검색어 south Korean Workers' Party에 대한 글을 관련성을 기준으로 정렬하여 표시합니다. 날짜순 정렬 모든 글 표시
검색어 south Korean Workers' Party에 대한 글을 관련성을 기준으로 정렬하여 표시합니다. 날짜순 정렬 모든 글 표시

2017년 3월 13일 월요일

Group of learning

Group of learning

"A revolution organization of the person of principle of staying in Japan Korean Kim Il Sung whom [1], the great chief, General Kim Il Sung organize it in a non-avowedness organization organized in this Korean total alliance society (Federation of All Democratic Koreans in Japan) in Japan and affiliation group with the group of learning (がくしゅうそ, ko:학습조), and dear leader, Kim Jong Il comrade teach it" to [2].

Table of contents

Summary

I am organized for the purpose of the loyalty for Kim Il Sung and "the revolution fighter group training" for mother country unification (1958) in in 1958 when the repatriation program of the Korean residing in Japan began in, and it is said that approximately 1,000 learning groups were active to a board in the Federation of All Democratic Koreans in Japan center, the district headquarters, an affiliation group, a business entity at the beginning of 2000, but, as for the total number of the gangster, it is done with difficulty what I grasp exactly any place other than "a learning group instruction committee" of the all-out consecutive center because the learning gangster is taught not to confide it to a family either. There are approximately 2,000 people [2], an exclusive duty activist and an affiliation group, the estimation to do with approximately 30% of business entity staffs just before the dissolution of August (2002) approximately 5,000 people (Korean approximately 639,000 Koreans, Federation of All Democratic Koreans in Japan system, 196,000 people, Korean All Korean Residents' Organization in Japan system, 418,000 people residing in Japan) [3] [4], 2002 in (1999) in 1999 [5]; [6].

The learning gangster who is "cell" of the direct control of the Korean Workers' Party (branch office) is the mother country; as the member of Korean Workers' Party receive treatment. Staying in Japan book Korea young man alliance (morning blue) that assume "group of learning instruction Committee" of the all-out consecutive center a top, and is a subsidiary of group of the Federation of All Democratic Koreans in Japan, staying in Japan book Korea democracy woman alliance (woman faith), Korea business and industry meeting (commercial and industrial meeting) in the morning including the vice-chief director such as silver credit unions (morning silver) "vice-", dispersed from three to ten, and a learning gangster was located to each engine in the first on the list at the のつく post [5]. Every action program for the Federation of All Democratic Koreans in Japan is transmitted to a learning group person in charge of the Federation of All Democratic Koreans in Japan center after it from the Korean Workers' Party vs. outside communication region (reorganize it in the affiliation with unified front department organization in 2013) until 1997 by the Korean Workers' Party unified front department of Pyongyang; more the Federation of All Democratic Koreans in Japan prefecture headquarters, blue, woman faith, a commercial and industrial meeting, silver is transmitted to the learning group of each group in the morning in the morning;, in other words, do it, and learning group = Korean Workers' Party is pointed out in Federation of All Democratic Koreans in Japan by a cover that work was active in Japan [6]; [7]. The political maneuver to a Japanese politician is reported to the plot organization of the Korean Workers' Party by the group of learning of the Federation of All Democratic Koreans in Japan, and the result that assessment was performed there is returned to the learning group, and it is said that the work using the Korean bribe was performed [6].

In addition, group of learning position Federation of All Democratic Koreans in Japan officials used strong influence to silver in morning of Korean residing in Japan line and they accumulated an illegality fund and remitted several billions of yen to North Korea from hundreds of millions of every year. However, the remittance scales largely decrease after silver failure in the morning [5]. At the trial that demanded return of 1,750 million yen said to that was embezzled in deposits of more than 6 billion yen that 代表取締役朴日好氏 of the Akira Higashi business affairs that were a trading company affiliated with Federation of All Democratic Koreans in Japan left at the silver Aichi credit union in the morning in April, 1999, the existence of "the learning group instruction committee" as "the substantial best decision maker" in silver Aichi became clear with silver North Korea function for the first time in the morning in the morning at the public place called the court [3]; [4] [5]. The Nagoya District Court pointed out, "all the executives of silver Aichi were learning gangsters, and silver Aichi performs a mission to remit to an activity fund and North Korea of the Federation of All Democratic Koreans in Japan other than the original duties as the financial institution in the morning in the morning" in a decision, and President Boku stated, "my deposit was used for North Korea remittance and Korean post of foreign student group, the political fund of the parent North Korean Diet member of Japan" at this trial again [5].

