooting speed becomes able to fire up to 14 a minute on the catalogue, but it is written down in "the gunnery annual report" of (1933) with "very good 砲 to be able to shoot with 12 a minute if I train you" in 1933, and, according to the results of the anticraft practice carried out in (1939) in 1939, the book gun is reported with the which should be able to fire seven or eight for one minute. It is a state of gun elevation 30 degrees that can show the biggest shooting speed, and they are even no longer less than it, and the shooting speed seemed to decrease, and gun elevation seems to be hard to say partly because it was designed as the long-distance antiaircraft gun which assumed the repulse of the torpedo bomber the principal objective to have been able to show the shooting speed of the catalogue level street in the actual fighting [2]. Besides, the time fuze of the book gun was mediated at the time of the loading automatically, but the development of this mediation device ran into difficulties [2]. An error did not fit into the tolerance level (+-0.2 second) at first, and it was said that stable precision came to finally appear by another view in (1935) in 1935, but I seemed to be troubled to up to 1,939 age by this problem when it was touched about an error of 信管調定機 by practice in 1939 and considered this.
Because a book gun is the antiaircraft gun that it is possible for the anti-warship battle than 12.7 centimeters of expressions gun having been for the anticraft anti-warship which I cannot shoot virtually for 50-caliber of three years even if I stand on it, it is a fact that have the ability as the for two uses gun. However, there are both the other countries and the aspect not to be able to tell to have appreciated a for two uses gun.
I will prove a battleship for an example, but even the battleship which Buddha German Italy constructed for a Yamato type and the same period does choice to isolate a secondary gun and an anti-aircraft gun not a for two uses gun. In the France Navy in particular, I adopted a for two uses gun with Dunkerque grade once, but the fact to separate from a judgment of the lack of ability to an anti-aircraft gun and a secondary gun with next Richelieu grade as both a straight-shooting gun and an antiaircraft gun as for the for two uses gun again is not recognized too much. Besides, the for two uses gun of the King George V grade battleship was a flattery-related problem of the loading mechanism shop gun, and ability of the anticraft shooting had a problem that it was low with a dive-bomber without it having possibilities to be said that blaze speed was fast because coping was difficult and did a cannonball heavily in order to find heat of the anti-warship battle while being a for two uses gun. In addition, when I think as anti-warship use, it has a too short effective range, and, as for the for two uses gun mounted with the U.S. battleship after the North Carolina grade (MK.28 5 inches for two uses gun), there is the possibility that I cannot prevent the falling of a thunderbolt of the destroyer a lot and has it pointed out with lack of ability [3]. Battleship Washington and South Dakota equipped with 同砲 intercepted Japanese military mine squadron by the third Solomon sea fight, but they attacked and sank destroyer Ayanami and fail in the check of the mine squadron and permit the falling of a thunderbolt.
Actually, it is (1944) in 1944, and the report such as follows is done by the Yamato which is a Leyte offing sea fight participation warship in confrontation with the severe aviation attack of U.S. forces [2].
Because "砲 is too heavy the correspondence to a high-speed plane insufficiency" (because 砲重量 is heavy, and turning speed is slow, I cannot follow the aim for the high-speed plane) of the thing which is satisfied with a range and power of 砲
"I want you to build more things of ten high (the long 10cm anti-aircraft gun which you adopted by an Akizuki type destroyer) degree approximately two both the port side and the right sides if you can do it"
Discharge speed cannot form a barrage late
Therefore, it was the replacement from the Yamato to a long 10 centimeters anti-aircraft gun adopted on an Akizuki type destroyer over and over again, or some said that I requested enlargement, but did not realize it. But I equip it with the thing which measures include the output of the motor by the pine type destroyer, and raised turning speed.
When I am based on the above-mentioned thing, the for two uses gun that there is the anticraft shooting in comparison with the straight-shooting gun that anticraft shooting is not possible virtually is seen reasonably. If turning speed is about the same when I make much of an anti-warship battle to the last only for the Japanese Navy, it is not unnatural at all to have used a type for three years when I am stronger in an anti-warship battle than a book gun. In addition, there is a reason why the navy and the war vessel which I did not adopt exist.
But there were not being the secondary gun of the battleship in the actual fighting, but there not being a success example of "overthrowing [4] by hostile craft even if it is the main battery of a cruiser and the destroyer (straight-shooting gun) before shooting a torpedo" and the thing that those superiority is proved in a mine squadron check without it having possibilities to be said that it was said "apraxia and sinking [5] of the partner warship by the bombardment" well. However, this is analysis when I saw it from the present, and, as for "not having utilized the book gun which the Japanese Navy can apply as a for two uses gun positively, as for the failure" and the one judging, it may be said with the afterwit.
I am said to be most successful 砲 in the anti-aircraft gun of the Japanese Navy. I was carried by a battleship, many main war vessels including the carrier.
