Spring and summer

In this item, I explain a Chinese history book. Please see "spring and summer" (vagueness evasion) about other spring and summer.

The scholar of Confucianism sacred book
The five classics of Confucianism	Biography
The nine principles to govern people
Fortune-telling Book Poetry Etiquette（Courtesy/Lap etiquette） Spring and summer	The Li Ji Spring and summer left he biography Sheep biography public in spring and summer Spring and summer grain beam biography
It is passed through seven	It is passed through 12
The Analects of Confucius 孝経	爾雅
	It is passed through 13
	Mencius

"Spring and summer" It is a history book of the chronological order about the Chinese Lu Ages when (しゅんじゅう) was recorded by annual of 魯国. It is said that Confucianism added the way of Confucius or Confucius made it and is done with one of the Chinese classics of Confucianism (the five classics of Confucianism or six Confucianism Scriptures) which are the sacred book.

Table of contents

Contents

The contents are the chronological table-like history books that a diplomatic article such as an obituary notice, war and the meeting faith of King and feudal lords, an article about the natural disaster (traditionally called 災異) such as a solar eclipse, an earthquake, a flood, the locust peril are serene, and they were written with a main thing every date.

As for the term, in the top, in the bottom, article content is the history around 魯 from 隠公元年 (B.C. 722) of 魯 in 242 years of (B.C. 481.called the end) for Prince sympathy 14 years. (but, in spring and summer placed in "the left he biography", I exist until the death of Confucius two years after "end".)

"Spring and summer" But, a name "Lu Ages" was born because it was the generation to treat it.

Appearance

"Spring and summer" Oh, I take the appearance called "month, day - article (season) year, time".

• A year: A monarch of 魯国, the round of the twelve horary years by the reign of 魯公 are spent.
• Time: A season. In other words, "spring, summer, autumn, the winter" of the four seasons is spent. I drink on the neck month of 4:00 and am written and am written on the next month in the same season in (a month of the beginning of the four seasons.in spring for New Year holidays in the summer in April in autumn in July in winter in October) in a neck month when there is not an article. When one season has no article, it is written on "spring New Year holidays" and the neck month.
• A month: "New Year holidays, February, March…"Is used.
• A day: "One of the zodiac signs, the second Ox, the third of the sexagenary cycle…The sexagenary cycle such as "is used.
• An article: I am comprised of a short phrase and do the enumeration of the fact all the time. There are few subjective words.
• King: The spring fastest letter which is written only once a month. It is said that this shows that I am engaged in the calendar of the lap dynasty (named which the crab of spring King New Year holidays, spring King February, spring King March).

I nominate 隠公元年, two years for an example (the sentence obeys the thing of "the left he biography").

Year	The four seasons	Month	Day	Article
The first year	In spring	King New Year holidays
		March		And it is 邾 儀父盟于蔑 publicly	(隠公 exchanged faith with matter father of 邾 in despising you)
	In the summer	May		鄭伯克段于 鄢	(鄭伯 won against a step in 鄢)
	In autumn	July		天王使宰 咺 来帰恵公仲子之 賵	(I let a lap king dispatched 咺 of 宰 and send 恵公 and a funeral present to Nakako)
		September		及宋人盟于宿	(I exchanged faith with a person of Soong at a hotel)
	In winter	Ten Yuji months		祭伯来	(祭伯 visited it)
				Rev. Kimiko gain is a graduate	(Rev. gain of Kimiko died)
Two years	In spring			公会戎于潜	(隠公 met 戎 in 潜)
	In the summer	May		莒 人入向	(a person of 莒 invaded 向)
				無駭帥師入極	(無駭 invaded the pole with the armed forces)
	In autumn	August	庚辰	公及戎盟于唐	(隠公 exchanged 戎 and faith in Tang)
		September		紀裂繻来逆女	(I visited it so that 裂繻 of the period met a public woman)
	In winter	October		伯姫帰于紀	(伯姫 married for a period)
				紀子帛 莒 子盟于密	(子帛 and the 莒 child of the period were dense and exchanged faith)
		Ten Yuji months	乙卯	夫人子氏薨	(Mr. child of the wife died)
				鄭人伐衛	(a person of Cheng cut 衛)