Secretary of Public Security Investigation Agency at the time, Shigetake Ogata announces, "I understand it when we (in the Public Security Investigation Agency) Federation of All Democratic Koreans in Japan considers it on earth to have a relation with North Korea, and there is a learning group again as a non-avowedness organization, and approximately 5,000 engage in non-avowedness activity." in (1994), House of Representatives Committee on the Budget for 1,994 years. [8]. Shigetake Ogata says, "I lead a non-open organization called the group of learning inside while Federation of All Democratic Koreans in Japan played an important role called the right protection of the Korean residing in Japan and was concerned with an illegal entry and illegal departure or an illegal import or an abduction case in various form." in one's own book [9].

A mystery ship is at war with a patrol boat of the Coast Guard (2001) at an end in 2001, and the Kyushu southwest sea area spy ship case that sank itself occurs, and criticism to North Korea is strengthened more.

Though there were articles of association not to do a person who experienced officer with an officer of the Federation of All Democratic Koreans in Japan as for Katsumi Sato (2002) on Representative Seiji Maehara (the Democratic Party) and June 12, the same year on March 28 in 2002, Senior Vice Minister Cabinet Office finance charge Yoshitaka Murata showed recognition not to exist to the person who belonged to the learning group in an officer newly of the saucer sincerity group for a question of learning group Maebara that pointed out that a person concerned was in the Diet [10] including person of Korean University duty and the commercial and industrial meeting Osaka chief director to a saucer engine of the silver failure and the executive of the credit union where it was in the morning [7].

It was abolished just before a Japan-North Korea summit meeting of September 17, 2002 once [11], but, in February, 2005, the Korean Workers' Party vs. outside communication department directed 南昇祐朝鮮総連副議長 which went back to North Korea by learning group revival and revived after appointment, returning home to a person in charge all-out in a learning group [2].

"Table" and "back" of the group of learning

There are "group of of the table learning" and two kinds of "the group of learning of the back" in the group of learning. It is the latter that security police watches in particular.

Group of learning of the table

When I enter the affiliates of the total ream in a learning group according to name and graze it how many years, participation is accepted. I held a meeting once a month and transmitted a policy of the all-out consecutive center, and the action that deserved to be a learning group member performed produced self-criticism in the past a month. I do not engage in the illegal activity of the back basically.

Group of learning of the back

In a back room carrying out an illegal activity, it is the assistance agent called "a base person" for "unification south Korea revolution, north and south red", and a work active person not a little exists in Korea and Japan. The existence is concealed to a Korean of the total ream system residing in Japan, and, without the horizontal connection between organizations, it is said that I do not understand "the learning group of the back" except the learning group where the member of the position is under the direct control of.

Footnote

  1. The document stating the position of the defense House of Representatives of the Japan Government for "a prospectus of the interpellation about the Public Security Investigation Agency" of the quality of ^ Cabinet people 166 475th July 10, 2007 July 3, 2007 member of the House of Representatives Takashi Kawamura presentation
  2. ^ a b "the revival north orders c total ream "group of learning" work reinforcement to Japan," it is Sankei Shimbun, 2005/06/10.
  3. It is July 6 (1999) for ^ a b 145th Diet House of Representatives Committee on Finance minutes 16th Representative Yuriko Koike question, House of Representatives, 1,999 years.
  4. ^ a b I ask about "the morning silver relief" without the reason! , Yuriko Koike column, August, 1999.
  5. ^ a b c d e (Korean) 김용훈 "north 지령받는'학습조'가조총련중추역할 [추락조총련 ③] 조총련,학습조통해조선노동당지부로기능 daily NK, 2009-12-16. 金龍勳 "of the north [through crashing Federation of All Democratic Koreans in Japan ③] Federation of All Democratic Koreans in Japan, group of learning as a branch office of the Korean Workers' Party a function daily NK, 2009-12-18.
  6. ^ a b c Katsumi Sato Of "総聯 "crime "⑤", Modern Corea, 2010.5.10.
  7. It is March 28 (2002) for ^ a b 154th Diet House of Representatives security Committee minutes third Former Representative Seiji Hara question, House of Representatives, 2,002 years.
  8. Statement of the Secretary of Public Security Investigation Agency in ^ March 31, 1994 "House of Representatives Committee on the Budget"
  9. 225 pages of written by ^ Shigetake Ogata "public peace prosecution" (Kodansha 2009)
  10. It is June 12 (2002) for ^ 154th Diet House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs minutes 19th Katsumi Sato witness statement, House of Representatives, 2,002 years.
  11. It is October 29 (2002) for ^ 155th Diet House of Representatives security Committee minutes first Former Representative Seiji Hara question, House of Representatives, 2,002 years.

