It is a brand name, but becoming it gets up, e.g., the normal name of the trademark may originally call the wet bike of the other companies including the super jet of Yamaha Motor with jet ski. [2]
Table of contents
History
In the early 1970s, received the suggestion from an American inventor, and 川崎重工 at the time set sail for production, and first marketing model JS400 was sold in the United States of America in 1973 [3]; [4] ([1] that there is the document released in 1972).
It was 1980 that jet ski was performed "reimportation" of as sports by Japan, and Japan jet ski association was established in 1984, and the authorization of the professional player began from 1988 [4]. It became the hot seller commented, "I call for explosive popularity" for a bubble period [5].
"jet ski" as the English common noun
Onomastic "Jet Ski" is a registered trademark of Kawasaki, but, in English, "jet ski" as the common noun points at a vehicle (personal watercraft, Personal water craft, PWC) of the water for the small leisure [6].
The example which called the whole wet bike "jet ski" by^ TV program
There is the cut which "vehicle shoes" put that it was in a wet bike "vehicle shoes, and says to "jet ski that it is, it is!" Nobita for broadcast example 1 to 1 sky to the mountain" on Doraemon November 6, 2015.
^ ab"needs the license that excellent!jet ski is so brief" [spare time information]. The Yomiuri Shimbun, the Tokyo morning edition: p. 16. (June 24, 1988). "Best speed per hour 50 - 60 kilos. I am equipped with an engine and operate it with start button and stop button. The speed regulates it with the accelerator which the handle department had. It is Japan it is the sport that entered at the United States eight years ago, but to have developed an engine. 川崎重工 produced it 15 years ago and released it over there. I was said to be "a product suitable for the United States", but there are reimported circumstances because I experience it abroad in Japan, and lovers increased.… Association of Japanese jet ski … A membership of the last year of the meeting established four years ago is 500. It is said that 700 people exceed it, and they comply this year.… There is the license which is higher than the fourth grade small size ship pilot in Japan.… I recognized 16 professionals officially for the first time this year in the association…I read it with "- Yomidas history building
^from "[in the company now] Kawasaki Heavy Industries reorganization rationalization slump get away solid grandiosity to a high-tech industry." The Yomiuri Shimbun: p. 4. (August 31, 1989). In "public consumer goods section, jet ski causes explosive popularity under the influence of Malin leisure boom. The expectation to hang to the jet ski with (Managing Director Matsumoto) who "is different in the vitality of the company when hot seller appears with public consumer goods" is big. I read it with "- Yomidas history building
^"Jet Ski." Merriam Webster Dictionary. January 15, 2016 reading.
Outside link
Wiki media Commons has a category in conjunction with the jet ski.
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The cross-country skiing (English: Cross-country Skiing) is a kind of the ski competition.
Table of contents
Summary
It is the competition ski which competes with a ski for general running power by a variety of topography using a ski stick in a course set up on the snow and is classified in Nordic skiing. It became the competition from a life means of transportation on the snow which is a ski original use spontaneously and is the item that it may be said that it is the origin of all ski competitions. It is performed originally in many areas since before I unify it, and International Ski Federation (Fédération Internationale de Ski=FIS) managed it, and the noun of the different meaning is used for the name by English "Cross-Country" (or "Distance"), "Langlauf" of German, a language including French "Ski de Fond". I unified it by "cross-country" in the federation of all-Japan ski, but called myself "distance" in the past. In addition, the cross-country generally refers to the first kind of track and field and may be called ski cross-country from a meaning of the cross-country to perform with a ski for the purpose of distinguishing it from it definitely, and it is cross-country (cyclo-cross), the motorcycle cross-country (motocross) of motorcycle sports and a name to stand side by side for the cycle of this case bicycle race. It is Olympics enforcement competition. As for the world championship, the annual series war (FIS cross-country World Cup) is carried out as Nordic skiing every year in every second year across OLYMPIC. In addition, the annual series war of the public cross-country (World Lopet /FIS marathon cup) is carried out every year, too.
From the public road of the city area to the forest of the park, every place lying on in nature to art is set as a course. It is old and is performed on the life road between villages, and some international competitions that are continued while following this form exist. It is done compacted snow, and truck (groove of Article 2) processing extends over the course whole in the race by the classical form of running with the appliance called the course cutter, and the road surface is put for the necessary points such as downhill slopes in the race by the free form of running. An international meeting is held and meets all-Japan federation of ski, each course standard for International Ski Federation, domestic official meeting holding and must be recognized officially.