Origin of the title of a book

The correct place is considered to be ignorance. According to the forest caretaker who made an explanatory note on "a left he biography", I take spring and the autumn in the four season with "spring and summer", and it is said that I showed "a year". The name of "spring and summer" in (1) in "Mozi" light ogre even if "used this title of a book in the countries for the age of civil strife in spring and summer "the spring and summer" of the lap so that there is it with in "spring and summer" of 斉 or "100 spring and summer" "spring and summer" of Soong "the spring and summer" of the swallow, "there is "梼 杌" of 楚 in the (2) "Mencius" legendary person in China edition "乗" of 晋 with "spring and summer" of 魯, and there is the viewpoint that is a history book of the country characteristic of 魯, and there is not the established theory.

In addition, for the thought of the traditional Confucianism thought, as for the countries editing a history book without permission, there is the forbidden opinion in the times of Amane Nishi. In this case consider that that there is the book "spring and summer" in the country of 魯 is a sin and be in "spring and summer" and is other names and is understood all negatively. Because each these is time with a few historical materials, I do not hit it with solid argument.

A text and explanatory note

"Spring and summer" The という book does not exist alone. Generally, the thing called (pass in autumn in spring) in "spring and summer" was contained by the commentary called "the biography" which hung it in former Han, and was produced by the war-torn country and was informed it. It is three of the "spring and summer left he biography" "Prince spring and summer sheep biography" "spring and summer grain beam biography", and the existing biography is called a biography (しゅんじゅうさんでん) in total in three in spring and summer.

Some differences are seen in each "spring and summer" when these three biographies convey it. I pass in the spring and summer of "the left he biography", and there is a biography to (Confucius is a graduate) until sympathy Koji 17 years in the Prince が sympathy summer of 16 whereas the "public sheep biography" "grain beam biography" is to Prince sympathy spring of 14 in the generation to treat it (end). It became the disputatiousness in an each generation dynasty which biography you chose because claims were different. The debate of Chinese characters in the Han period ancient writings of Han is famous for the early debate.

"Spring and summer study," "Confucian studies highly regarding the Han period textbooks" and "Old literature" are referred to

"Spring and summer" の author and 成書年代

It is said that Confucius was concerned with the establishment of "spring and summer" in the traditional Confucianism. But the interpretation is not same historically.

It is Mencius first to have advocated production in "the spring and summer" of Confucius. Though Mencius gave the history of the war and peace before 堯 reaching it at the present, and Confucius made "spring and summer" to rule the chaotic times by the decline of the lap dynasty, and the sentence was the history, I showed the justice that was the ideal of Confucius there (but we have various interpretation in "product spring and summer" of this Mencius, and there is the situation "where a lecture made" "spring and summer").

There is a description similar to Cima Qian "Historical Memoirs" of previous Han, and it is said that looking over does "Historical Memoirs (Hara "spring and summer") of 魯", and Confucius made "spring and summer". The school of Gongyang based on "the sheep biography which was going to investigate 微言大義 (important meaning hidden in delicate language) of Confucius exclusively from "spring and summer" public in spring and summer" bloomed in the study in this way in spring and summer of previous Han.

However, Old literature to assume Confucius 祖述者 of Prince lap bloomed when it became 後漢, and the Hermeneutik with spring and summer left he biography" took place in "spring and summer". I considered it to be "Historical Memoirs itself of 魯" that a government official in charge of archives and documents of 魯 which inherited a tradition of Prince lap wrote "spring and summer", and, as for Confucius, the viewpoint that 祖述 did it was commonly used without "speaking it, and making it".

When it was Tang charges, including "authority of history" 惑経 of 劉知幾, the claim to doubt とすることを after "spring and summer" has begun to appear. When I reached Wang Anshi of north Soong, I assumed "spring and summer" "断爛朝報" (scattered official daily gazettes) and the justice of Confucius was not virtually shown and came to consider the passage with a lacuna to be a simple defect. On the other hand, the viewpoint that was going to find the justice of Confucius like Hu biography in spring and summer was continued.