Allied item

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2017년 2월 23일 목요일

Kim Jong Il Political and Military University

Kim Jong Il Political and Military University

Kim Jong Il Political and Military University (Kim Jong Il せいじぐんじだいがく / Korean notation: 김정일정치군사대학교) is a university establishing the headquarters in Pyongyang City, North Korea. Another name is called a "Korean Workers' Party 130 communication place" "people's army 695 forces corps" [1].

Table of contents

Summary

Kim Jong Il Political and Military University is in capital Pyongyang, North Korea and is a university bringing up the talented person who can become the executives such as Korean Workers' Party, Korean People's Army, the government office. Political thought education represented by juche is provided thoroughly here. It is not the university where is specialized in the simple spy training. It is said that the studies excellence is natural for entrance to school, and it is the person who wears juche, and gives a good example elsewhere, and the recommendation of the Korean Workers' Party and government executive is required.

History

Kim Jong Il Political and Military University belongs to the strategy department of the Korean Workers' Party Central Party three Government building. The Central Party three Government building is an engine organized based on instruction of Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong Il "whom red by the military power realizes by unification as for what's called peaceful unification of the Korean Peninsula without being possible", and because North Korea realizes military power unification, I needed an agent building anti-government power in the Korea inside, and therefore Kim Jong Il Political and Military University starts as an educational institution to train anti-south (to Korea) agent at first, and the guest house to receive remedial education was founded, and the Central Party three Government building educates an agent after the example of the education mind of the again prewar army Nakano school afterwards while I opened an object, and an active play agent lives in the training of the agent corresponding to the China, United States and European countries to Japan at the same time.

  • 　 - Kongo academy is set up
  • 　 - I am renamed to a political school
  • 　I am renamed to the - Venus political military university in the 1960s
  • 　I am renamed to - Korean Workers' Party Central Committee political school under direct control in the 1980s
  • 　I am renamed to - Kim Jong Il Political and Military University on January 25, 1992　

Location

I display the temporary address called "Pyongyang City peony peak area peace two sinus" without having Mt. Pyongyang City brothers area crane mountain village and a very large campus of the dragon Chengqu area Niimi village whole area, and still displaying Kim Jong Il Political and Military University on the North Korean map as an administration area when I tell it about an address outside.

Traffic

When I enter the Pyongyang city at the order cheap airport (Pyongyang International Airport), the mountain where two big broadcast antennas were installed in is seen on the left side. There is an area of Kim Jong Il Political and Military University in the place beyond this mountain.

School tradition

The school tradition is considered to be "an outlaw". The student turns into an outlaw after severe training. For example, the 19th graduate was the amusement park in the center of Pyongyang City, and a case to assault a commoner and an officer happened, and, in 1984, it was for a big social problem. In addition, there is the case that the 21st graduate 35 people defeated a one of the North Korean people's armies battalion in no time.

Subject

It is said that there are three following groups (subject).

  • 　Information group
  • 　Foreign language group
  • 　Combatant group

Military training

As an agent training organization to belong to the Operation North Korean Korean Workers' Party department, I educate shooting, a fight, swimming, radio, language study, juche for a student thoroughly. In addition, I educate the general course of the four-year university. A current education period is six years two months. In addition, the education period at the time of the graduation of the tenth graduate, the eleventh graduate was two years. In addition, Kim Hyon Hui received one-year minicourse.

Land training

  • The boot training is performed for six months.
  • I carry a gizzard of 25 kg on my back and run distance of 5km in one hour every day.
  • I carry a gizzard of 25 kg on my back once a month and perform the training that finishes running by the mountain path of 40km in three hours 30 minutes.
  • I knock on the map to a head and perform "topography alone training" to walk the deep mountain path dozens of kilos.
  • I perform pit training to dig the hole within dozens of minutes, and to crawl into.
  • I learn the driving of the car.
  • I learn the driving of the motorcycle.

Underwater training

  • The first grader must be able to swim 10km within three hours.
  • The second grader must be able to swim 50km.
  • It arrives at the aim while using the oxygen cylinder of 150 standard atmosphere without taking out a head at distance of 30km once in two hours.
  • It closes the big ship while going under water and performs training to take a ship.
  • I perform below-zero chilly conquest training to be still immersed in underwater for 20 minutes.