Because a torpedo is shot by the torpedo tube which was not injured although Ayanami of the ^third Solomon sea fight gave a dead shot before torpedo discharge, and the U.S. side suffers damage by the torpedo, it is hard to say to have succeeded in interception.
A bombardment war occurred by the Surabaya offing sea fight if they assumed it a ^example, but there were few both sides, dead shots by the bombardment, and most of the war vessels attacked and sunk by this sea fight depended on a torpedo.
References
For Yasufumi Kunimoto "40-caliber 89 sets 12.7 centimeters anti-aircraft gun" history group Pacific history of a war series Vol.47 pine type destroyer, Gakken, 2,003 years, it is p119-127 ISBN 4-05-603251-3
For Suzuki example tree "対空兵装 circle special No4 重巡鳥海, Maya after the remodeling of 重巡摩耶", tide Publishing, 1,976 years, it is p36-37
1, Kawafuji, Hase "carrier grand prix publication of warship mechanism illustrated book - Japan", 1997 ISBN 4-87687-184-1
History of navy gunnery publication society "history of navy gunnery" 1975 article not for sale
Kenji Akimoto with "battleship Yamato, Musashi mechanism battle record" existing vicarious writing hall, 2008 ISBN 978-4-7684-6976-7
In addition, Tranpedia is simply not responsible for any show is only by translating the writings of foreign licenses that are compatible with CC-BY-SA license information.
^"official daily gazette" 1925th "appointment and written appointment" November 27, 1889.
^"official daily gazette" 2541st "appointment and written appointment" December 17, 1891.
^"official daily gazette" 3430th "appointment and written appointment" December 3, 1894
^"official daily gazette" 3676th "appointment and written appointment" September 28, 1895
^"official daily gazette" 3838th, appendix "written appointment" April 18, 1896.
^"official daily gazette" 4402nd "appointment and written appointment" March 9, 1898
^"official daily gazette" 7051st "appointment and written appointment" December 28, 1906
References
Asian history document center "履入 266 naval academy justice inquiry of the Second Lieutenant Sakai supplementary attendance at school" (ref:C0 9 1 0 0 1 1 2 4 0 0)
Law publication (ten) first navy history preservation society "history of Japanese Navy"
Yoshiro Kamata "Naval Academy story" original bookshop, 1979.
Kinji Shimada "Takeo Hirose morning sun selected books, 1976 in Russia.
Kinji Shimada "Takeo Hirose (bottom) in Russia" morning sun selected books, 1976.
Misao Toyama edition "army and navy flag officer personnel affairs conspectus navy" cotton rose Publishing publication, 1981. ISBN 4-8295-0003-4。
Empire secret detective company "public personnel affairs record Tokyo edition," it is 1939.
"Taisho biographical dictionary II second volume" Tokyo book center.
In addition, Tranpedia is simply not responsible for any show is only by translating the writings of foreign licenses that are compatible with CC-BY-SA license information.
I often express "people inheriting culture and business derived from China with the origin of the Chinese food system" with "overseas Chinese" widely commonly in Japan, but am divided closely (later description). In addition, there is "an Indian overseas" for the Indian name of similar circumstances.
Table of contents
Overseas Chinese and Chinese immigrant
I may be confused with a Chinese immigrant, but, with overseas Chinese, the Chinese immigrant is a different concept. When I distinguish these concepts, the overseas Chinese refers to a person keeping the People's Republic of China family register by states such as the dual nationality. [the source required] the overseas Chinese was an important element of the international trade balance of the Republic of China by the remittances from the economic infrastructure to the own country until World War II.
The formation of the community and advance to the local society
In spite of being minority, the group of the person in the same profession made from community and this formed of a person from same town is completed, and the overseas Chinese often has big influence for local economy, politics. The manager who it leads that the group of people in the same profession is completed, and began business employs a person of the same town, and it depends on what is easy to be repeated to perform the same profession independently before long. Even a political aspect comes to have power when they acquire ability economically, and the Thai Royal Family, Thaksin ex-Prime Minister and the in rack ex-Prime Minister of the younger sister, President origin of Corazon AquinoPhilippines, Myanmarese Former Prime Minister Ne Win, the theine Sane ex-President inherit a trait or talent from the overseas Chinese as an example on the politics side.
Instead of not trusting a partner easily, the overseas Chinese is said to trust it thoroughly if I trust it once, and it becomes the background of their solidarity power. They take good care of a friend [2].
Language
Same people help each other, and the hometown where Chinese has a big difference of the dialect, and it is natural for words not to go in the same ministry either, and the dialect knows often forms community.
などが formed the community of the home boy separately. It is common to use the language of the overseas residential area, but, other than a dialect of the hometown, Pekingese and English come to be used in addition to these widely recently, too.