Hitachi school took up Han charges school of Gongyang again when I became Kiyo, and it was said that Confucius as 改制者 created six Chinese classics of Confucianism that I included "spring and summer" in.

A doubt old group to preside over a magazine "ancient history valve" when it was modern times appeared and completely denied the relations with Confucius and "spring and summer" afterwards. As for the strong claim called the book, there are thing recognizing some kind of relations of the few thing, both things to have nothing to do at all now.

I insisted when it became after modern times when Tadao Iijima sailed it up by the saros period when the solar eclipse listed in "spring and summer" entered at the West around B.C. 300 and was incorporated (1941 for "China ancient essay on history" 1925, supplementary sections with corrections). In contrast, the solar eclipse listed in "spring and summer" did not necessarily stop by in a saros period, and Shinzo Shinjo criticized an Iijima theory if there was not the influence of the rule of calendar from the West (current all history of all "history of Orient astronomy study" nine parts book 1933 ・" Orient astronomy study ten parts Chinese enlarged edition 1936).

Saying that because Kuniharu Saito, Kenji Ozawa inspects a solar eclipse listed in "spring and summer" mathematically when it is the present age, and the rule of calendar of 魯 is a solar eclipse based on the real observation record whereas the solar eclipse hitting ratio of the China each generation history book (perform estimation of a solar eclipse) is low with 70%, the hitting ratio is 95% in 37 solar eclipse total number (37); ("inspection 1992 of the ancient astronomy record in China").

The solar eclipse listed by an opinion like Kuniharu Saito, Kenji Ozawa in "spring and summer" concludes 張培瑜 to be observation authentic record ("Chinese ancient rule of calendar" 2007).

By the way, I pointed out the point where a calendar was used for for four minutes high suddenly when it was in "spring and summer" whereas only simple rule of calendar that Chinese rule of calendar was a "hair poetry" "Chinese administrator", and Masao Kojima observed a planet in days, and to decide a date was seen and stated that I sailed it up, and it was redecorated by the Cali POS rule of calendar that entered at Europe in around B.C. 300 in "spring and summer". But this opinion is the same as an Iijima theory essentially, and there is not the truth newness. In addition, Kojima states that a high four minutes calendar is used, but there is not the concrete ground, and there is not the description about the planet for a "hair poetry" "Chinese administrator" again, too.

In addition, in late years the new view is submitted, but it is the present conditions that it is said that it is vexed, and do not see established opinion.

References

• Masao Kojima "preliminary essay "Daito Bunka University bulletin 20" 1982 that I get the rule of calendar of spring and summer"
• For Takao Hirase "pre-foreword Kodansha modern new book, 2,000 years of the Chinese ancient times", it is ISBN 4061495089

Spring and summer study

It is written with the writing style such as the extremely concise chronological table in "spring and summer", and the special thought does not seem to enter at a glance there.

However, a viewpoint that the thought of Confucius was hidden in various places of the text in coming ages became common (indirect criticism). For example, there is the sentence "that a viscount (in 襄公) of Soong did for meeting faith depending on an appeal of 桓公.". However, actually, Soong was a country of the dukes. In contrast, the scholar of coming ages interprets it saying "襄公 came over to the meeting faith in spite of a grieving period of father and lowers the rank because I am unfilial and wrote it.".

The spring and summer study that was going to read the thought of Confucius by such a way of thinking from "spring and summer" happened.

董仲舒 which advocated study in the spring and summer based on the public sheep biography appeared and, at the age of Wu-di of previous Han, honored "spring and summer" as a book indicating the rule principle to change in one of the philosophical schools of ancient China thought. Five classics of Confucianism doctor was installed, and a "public sheep biography" "grain beam biography" was put up by a study official, but Liu 歆 put up "left biography" to the study official newly afterwards. The left biography was not opened in 後漢 by a study official, and school of Gongyang was performed exclusively, but 服虔 made a note based on exegetical studies of Confucianism in "left biography" and did it and overwhelmed school of Gongyang before long. Any rest pointed out a note in a public sheep biography against this, and made "春秋公羊解詁", but did it, and forest custody of 西晋 put an explanatory note for one by text of a sutra and "left biography" in "spring and summer"; make "a Chinese classics and their explanatory notes book of interpretations in spring and summer"; afterward in spring and summer of studies became standard. "Spring and summer justice" of 疏 for "spring and summer Chinese classics and their explanatory notes collection of interpretations" was made to Tang charges. However, after Tang charges, three biographies (particularly "the left biography") came to be caught as an explanatory note of "spring and summer" negatively, and when it was Soong charges, three biographies were expelled, and annotation of confucian text-books was made.