Fight training

  • I perform training to fall below a crotch.
  • I perform training to fall below a block barehanded.
  • I perform training hit with a club.
  • I lie with seminudity on the glass which crushed a sake crock and perform training to be worthy of pain.

Knife how to handle

  • I perform training to sting the vital part of the partner with a dagger.

Target practice

Marine training

  • I train operation, the wireless communication of the spy ship, the radar operation.
  • I train the lacing braid communication.

Legal training, semilegal training, illegal training

  • I disguise myself and train you.
  • I penetrate and train you.
  • I train the theft.
  • I abduct you and train you.
  • I perform terrorism training. There is the broadcasting station destruction training using the real broadcasting station.

Education

Juche is hammered in thoroughly and learns the following subjects.

  • 　The revolution history
  • 　Laborious work
  • 　Thought
  • 　Philosophy
  • 　Information science

Language study

I give language study education not to be able to tell the difference with a homy in the hiding other country. Kim Hyon Hui is proficient about Japanese so as not to be able to be distinguished from a Japanese [2].

It is training Korea

I perform training for an agent to become a Korean for five months. It is into the underground tunnel, and the education hall reproduces soul of Korea the Korean who is a training place.

For example, in the training in the drugstore, I receive practical training in the shopping with the genuine pharmacist whom I abducted. In addition, I learn about the internal conditions of the Korean military very in detail. In addition, it is said that I train the karaoke.

Movie

"A Shinkansen size blast" of Japan looks at the foreign movies more than 300 such as "army Nakano school" or the action movie. In addition, I came to show it to a student because Kim Jong Il directed "the Shinkansen size blast" saying "it is the movie which you should show for a person spied on once by all means".

Instructor

An agent becomes the instructor. In addition, the officer who graduated from other navy military affairs universities at the top has served, but it is said that I torment it and look good and transferred because I was from other universities.

An abducted foreigner serves like plum benefits by the training a foreigner. I testify that 安明進 saw ten several in Japanese six people abducted in the yard, other branch schools and a guest house, the 915 Hospital in university and hear the testimony that how you abducted more where in what time from the agent of the senior.

Number of students

All number of students surpasses 400 people. At the time of 1998, as for 3,000 trained agents, the agent during a strategy wait was said to be 2,000 people.

Budget

The budget for Kim Jong Il Political and Military University can serve one state of North Korea, and it is said that it is a big sum.

Course of the graduate

The graduate is assigned to communication place of surrender, Sariweon, Chongjin, Wonsan, Nampo, Haeju that a strategy department holds, and professional training is put more. In addition, I am reeducated in a guest house when a strategy is over. In addition, the Chongjin communication place performs the work to Japan. Because the approach to Japan is easy, it is said that a student having low grade is assigned among graduates. The good student of results engages in anti-south (to Korea) work in fact.

Well-known graduate

Branch school

  • Bonn F politics university

References

  1. ^ cheap; light; give (work); is ISBN 978-4,198,912,857 金燦 (reason) "North Korea abduction agent" (library 2000 between the virtue)
  2. As ^ Kim Hyon Hui (work), Kikutoshi Ikeda (reason) "all Kim Hyon Hui confession now, women" is ISBN 4163456406, ISBN 4163456503 (Bungeishunju Ltd. 1991)

Outside link

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2017년 3월 17일 금요일

Korea literature

Korea literature

Cover of the Haruka biography

Korea literature (ちょうせんぶんがく) is literature written by the Korea race. The current Korean Peninsula is divided artificially to the north and south and calls it "Korea literature" in the north Democratic People's Republic of Korea, but is called with "Korean literature" in the south Republic of Korea. I call it "Korea literature" including both in Japan, but the expression called "Korean literature" exists in a Korean style, too.

It was at the mid-15th century that it was produced wounds, and the Hangul Alphabet which was a letter of a race was written in the Korea literature by classical Chinese basically in the past if they saw it historically, and the traditions such as a kind of Chinese characters used as Korean auxiliary verbs and particles or town bill which transcribed racial words by a kanji as well as Japanese existed. Consciousness that it was official to write by classical Chinese after a product made in Hangul Alphabet wound was strong, and the Hangul Alphabet was not used for a public document until Li-regimed Korea last years, but I received invention of the Hangul Alphabet in the private enterprise, and the pansori of many novels and songs and ballads was written in "the Haruka biographies", and Korea race's original literature began in earnest. Many literary works were announced taking this flow into account for the rule era in Japan in last years of Li-regimed Korea. I call it "Korean literature" including literature of this time or ancient times town song in Korea. Speaking of Korea literature, I point to the literature of Li-regimed Korea Era in particular in Korea.