Permanent construction course
I maintain a bed, and there are cycling, the walking of the season without for exclusive use of the cross-country or the snow and the permanent construction course to use in common and is often designed so that I adopt level ground, the hill-climbing of the hill and 降坂, a straight line and flexure in these intentionally as an endless path, and it is high competition characteristics.
City area course
The truck which was established on a course and the left side between the forest
D Tyr of the truck
Form of running
Classical form of running
Only the form of running technique that has been used traditionally for a long time is accepted, and the promotion by the skating is not accepted. I use an alternation run (die chin null) to slide a ski for right and left alternation to greatly make a shuffling walk, a promotion run to let the ski which I do the ski stick which I hit at the right and left same time at the support point and prepared by the flexure of a waist, the back slide, a split up line to put a ski for the right and left alternation to be V-shaped, and to greatly open, and to hang inside edge to the surface of the snow, and to climb the slope or the form of running of these variations properly depending on the course topography and the situation. Except an uphill slope needing a split up line necessarily, the most of the course become the run in the truck.
Alternation run
Promotion run (players preparing both legs)
Split up line
Free form of running
It is a run by the skating that applied a skating run technology to a ski in the course whole virtually unless a form of running technique does not have all limits and glides down it in a downhill slope. There are several kinds of variations in a timing to hit the ski stick for the right and left cycle of the sidekick in a skating technology and uses it properly depending on the course topography and the situation. In addition, there is the skating technology not to point out a ski stick and holds a ski stick aside when I let you accelerate it at the time of the downhill mainly and I bend forward as well as speed skating and greatly wave both arms to the all energy acceleration including the goal sprint.
Skating
Competition form
Interval start
A start player starts with constant time lag (generally 30 seconds distance) sequentially individually and does the final by the shortness at the run time when I needed it by a finish line decided beforehand.
Distance is 5km, 7.5km, 10km, 15km, 30km, 50km and I choose it with a form of running on account of the formality and the individual treatment of the meeting and am carried out. These procedures are adopted only in girl 10km, boy 15km in Olympics, the world championship now.
Trout start
All the start players start all at once and do the final in the order of arrival with the finish line decided beforehand. The starting line makes gabled roof form to the start direction and occupies a start position to right and left from a vertical angle based on the priority of the player in turn.
Distance is 10km, 15km, 30km, 50km and I choose it with a form of running on account of the formality and the individual treatment of the meeting and am carried out. It is adopted in all items except girl 10km and boy 15km in Olympics, the world championship now.
Public cross-country
I am called the ski marathon.
It is performed in a trout start form, but a starting line shape and distance have no rule. The form of running is chosen by meeting individual treatment, but a truck is established in consideration for a participant performing a traditional form of running at the position to last for the course whole, and not to mix with the skating runner when I choose free.
Ski Athlon
I perform a classical form of running of the first half and a free form of running of the latter half in succession. All the start players start the first half all at once, and the final does machine parts in exchange, the finish order of arrival in the latter half from classical business to free business in a pit box established in the way station of the pre-latter half.
An anteroposterior odd number is 5km +5km, 7.5km +7.5km, 10km +10km, 15km +15km each, and I choose it on account of the formality and the individual treatment of the meeting, and the distance is carried out.
It was adopted in an enforcement competition in place of a pursuit by the Nordic skiing world championship of 2013, the Sochi Olympics of 2014.
Pursuit
I divide a classical form of running of the first half and a free form of running of the latter half and perform it. A start player starts with constant time lag sequentially individually in the first half and I measure the time required to the finish line decided beforehand and am finished. I start with indispensability time lag from a high order person of the first half sequentially in the latter half and do the final in the order of arrival in the finish line decided beforehand.
There is not the rule and is 5km, 7.5km, 10km, 15km in the latter half, and I choose it on account of the formality and the individual treatment of the meeting, and the distance is carried out about the first half.