Much overseas Chinese goes over to Japan historically if I take a concept of the overseas Chinese widely. They became a captive by the Mongolian Invasions, but the forgiven south Soong person and others lived in Tojimmachi of Hakata from the Japanese side. In addition, there was the thing which the Chinese of the latter term Japanese pirates which performed an illegal import under the embargo in light清, and made a fortune crossed in person from Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong a lot of (I can interpret the latter term Japanese pirates as the run of the overseas Chinese) like most of the overseas Chinese in King direct のように Japan.
The foreigner's residence which was a Chinese house district was made in Nagasaki by a policy of seclusion of the Edo era. In 1635, the Edo Shogunate took measures to confine the arrival in port of the Chinese merchant ship to the Nagasaki one Port, but mixed residence in Nagasaki-shi was permitted the Chinese. However, because illegal imports increased, the Chinese residence district would limit it in the Nagasaki city magistrate's office and started the construction of the foreigner's residence in land of Oyaku-en Garden which the Shogunate owned in the great virtue temple town in the suburbs of Nagasaki in 1688 and was completed in the next year. The area had the seating capacity of in approximately 9,400 tsubos and around 2,000 people. The people were surrounded in a wall and a moat, and a guard station was established on the side of Daimon, and comings and goings were watched, but comings and goings were permitted the Chinese in comparison with a Dutchman of Dejima having been watched severely relatively freely.
The Chinese who emigrated to Japan from the change of a Japanese foreign policy and political circumstances of China increased rapidly from the late 1970s, and they increased than 4 times in 20 years. I always call the Chinese who emigrated to Japan after reform and opening upold overseas Chinese the new overseas Chinese in a Chinese and the descendants living in Japan for a long time. Native place area and difference in sense of values cause the friction in both, too.
Overseas Chinese of Southeast Asia
History
I promulgate an embargo plan and took the virtual marine use limit policy by the people, but it is said to Chinese Akiyo that an emigrant to Southeast Asia each place was full of the height of prosperity so as to remain for light の immigrant ship and the record from confusion at the end of change and Akiyo of the Asia region by the arrival in the Age of Geographical Discovery.
Friction with overseas Chinese and the field inhabitants who flowed from the confusion period one after another in Java (existing Indonesia) under the Netherlands rule that took a friendship policy as a Chinese immigrant emigrant (1740) during October for Takashi Inui five years at a light end, and increased and the government occurred, and a riot by the overseas Chinese occurred, and there was a symbolic case such as the overseas Chinese slaughter for disturbance suppressions leaving a grudge between outbreak, Government General of Netherlands under the friendship policy.
I watched the overseas Chinese riots of light は foreign countries calmly, but when it was the times of 清, I punished you to foreign countries overseas Chinese severely for reasons of the commerce top saying "I sentence you to a crime, the artifact of a severed head which the thing which I made the people, and there was abroad knew a theft, and knew an enemy", and a shift, a number of the overseas Chinese to thereby make a voyage to decreased in a virtual emigrant suppression policy.
Same town awareness was strong and often lived in the constant area in a group in the emigration, and rice, wood, coal, junk production, a beast bone, correction of literary works engaged in the export of farm products mainly in the area, and, as for the middle Chinese immigrant whom I emigrated to from Fujian, the Chinese immigrant built the mutual cooperation by the native place area in the commerce in the management such as farm products processing factories, Guangdong native place in Vietnamese west Mitsugu and チョロン district.
Present
Chinese style temple, dragon lotus temple (Thailand Bangkok)
In Southeast Asia, it is said that there are many sinter south district native places in overseas Chinese from historic process like a Japanese Chinatown. Originally there are many people from Guangdong and Fujian including Hainan Island (existing Hainan), but the people from around Shanghai and Beijing and Republic of China (Taiwan) increase recently, too.
The overseas Chinese population of Southeast Asia increases, but, in Vietnam and Indonesian two countries, overseas Chinese decreases by the friction with war and local people generally in comparison with 1:00. The overseas Chinese of 1,100,000 got away from Vietnam in particular after Sino-Vietnam War of 1975 by a case outside Viet Nam in Indonesia on 30th in September, 1965. However, the overseas Chinese population of Vietnam counts 10 million now in 1,300,000 people, Indonesia, and it is in the influential ethnic group which still occupies the good portion of the country population.
There are a lot of inhabitants of overseas Chinese line in Malaysia.
A Hiroaki Kani, Yoshinobu Shiha, Chukun Yuu edition "overseas Chinese, Chinese immigrant encyclopedia" (in Hirofumi temple, June, 2002 ISBN 4-335-55080-4)
Outside link
Wiki media Commons has a category in conjunction with the overseas Chinese.
In addition, Tranpedia is simply not responsible for any show is only by translating the writings of foreign licenses that are compatible with CC-BY-SA license information.