Table of contents

I am for Korai Era by beginning of the Korea literature

The oldest book in the Korean Peninsula wants to be knit for Korai Era, and and "three Historical Memoirs" is "three ancient tradition" (1145) (1277). Thus, there was not the art which checked the documents which were past than it, but the letter activity was accomplished from the Age of Three Powers. In Kokuryo, in "新集" (all five volumes), Kudara, Silla edites a history book called "the history of nation" "a clerk". I can see "Korea disarray" "花郎世記" "新羅殊異伝" on the documents as well as it. However, they were scattered and lost for Korai Era. The narration which I was slightly informed by learning through the grapevine leaves the wreckage without being able to confirm it about the letter activity that is past than the Age of Three Powers in the present.

"Three Historical Memoirs" "three ancient tradition" is read as a history book, but can read as literature. I can consider that a description about "花郎" was tinged with story characteristics in "three Historical Memoirs", and chaste and strong-minded woman, the devoted daughter biographies such as "都弥伝" "温達伝" include story characteristics in a historical fact again, too. An anecdote of "Prince spring and summer" "King Takeshi of Kudara" is famous for "three ancient tradition".

For a book of Korai Era, Buddhist priest biographies such as petty official literature and "transience deceased man's Buddhist name biographies" "朋学同知伝" "普徳閣氏伝" "王郎返魂伝" such as "white cloud novel" (李奎報), "破閑集" (李仁老), "補閑集" (崔滋), "yew old man Japanese barnyard millet theory" (李斎賢) were written.

Li-regimed Korea Era

Birth of the Hangul Alphabet

When Li-regimed Korea Era begins, it is made a wound the Hangul Alphabet (1446), and the literature by writings in Japanese syllabary finally appears. Thus, I may consider it to be birth of the Japanese literature with literature described depending on the situation of the researcher the Hangul Alphabet. However, the Hangul Alphabet remained firmly until the letter of the person who was low (the learning is low) of the social position not to be readable of the kanji and a tendency to look down upon entered after Hangul Alphabet birth in modern times, and the literature activity in the Hangul Alphabet was filled with the risk to threaten the position for an intellectual. Therefore the Hangul Alphabet (writings in Japanese syllabary) was born in Korea and literature activity with the classical Chinese was important and the author served and was going to hide the name with the literature activity in the Hangul Alphabet afterward. It is that purpose that documents written in the Hangul Alphabet have many things of unknown author.

As for the literature activity by the classical Chinese, petty official literature is still prosperous, and "於于野譚" "東野彙輯" "青邱野談" "青邱笑叢" "by valley Nishino" "鵝洲雑録" "turf peaks theories" are written. "古今笑叢" is known as a collection of Korea oldest dirty conversation. Above all, in "金鰲新話" (1494) of Kim Si-sup, value literal as the adaptation novel which came under an influence of Chinese "剪灯新話" is high. "金鰲新話" had been scattered and lost in Korea, but guiding marks for rendering Chinese into Japanese were scored in Japan and were read. Japanese "伽婢子" is thought to be adaptation of "金鰲新話".

It is written an account of war that I pass through a position (in 1592 1597) of Bunroku, the Keicho era flourishingly. In other words, "懲毖録" (willow Jackie Chan), "奮忠紆難録" (釈南鵬), "Japanese street record" (黄慎), "少為浦倡義録" (gold fine receptacle), "China heroism record" (李萬秋), "龍湾聞見録" (Taku Cheng) are them. The tendency received the role of third class child, and, following watches of the night, "丙子湖南倡義録" "丁卯両湖拳義録" "西征録" "Edo diary" "南征日記" "戊申倡義事実" "three bachelor biography" "永陽四難倡義録" "林慶業伝" was written.

The literature activity in the Hangul Alphabet begins with a proverb solution (supplementary explanation of the Hangul Alphabet) of the Buddhist Scriptures. "Lotus Sutra" "楞厳経" "釈譜詳節" "to pass through Yongjia" "to pass through Kongo" is it. In addition, the reading to teach women and children Confucian morality like "three bonds line true figure" "chaste and strong-minded woman biographies" was written. A thing written in a kind of Chinese characters used as Korean auxiliary verbs and particles came to be written in time-like, the other music in the Hangul Alphabet. "Eastern Hokkaido music" "六賢歌 of the Suse Arabian bird," "music "music according to Hoshiyama" according to Kanto" of "song of fisherman" "還山別曲" 鄭澈 of 李滉 is known "a song of of 李珥 nine pieces" "isolated mountain music" of 尹善道 "music according to Hanada" of gold 絿.