Relay
It is selected one of three people and four people by one team constitution by either free, meeting individual treatment if classical in a form of running. In the case of four people, I can adopt 2 forms of running, and there is the man and woman Fanakolo, too. All the team first runners start all at once, and touch the body of the next runner sequentially in broadcast section and deliver responsibility and do the final in the finish order of arrival of the team anchor runner.
Responsibility distance of one person is 2.5km, 3.3km, 5km, 7.5km, 10km and transcribes it into "X (responsibility distance of one person) km" (the number of people of one team).
Personal sprint
Four start players start all at once and do the final in the finish order of arrival of the go-around course set to 0.8km - 1.4km each in 1km - 1.8km, the girls in the boys. When the number of the participation players is more than four; of four - six constitution win and advance to the next around of it, and it is a form, and the B final determining final and fifth place - eighth place to determine first place - fourth place is performed. When the number of the participation players surpasses 24 people, I perform the qualifier by all player individual treatment starts and am squeezed in 24 - 30 high ranks having a short it in the go-around time required.
Team sprint
I am constructed in two one team. A starting player of 4-5 teams starts all at once, and I repeat the change of partner player and 3-6 times every rule go-around to become 0.8km - 1.4km in 1km - 1.8km, the girls in the boys, and the final does a go-around course in the order of arrival in the finish line. When there is much number of the participation teams, I win and advance to the next around of it and become the form.
Machine parts
Generally, any machine parts are available, but only the exclusive machine parts which had a form and a characteristic virtually most suitable for competition characteristics of the cross-country are used if it is available and International Ski Federation adapts to a standard to establish. In addition, I may make use restrictions for each country individual treatment in International Ski Federation standard.
Ski
Height of the contestant and things from the degree to 1 surcharge degree are used many (International Ski Federation standard: more than -100mm tall). As for the width of the single ski, a little over 40mm and central part thick narrowly and difference of the thin former rear end are big, and an arch bend is strong. I am comprised of the material which gave top priority to run characteristics for an edge from a run side and am prevented the edge being greatly loosened by ダリング and from spoiling run characteristics. In the run side, it is prepared several kinds that structure, a shape are different from the start by snowy quality and state. One set of mass is extremely lightweight with around 1,000 g (International Ski Federation standard: more than 750 g).
Classical business
There are many cases light slightly than free form of running use for a long time. When curve rise (shovel) of the top is big and kicked up a ski at the time of an alternation run to the rear, enough room has it stolen by the top and the surface of the snow. Call dozens of centimeters of before and after run side right under the binding installation point with a grip zone, and run characteristics are deleted intentionally and paint with wax (grip wax) jumping to join in the surface of the snow, and the scale form processing which is not slippery is put for the rear. The arch bend that there is a little degree not to contact with the surface of the snow remains in the grip zone while the special arch bend called the double arch bend is used, and the gliding zone entire surface before and after the grip zone contacts with the surface of the snow in the state that the mass of the skier depended on, and flextime is adjusted to contact with the surface of the snow at stepping forward load such as at the time of alternation runs.
Grip wax
It is the wax which is peculiar to a cross-country classical form of running in the ski competition and is used for almost all competition machine parts except the public cross-country. Because it is necessary to leave skiing to the surface of the snow at the time of stepping forward for an alternation run, I am combined with 敢 て snow in an ingredient to snap at. There are a variety of choices by snowy temperature and state, but on the other hand I spoil lack of grip and run characteristics when I take the wrong choice and may invite a competitiveness drop.
Free business
There are many cases heavy slightly than classical form of running use briefly. Front and back make a slight arc (side curve) that number mm is large width for central part, and the angle of skew of the ski for the line becomes loose, and power comes to be converted into kinetic energy efficiently by a sidekick start as I hang it for the end, and run speed increases.
Ski stick
Extremely lightweight. A grip is slightly low in the classical form of running for the height of the shoulder, and a thing of the length becoming higher in the free form of running a little is used. It is a special shape that the strap secures a palm at the time of pole rear pushing out and holds growth and power loss by the transformation in check as much as possible. バスケットは雪面に引っかからないよう後方にのみ広がる形状であり、圧雪に貫入しない最小限の大きさとなっている。 石突（チップ）は小さく、先端が鋭く、前方へ傾いている。
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The International Ski Federation(Kokusui Skiing Festival) is an international organizing body of. Abbreviation is from nameFIS (Fiss). The headquarters is located in Oberhofen am Thunersy ().