I assumed "spring and summer Chinese classics and their explanatory notes collection of interpretations" an original text, and "左氏会箋" which enlarged an explanatory note of Kiyo was written in Japan in the Meiji era by Shinnichiro Takezoe.

Footnote, source

Allied item

• Spring and summer three biography

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Hareo Tsuchimikado

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Hareo Tsuchimikado (you see it Saturday, and / fine weather / form in corner spring, and cook it on civil administration June 5, 10 on (June 28, 1827 on) - October 6, 1869 on (November 9, 1869)) is the virtual last present head of a household of the person of soil gate of a palace Yin Yang method at a court noble of the late Tokugawa period. As for father, a soil gate of a palace fine weather parent, the child are soil gate of a palace fine weather Sakae. A younger sister has Fujiko Tsuchimikado. The hereditary stipend is 183 stones.

I it as a Yin and Yang brain

Is conferred 従五位上 in (1833) for Tenpo era four years, and have the ceremony of manhood in (1839) for ten years; and 従五位上大膳大夫. It becomes the Yin and Yang head in (1842) for 13 years. I serve as 右兵衛佐 in (1849) for Kaei era two years. It becomes the original fourth place bottom in (1855) for Ansei two years and participates in a Lord courtier Japanese card game line councillor matter of (1858) for Ansei five years. I am dispatched in Edo-jo Castle as an Imperial envoy with chamberlain Ei Takakura 祜 on the occasion of an inauguration ceremony of Edo Shogunate 14s general Ieshige Tokugawa performed on December 1, the same year. I turned to Lord subject people in the next year and became 従三位 in (1864) in the Motoharu first year. I resign Lord subject people (1868) in 1868.

When the Edo Shogunate collapses by the Meiji Restoration, I work on the new government and drive an astronomical position of the old Shogunate into the abolition and succeed in a Yin-and-Yang fortune-telling office holding jurisdiction such as not only the authority of the calendar such as 編暦, 頒暦 but also surveying, the astronomy. When I put it in the new government at the time, interest about astronomy and the rule of calendar considered not to lead to a measure to enrich and strengthen a country and promotion of industry directly was extremely low. Furthermore, although I suggested it that 改暦 does Tenpo era calendar and plans continuation of the lunisolar calendar, against solar calendar introduction increasing among Dutch learning people, lowness of the interest of the new government works adversely this time, and 改暦 will be seen off. Haruo still required 改暦, but I fell illness and died at 43 years old. There is the cemetery in the Kyoto plum alley Bairin temple.

Astronomy and the surveying were scientific foundations, and, as for the 嫡男, sum-maru that inherited the back (later 土御門晴榮), correct recognition to be indispensable to the smooth administration of army and navy again still spread out in the new government more childishly, and it came to have it pointed out that the anxiety to they being tied up by the old Yin-and-Yang fortune-telling office and unscientific Yin Yang method obstacled to the Japanese modern science introduction, and the new government dismantled (1870), a Yin-and-Yang fortune-telling office in 1870 in the next year of the death of Haruo. In addition, as for the rule of calendar, it was shifted to the Gregorian calendar that was a solar calendar (1872) at an end in 1872.

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Yin and Yang five thought

Yin and Yang five thought (いんようごぎょうしそう) is the thought that Yin and Yang thought and the five natural elements thought that occurred in Ages of Chunqiu and Contending States in China are tied, and was born. I say the Yin, Yang and five elements combination theory (いんようごぎょうせつ), five Yin and Yang theory (いんようごぎょうろん). The explanation of a more complicated phenomenon came to be accomplished by a pair with Yin and Yang thought and five thought.