In addition, the Hangul Alphabet was used for the kind of the textbook such as "童蒙先習" "捷解新語" "捷解蒙語".

Development of the ancient novel

 
洪吉童伝

Even if the Hangul Alphabet was born, the Korea literature was still based on classical Chinese and was spelled. In addition, the novel will be recited only in a Confucianism-like background because an evaluation for the reading novel was remarkably low. Such the a series of novels group is called an ancient novel.

Works by the classical Chinese include "洪吉童伝" (筠). I am said to be an adaptation novel of 水滸伝, and it is said that it is the first thing which adopted the form of "the serial novel" (the thing which divided a story into a chapter) in Korea literature. In addition, I am said to be the sociopolitical novel including the social criticism, and there is "田禹治伝" "徐花譚伝" in the similar novel. In addition, "three will commentaries" of China were read widely, and the novel which adapted it was also read. In addition, as an ancient novel written by classical Chinese, there are "彰善感義録" "燕巌外伝" "Huanggang writing down various things at random" "fear for the first time will "old incense residence historical sketch" "丹良稗史" "奇談随録" "韓淑媛伝" "King of Ryukyu heir lateral biography" "east eaves biography" "Three Han States lords in waiting" sequel to".

As a work in the Hangul Alphabet, "nine cloud dreams" (金萬重) is estimated as the best masterpiece. "謫降七仙林虎隠伝," it is guessed with adaptation of "Dream of the Red Chamber" "張国鎮伝". Even a rare phenomenon translated into classical Chinese later is taking place. As "Dream of the Red Chamber" had a big influence on other writers, the adaptation such as a "玉麟夢" "ball lotus dream" "ball cherry tree dream" appeared in "nine cloud dreams". 金萬重 leaves "謝氏南征記".

In addition, as the thing that the narration to be informed by the Korean Peninsula became the book, there are "コンチュイ and パッチュイ" (ko:콩쥐팥쥐전) (the narration of Cinderella line), "mouse intellect biography" "frog biography" (ko:두껍전) "interest husband biography" "翟 成義伝" "金犢伝" "frog snake prison plan" "doll biography (꼭두각시전)" "玄駒記外史", but the most famous things include "Haruka biography" "沈清伝".

"Haruka biography" The "沈清伝" together origin is not sure, but it may be said that it is the narration which I am informed for a long time because a model of "Haruka biography" "沈清伝" is seen in being said that 申在孝 (1812 - 1884) made "song of Haruka" "沈清歌" as a script of the pansori based on "Haruka biography" "沈清伝", various documents. "The Haruka biography" is named a feeling luster novel, and there is "淑香伝" "Shukuei daughter biography" "Hakutsuru fan biography" "深山伯伝" "玉丹春伝" in the novel of the same kind.

In addition, "ball daughter biography" "most of Chen biography" "frog snake prison plan" "鷹鸚訟案" "willow deep water biography" "月峯記" "朴文秀伝" "欽欽新書" named drafts of public documents (the plotted novel that a trial is important) "薔花紅蓮伝" "Cheng second good biography" "張豊雲伝" "fish dragon biography" named a stepmother novel is known.

The civilization period, rule era in Japan

I refer to "the TACTI book"

Development of the media

I appeared, and the media such as a newspaper, the magazine developed from the civilization period and contributed to the spread, development of the literature. As for "Han castle news" "Kyoto town newspapers," the group of various situations established a newspaper publisher the "large Korea private newspaper" "nation news" "banzai report" which "every large Korea reports a monkey "an empire newspaper" "independent newspaper" "Keijo newspaper" ("an imperial palace newspaper") on a day" ("large Korea newspaper"). A novel is published serially in a newspaper, and literature that I make entertainment of the public becomes the developing place.

"대죠선독립협회회보" (association of great Korea independence bulletin) which Korean Imperial Family draft foreign students want to found the magazine in Tokyo in February, 1896, and was founded "a party bulletin" in Seoul in November, 1986 is the beginning. I published "boy" "Akira Higashi" "times daily report" "youth" "샛별" (セッピョル) whom 崔南善 installed a printing office in in Korea while living-in-Tokyo Korean foreign students published the bulletin of each group (new sentence building) afterwards. In addition, magazines many as literary arts coterie magazine and bulletin such as "Korea literary world" "new young man" "new woman" "new world" "Catholicism young man" "オリニ" "literary arts exercise" "literature for the common people" are published in "creation" "rose village" "white tide" "beam of hope" "ruins" "genesis".