International Ski Federation
Fédération Internationale de Ski
International Ski Federation
: Internationaler Ski Verband Abbreviation
FIS
Year established
Headquarters
Location
Marc Hodler House
Blochstrasse 2
3653 Oberhofen / Thunersee
Switzerland
Coordinate
:
Member
111 countries (2013)
Chairman
table of contents
history
Founded as a representative of 14 countries. As of 2013, the National Ski Association of 111 countries belongs. In Japan (SAJ) joined to.
Competition
The Federation has recognized the following ski competitions and supervises the holding of the World Cup and World Championships.
Other
Grass Ski ()
As an exception, (IBU) exists independently in ski competitions, not FIS.
Main organizing competitions
In the ski competition,,, it is said to be the three major conventions to decide the vertices of the world. World Cup and world championships are organized by FIS, but only the Olympic Games will be organized. On the other hand, in part of the snowboard competition and freestyle skiing competition, the prize money race is higher than the world cup and the level is higher, players with lower world cup points active in X games sometimes get gold medals at the Olympic Games .
FIS World Cup
FIS World Cup(FIS World Cup) is an annual FIS sponsored world event. Every year from September to December to March, we will fight about 10-20 games for each of the various types shown below. Points are awarded to the top players of each game, and the player who got the most points in the total of the season will be the annual overall victory. Also, it will be held every 4 years in the middle year of the Olympic Games, where all the competitions gather.
World championship
The FIS World Ski Championship(FIS World ski championship) is a world event organized by FIS, held once every two years, in odd years.
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Командо́рскиеострова́ (Russian) Komandorskiye ostrova
The Kamchatka Peninsula, the east side are co-man dollar ski archipelagos, and the west consists of two islands. Bering Island, the island of the east side are メードヌイ islands the big Western island of the area.
As for the inhabitants of two islands, a Russian, the biggest village are northern ニコルスコエ of the Bering Islandthat Uto person, two-thirds a one-third (Nikolskoye). (cf. right map)
It is only village ニコルスコエ at the west end of the Bering Island north that a permanent resident does 集住, and the population as of 2009 is 613 estimates. The population approximately completely consisting of Russian and that Uto people [1]. And nature is left, and co-man dollar ski national park (English version) (Komandorsky Zapovednik) of 36,488 square kilometers of total areas accounts for most facing most and the ocean of insular part. The economy is mainly based on fishingfishery, mushroom collection, management, the ecotourism of the national park and the government office. In the village, an unpaved runway is to a school, a satellite station, the south. Each village except 2 islands is Komura, and a house lies scattered.
Severnoye
Podutesnaya
Gladkovskeya
Lisennova
Peschanka
Preobrajenskoe Settlement at Peschanaya Bay on Medniy Island – abandoned
Glinka
Image e
Hunters of the Bering Island who is the greatest island at a co-man dollar ski archipelago (photography of c. about 1884-1886).
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It was driven in 183 system until 2013. (a head mark runs out.)
It was driven in the 165 system of the Shimmaebashi train district (existing Takasaki vehicle center) until about 2000.
It is a train for winter sports visitors such as the ski snowboarding toward the skiing area in the Chuetsu district of Niigata from Saitama and Gunma. The extra charge green car is not connected by the formation of all car reserved seats. [1] that there was unreserved seat vehicle was finished once with a season in 2015 [2]. Service of train in itself would not be done in a season in 2017, and the future service was undecided [3], but it was announced that pro-it operated 1 coming and going between Ageo Station - Echigo-Yuzawa Station189 only for February 4, 2017 [4].
I ran every one of from January 23 to February 21 in conjunction with "ski heil Ryomo" (driving between Sano Station - Ishiuchi Station) where I added it and ski heil Joetsu in 2003, and and [2] started from Ryomo LineSano Station "ski heil Yuzawa Nakazato" (driving between Kumagaya Station - Echigo-Yuzawa Station) which operated 1 coming and going between Omiya Station - Ishiuchi Station on Saturday and Sunday in a season in 2016 [5].
Ageo Station - Okegawa Station - Konosu Station - Kumagaya Station - Kagohara Station - Fukaya Station - Takasaki Station - Shin-Maebashi Station - Echigo-Yuzawa Station
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