Table of contents

Combination of the ten calendar signs and twelve horary signs

The details refer to "the sexagenary cycle"

The basics of the Yin, Yang and five elements combination theory arrange two Yin and Yang for tree, fire, soil, money, water, five lines of (they suck in もく or ど, ごん, and the money lets you read with "ごん" not "きん") each. Former, second, third class, 丁, 戊, oneself, 庚, 辛, 壬, 癸 are like that by the sound reading, and おつ, wall, てい, ぼ come, and しん pitches a camp in this way and comes and reads と. When correspond to Yin and Yang and five banks by the sound reading how, or is incomprehensible, but do it in the Japanese reading; of Kinoe, きのと, ひのえ, ひのと, the soil get it, and do not see it with one of soil and one of Kanoe; get it, and it is one without seeing it, and the five natural elements become clear and lucid (with one of Kanoe money). As for the Yin and Yang, the "e" of the end of a word is positive; "is a shade. The etymology the "e" an older brother "is a younger brother. The name of "えと" comes from it here. "えと" was originally a name of the ten celestial stems to the sexagenary cycle. Kinoe is a meaning of "the positives of the trees".

Five lines are arranged for the twelve signs of the zodiac. As the premise, in five lines (5:00 or five seasons) corresponding to the season, fire, autumn are water in winter Friday a tree, summer spring. Where the soil comes to is for each last approximately 18 days in the four seasons (the dog days). It means (as for the Ox five of the soil) in the day of the Ox of (the dog days) at the summer last time in the famous "day of the Ox of the dog days". When I arrange the twelve signs of the zodiac in each season,

• In spring a January tiger, 二月卯, a March dragon (in five lines a tree, a tree, soil)
• In the summer 四月巳, 五月午, June non-(in five lines fire, fire, soil)
• In autumn July monkey, 八月酉, 九月戌 (in five lines money, Friday and Saturday)
• In winter 十月亥, 11 Tsukiko, the December Ox (in five lines water, water, soil)

となる (in the month a calendar month of the old calendar or a knob month).

I count the Yin and Yang of the twelve signs of the zodiac from a child, and the odd number joint is positive, and the even number joint becomes the shade. When the ten celestial stems and the twelve signs of the zodiac are combined, there is not the combination of negatives and positives, and it is only a positive and a positive, a shade and a behind-the-scenes pair. Therefore it becomes 60 ways of half without becoming 10*12 = 120. Even if there is few 乙卯 as for the second tiger even if there is the former tiger, there is not 甲卯.

Calendar

A calendar of the Yin, Yang and five elements combination theory, the fortune-telling based on it again assume the beginning of spring an opening of one year. In addition, 12 knobs (but different by a year almost 5-8 days) where the beginning of moon comes to in the first half of the month in the twenty-four seasons in the old calendar for one day become the beginning of the month. A knob cuts one month and the end in a month to do it between one of the day before next gnarl, and a joint says the month in this way with a knob month. In addition, I say entering knob of the month (せついり).

• Beginning of spring (New Year holidays melody), solar calendar about February 4
• One of the twenty-four seasons in the lunar calendar (February melody), solar calendar about March 6
• Lucid (March melody) solar calendar about April 5
• Beginning of summer (April melody), solar calendar about May 5
• One of the twenty-four seasons in the lunar calendar (azalea clause), solar calendar about June 6
• One of the twenty-four seasons in the lunar calendar (June melody), solar calendar about July 7
• Beginning of fall (July melody), solar calendar about August 7
• Dew (August melody), solar calendar about September 8
• Dew (September melody), solar calendar about October 8
• Beginning of winter (October melody), solar calendar about November 7
• Heavy snow (November melody), solar calendar about December 7
• First half of midwinter (December melody), solar calendar about January 5

Therefore "the sexagenary cycle of the year" of (about February 3) becomes the sexagenary cycle of the last year the day before at the beginning of spring from (about January 5) in the first half of midwinter, and, as for "the sexagenary cycle in a month," it is the Ox in December.