New novel

Each Great Powers country goes into Asia when I enter the end of 19th century, and the modernization will be pushed forward in foreign pressure in Korea. Even literature greets one turning point at this time. In other words, it is the birth that is in a novel form called so-called "new novel" originating in "혈의누" (tears of blood) of 李人稙. The new novel came up around 1910. It is the novel form that it is in the transition periods from a previous "ancient novel" to 近, a modern novel. The thing called a new novel has "畜獣会議録" (cheap country good), "plum (具然学) during the snow", "Liberty Bell" (plum sea morning) elsewhere. These most trail a story of the politic justice to be seen in an ancient novel and are the contents which extremely criticize old thought, culture again, but are new at a point called the spread of literature through the media such as a writing style, the newspaper of the unification of the written and spoken language. There are not so many works called the new novel and will disappear by an appearance of "the emotionlessness" of 李光洙 before long.

Formation of the modern literature

 
李光洙

In Korea, it is 李光洙 and 崔南善 to have put a modern novel form or free verse. 李光洙 published "emotionlessness" serially in 1917 and established a modern novel in Korea. 崔南善 dealt with a magazine by oneself and announced "the new style poetry" and contributed the place of upbringing at the same time to have a there being a lot of influence on subsequent poets.

The modern literature in Korea is pulled in Japan by during studying abroad or intellectuals who studied abroad. They learned the Western literature trend of thought during studying abroad and adopted it. 金東仁、廉想渉、金裕貞、蔡萬植、李泰俊、朴泰遠、Plum box、Luo rice incense、兪鎮午、Plum no shadowI include equal が. They organized each group in the "overseas sentence school" "nine society" "drama literary society" "セクトン society" and raised the standard while criticism insisted on literal principles each other.

People having such a group of studying in Japan, the fund which can go to the university in that are often children of the relatively rich yang-ban rank, and a principle of proletarian writer gains power as a group opposed to them from the about 1920s. Principle of proletarian writers include Yawara Hayashi, 崔曙海, 崔明熙, 李箕永, 韓雪野, Soong shadow, 洪思容等. They form KAPF and impeached Government General of Korea and bourgeois nationalism as a spokesman of the workers, but this movement remains silent by oppression of Government General of Korea after about 1935.

Korea literature after the rule in Japan

Literature of Korea

The bright activity of young new faces came to come into the limelight firmly in the 1970s. Many young writers including 崔仁浩, 黄皙暎, 趙海一, 趙善作 appeared one after another in the field of novel. The serial story in a newspaper that the people called the writer got a large number of readers in so-called 70s did 席捲. It was to a record-breaking bestseller, and, "the hometown of stars of 崔仁浩 which appeared in this way," "the winter women" of 趙海一 enjoyed a kind of novel golden age.

しかしこのような作品傾向に対してその商業主義文学としての病幤を指摘する批判の声が高まり、一方では産業社会の到来とともにその病理的な面を作品を通じて表現した趙世煕の短編集が珍しく多くの読者を得るベストセラーになった。また黄皙暎は工事現場の労使関係を扱った『客地』や南北分断の悲劇を作品化した『韓氏年代記』などを発表した。

 
金芝河

1970年代の詩界では維新体制と暗い政治状況の下で詩人金芝河が発表した『五賊』が筆禍事件となって国際的な議論を投げかけた。この外にも詩人としては鄭鎭圭・鄭玄宗・朴利道・李昇薫などを挙げることができる。これらの作品は現代詩の新しい変貌を示す先駆的な役割を果たした。1980年代に入って小説のなかで大きな流れを形成するようになったのはそれまでほとんど見られなかった大河小説の登場だ。これが読者にも大きい反響を得るようになったが、その代表的な作品として黄皙暎の歴史小説『張吉山』と趙廷来の『太白山脈』などを挙げることができる。とくに『太白山脈』は韓国出版史上最大の売れ行きとなった。

この他、李文烈の長編『英雄時代』も文壇の注目を引き、その後彼は1990年代にかけて旺盛な作品活動をしている。詩の分野では李晟馥・黄芝雨・崔勝子・金光圭などが注目を集める作品活動をした。1990年代に入って多くの商業主義的な小説が現われて読者を惑わす傾向もあったが、朴景利の大河小説『土地』が25年にも渡る執筆期間を経て完成されたことは意味深い。

さらに作家・洪盛原も1960年代に登壇した後1990年代に至るまで『モンドング』『月と刀』などの大作を発表している。また申京淑や孔枝泳などの若い女流作家たちの活動も著しい。70年代以後著しい作品活動をして来た高銀が「万人譜」「白頭山」などの長詩を完成し、1930年代に詩壇に出た徐廷柱が初詩集『花蛇集』以後引き続き作品を書いている。女流詩人たちも洪允淑・金南祚・金芝郷・千良姫などが1950年代以降、詩作品のたゆまぬ発表を続けている。

1980年代には民主的で平等な国家を作るための闘争的な色合いの濃い作品が多く登場した。これは言うまでもなく386世代の登場と関連しており、日本でかつて流行した新左翼のムーヴメントと似た傾向を持っていたため、批評空間のような文芸批評誌が80年代の韓国文学に注目したことがある。朴労解のような、反権力的な詩が発展したのも韓国文学の一つの特徴である。（朴は1991年に国家保安法違反嫌疑で捕まったが、1998年特赦された。）

1990年代に入るとペ・スアのような村上春樹や吉本ばななに影響を受けた若い作家達が登場した。他方、若い時代を民主化運動に費やしたことへの喪失感を表現する作品も多く発表された。90年代以降の韓国文学は日本文学の影響を大きく受けており、今後、日本文化開放と共に一気に韓国に流入してきた在日朝鮮人文学やライトノベルからの影響も無視できない。

なお、純文学ではないが、1990年代のベストセラーとしては李恩成（1937年～1988年）の『小説・東医宝鑑』（1990年）が300万部発売で『太白山脈』を上回る史上最高記録を更新し、金辰明（1957年～）の『ムクゲノ花ガ咲キマシタ』（1993年）も200万部以上を売った。これらはいずれも日本語訳が出ている。

北朝鮮の文学

1945年8月、朝鮮が日本統治終了を迎えると、38度線以北では金日成を中心とする抗日パルチザン闘士達が政権を形作る。文学もまた彼ら「抗日パルチザン」を形象化していくことを第一とした。

日本統治終了直後から自然発生的に文学・芸術団体が各地域で結成されていたのを、1946年2月、朝鮮労働党は「北朝鮮文学芸術総同盟」として単一組織にまとめた。その綱領の中で帝国主義、資本主義を排斥すると同時に人民民衆の啓蒙とソ連を中心とする西側諸国との文化の交流を目的とすることを定め、文士のプロレタリア主義思想を養成する。

日本統治終了後の詩文学では趙基天の「白頭山」、小説では李箕永の「蘇える大地 (땅)」が代表的である。その他にも「KAPF」の同人である朴世永、朴八陽、宋影、また中国から帰国した金史良などが作品を執筆している。1950年6月25日、朝鮮戦争が勃発しても文士の筆は止まることなく、地下印刷工場が作られて雑誌や文庫が発行され、その作品の数は3千を越えるとも言われている。金朝奎、崔石斗、李秉哲、閔丙均、朴雄杰、千世鳳、尹世重、李北鳴などはこの時期に執筆した文士である。その作品の多くは詩かルポルタージュであった。こうした文壇の流れの中で、朝鮮戦争のさなか、日本統治終了前の作家達の多くが死亡、若い作家達が台頭し、北朝鮮文壇は大きな転換をする。

朝鮮戦争が休戦を迎え政治が落ち着くと、文壇にも優れた文学が登場するようになる。李箕永の長篇『豆満江』が1954年にその第1部が発表されたことは北朝鮮文学の真の始まりを印象付けるものである。その他に千世鳳の『ソッケウルの新春 (석개울의 새 봄)』(1958-65年)、尹世重の『試練の中で (시련 속에서)』(1957年)、黄健の『ケマ高原 (개마고원)』(1956年)などがこの時期の代表作である。

1960年代後半に入ると、北朝鮮文壇に変化が起きる。それ以前からも文学の中に登場していた金日成がこの時期以降から文学作品の中に頻繁に登場しだした。祖国解放闘争の指導者として、または社会主義朝鮮建設の指導者として金日成の形象化が成されはじめたのだ。よってこの時期より北朝鮮文学を「主体文学」とも呼ぶようになる。だが一方で、女性問題、社会問題、恋愛を主題とした作品が80年代以降顕著になっていることも事実である。

韓国の文学賞

文学者

  • 李陸史(リ・ユクサ)(Yi Yuksa)
  • 金声翰(キム・ソンハン)(Kim Songhan)
  • 金素雲(キム・ソウン)(Kim So-un)
  • 金延漢(キム・ジョハン)(Kim Jyonghan)
  • 白楽晴（ペク・ナクチョン）(Baek Nak-cheong)

参考文献

関連項目

外部リンク

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