Logic of the Yin and Yang five thought

I combined "Yin and Yang thought" and "five thought" with "Yin and Yang five thought" according to the said article. Emperor "伏羲" coming up in an ancient Chinese myth created "the Yin and Yang thought", and all phenomena exist in "a shade" and the form (e.g., the light and shade, nature, man and woman, the right and wrong, good and bad luck) to disagree with of "a positive" not independent, only its existing, and each is thought to repeat the ups and downs. On the other hand, summer founder "禹" suggested "five thought" and does it when all things consist by five elements called "money of tree fire soil water". It is related to five planets and afterwards various phenomena later by 陰陽家鄒衍 of 斉 and is completed as Yin and Yang thought and the Yin and Yang five natural elements thought that a five natural elements theory is integrated, and is ideological.

Five Aioi, five principle of the five natural elements

 

The characteristic of five thought is a way of thinking that "Aioi" and each element called "the principle of the five natural elements" affect each other. It makes up for factor of the partner, and "Aioi" controls the element of the partner with a thing to affect to strengthen, and it is said with "the principle of the five natural elements" with a thing to affect to weaken. It is not to be how to catch to be always bad because "Aioi" strengthens a partner as for what want to be careful because the good "principle of the five natural elements" always weakens partners.

Five Aioi

I say relations that that "the tree produces fire, and the fire produces soil, and the soil produces money, and the money produces water, and to produce a tree as for the water" with "five natural elements Aioi".

The tree burns and becomes the fire, and ash (= soil) produces it after fire burnt, and soil gathers, and mineral Friday produces it, and the money corrodes it, and it returns from a mountain and the place where it was to the water, and it is "five natural elements Aioi" that the water brings influence to strengthen a partner in order of tree → fire → soil → money of → water → tree in condition to let a tree grow up.

Five principle of the five natural elements

I say relations that that "勝 (剋) ち, the fire overcome money on fire as for the water, and the money beats a tree, and the tree beats soil and beats water as for the soil" with "the five natural elements principle of the five natural elements".

The water puts out fire, and the fire dissolves money, and the knife made of the money cuts down a tree, and the tree pushes soil aside, and it grows up, and, in condition to dam up a flow of the water as for the soil, as for the water, as for the fire, as for the money, as for the tree, the soil affects the water in soil to a tree to money on fire, and it is "the five natural elements principle of the five natural elements" to weaken.

Yin and Yang five thought in Japan

It reached Japan with rule of calendar from the fifth to the sixth century same as Buddhism Confucianism, and the government office called the Yin-and-Yang fortune-telling office was established by legal codes. I adopted practice of Taoism of the Taoism and did Japan's original development to Yin Yang method afterwards.

Allied item

• The thought that became the basis
  • Yin and Yang thought
  • Five thought
• Development from Yin and Yang five thought
  • Fortune-telling
  • The best places for each of Four Gods
  • The ten celestial stems, the twelve signs of the zodiac
• Practice of the Yin and Yang five thought
  • 四柱推命
  • Chinese medicine medical care
  • Acupuncture needle moxibustion
  • Feng shui
    • In thought of verse toe Shah stole - India, it is similar to Yin and Yang five thought, and there is the opinion as the origin such as the feng shui, too.
  • Xingyiquan
  • Taoism
• The work which assumed Yin and Yang five thought the subject
  • 双界儀

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B.C. 404

Century	The pre-sixth century - The pre-fifth century - The pre-fourth century
10 ages	The pre-420s The pre-410s The pre-400s The pre-390s The pre-380s
Year	Pre-407 years Pre-406 years Pre-405 years B.C. 404 Pre-403 years Pre-402 years Pre-401 years

B.C. 404 is a year of the Roman calendar. I was known as "the age that Wols's, コッスス, フィデナス, アムブストゥス, マルギネンシス, ルティルス took office as a tribune" in those days (but or I am not used that much Rome founding of a country A.D. 350). B.C. 404 and transcribed one were commonly used in this year after the early period of times in the Middle Ages when (Akimoto Christ) spread as law widely in Europe in the Christian era in a round of the twelve horary years.

Table of contents

Event

in Greece

• (Cleophon) continued insisting on the resistance to ペロポネソス alliance pop, but the situation became hopeless and was arrested Creo pop and was sentenced to the death penalty and was executed leader Creo of Athnes.
• On April 25, a lot of refugees escaped, and Athnes weakened by an epidemic and starvation accepted the surrender with the condition, and Peloponnesian War was over.
• Theramenes (Theramenes) gained a condition to protect a town of Athnes from destruction. The Sparta accepted independent maintenance of Athnes. However, Athnes lost all other territories and lost the fleet which I remained in and was considered to be a Spartan ally. Long and extensive castle of Athnes (Long Walls) was destroyed. A follower of Achaemenid Persia received the Greek cities that there was in the Ionia of the Aegean Sea opposite bank again.
• Spartan general Lysandros established 30 usurpers of the throne Administration of 寡頭制 in Athnes as puppet government, and, to leader Kritias, Theramenes let you increase it in a usurper of the throne, too. This government executed a large number of citizens and deprived it of the right.
• With most of the cities that an alliance (Japanese poplars alliance) of Athnes increased, a rule system of "ten rule (decarchy)" was introduced, and there were many places where a garrison town put to a Spartan commander (Harmost) was established once.
• General Thrasybulos of Athnes was ousted in 30 usurpers of the throne Administration and retired to Thebes.
• I took refuge under Sato lap (feudal lord) パルナバゾス of フリュギア in northwestern Asia Minor, and, after Spartan victory in the sea fight of アイゴスポタモイ, Alkibiades who was a leader of Athnes has been ever active for support to Athnes. The movement became the Spartan place to know, and パルナバゾス which received a request from the Sparta assassinated Alkibiades.
• Lysandros went to Samos and I conquered this island and did it with Sparta territory.

Sicily

• The Dionysius first (Dionysius I of Syracuse) held real power as a usurper of the throne of Syracuse. Dionysius concluded general ヒミリコ (Himilco) and peace of Cartago where an army was weakened with the epidemic of the thing which invaded it and hardened defense of Syracuse. Most of Sicily were left under rule of Cartago by this peace.
• Dionysius strengthened own power without mercy and planned the reinforcement again. Dionysius built the castle wall around a town of Syracuse and made the level ground (the Epipolae) of the hinterland a fort. Greek citizens were ousted from ナクソス (Naxos), sword (mosquito ternear), レオンティニ (レンティーニ), and most were made a slave, and Sicilian and Italian hired soldiers were given the not crowded house. Dionysius pushed forward preparations to set war for the Cartago group that occupied the western part of Sicily and the southern part.

in Egypt

• アミュルタイオス of rhinoceroses let a revolt for the rule to Egypt Nile delta of Persia succeed. アミュルタイオス founded Egyptian 28th dynasty (Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt), and I made the first generation, and it was the only pharaoh.

Persia

• The King Darius second of Achaemenid Persia died of illness in Babylon. The アルタクセルクセス second of the son inherited the back.
• I am accused by Sato rap (feudal lord) ティッサフェルネス of mosquito re-a saying that small Kyros who is a son of the Darius second planned to kill the older brother アルタクセルクセス second. The アルタクセルクセス second accepted arbitration of Empress Dowager パリュサティス which was oneself and mother of Kyros and Kyros was forgiven and came back to the one's feudal lord territory.

in China

• 後昭公 (zh: 宋昭公 (戰國)) of Soong (spring and summer) But, I die, and 悼公 (zh: 宋悼公) of the child succeeds to the throne.

Birth

Death

• Theramenes (Theramenes) - Politician of Athnes
• Politician (about B.C. 450 student) of Alkibiades - Athnes
• It is (Cleophon) pop Creo - Politician, demagogue (agitating tribune) of Athnes
• King of Darius second (as for the name before the enthronement オコス (Ochus)) - Achaemenid Persia
• 後昭公(zh: 宋昭公 (戰國)) - Prince of Soong

The source, footnote

It is acquired by "https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= B.C. 404 &oldid=58421538"

This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia B.C. 404

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