Gas pearl Monge

ペリューズ earl gas pearl Monge
Person information
The birth	(1746-05-09) 1746May 9
Death	(1818-07-28) July 28, 1818 (72 years old death)
Alma mater	Young tuna yell military engineering school
Study
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Gas pearl Monge (Gaspard Monge, from May 9, 1746 to July 28, 1818) is a French mathematician, scientist, engineer, noble. The founder of the エコール polytechnic.

I develop differential geometry to be known and I introduce the concept of curved surface curvature lines from a curved surface equation and the differential equation of the curve to the three-dimensional space and analyze a geometric shape and am famous in the study of the curved surface by the calculus area today. Study the perspective based on a theorem of Girard Desargues and the theorem of the Pascal, and, by law of painting geometry used in drafting, contribution, this descriptive geometry-based analytical technique are taken in for system reorganization to do in trigonometry and projective geometry, study, the arts and sciences called the graphics conventionally by the application dynamics; of the structure analysis it is perspective and projection now again in the main point of the graphics. They establish the weights and measures at the time, and even the studies such as equation and theory of groups and transportation most suitable ideas of Monge Ampere are known besides.

It is military technology-related and develops cannon casting or a gunpowder manufacturing process. At the time of the French Revolution, I acted as a Minister of the Navy, Chairperson of senate house. There are Institute of gas pearl Monge, the flower which his name was added to on a French lilac and rose other than the portrait of the stamp again in the Valais University.

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Person summary

With Bourgogne of France, Cote-d'Or Beaune, I was born as a child of Jack Monge. Jack became a lawyer from a peddler in people from Savoie. In Oratory college of the Beaune, I learned with younger brother Louis, Jean. Louis is the person who joined the exploration of la Peru's 伯 performed in 1785. I enter the college of Lyon at 10 years old, and I enter it, and I am graduated at 19 years old by the special course of the young tuna yell military engineering school. I teach physics from 1768 through 1780 until mathematics professor, 1770 through 1780 of the school. In 1780, I take office as a hydraulics charge professor of the Sorbonne and attend Paris science academist in the same year. I succeed in liquefaction of the sulphur dioxide for the first time in the world in 1784. In 1794, I teach エコール normal. I took office as Principal of エコール polytechnic in 1795. It is of the same discipline, and Lazar carneau, Joseph Fourier, Jean = Victor need a thread, Charles Dupain and others pop.

I joined an expedition of Napoleon of 1798 in Egypt and participated in the university establishment of Cairo in Egypt. It is well known to have performed the cause elucidation of the mirage troubled at the time of a march of the desert then later.

In 1799, I publish "application (Application de l'analyse a la geomerie) to geometry of the analytics" in book "descriptive geometry" (Geometrie descriptive) in 1804.

In December, 1989, his ashes were moved to the Pantheon of Paris [¹].

Footnote

1. ^ (en) John J. O' Connor et Edmund F. Robertson,«Gaspard Monge», dans MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, universitéde St Andrews

References

• The Tatsuo Horiuchi "gas pearl Monge and modern engineering formation," it is 141-164 pages, NAID 120004687557 for "humanities study" Vol. 44 fourth, 1,992 years.
• The Teruyoshi Nakamine "grasp of the machine in history of mechanics and "The Capital" to reach ルロー from Monge," it is 103-156 pages, NAID 40004113167 for "social culture study" ninth, 1,983 years.
• Hohenberg Fritz, Shozo Masuda [reason] ""descriptive geometry" of Monge judging from gauss," it is 27-28 pages, NAID 130001823498 in "graphics study" Vol. 12 second, September, 1978.

Allied item

• A missile chase warship of the Monge (missile chase warship) France Navy. The name of a warship comes from Monge
• Egypt Syria war
• Space (mathematics)
• Carbon
• List of 72 French scientists that the name was ticked away by the Eiffel Tower
• Drafting theory

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Point group (data form)

In this item, I explain computer data. Of the mathematics please see "a point group" about moving it.

Point group of the torus

A point group (てんぐん) and the point cloud (British: point cloud) are the sets of the point to treat with a computer. In many cases, it is three dimensions, and the space is often expressed in an X-Y coordinate system (x, y, z).

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Summary

The point group can make even the three-dimensional scanner with the laser. The three-dimensional scanner measures the object surface automatically and outputs the three-dimensional coordinate of a large number of points in a data file as a point group. As a general rule, the data express a position, the shape of the object surface to use the reflection by the object of the laser and do not express the situation in the object.

There are the three-dimensional CAD model making of parts, the quality control by the measurement, visualization processing, an animation, rendering, mass customization in the application field of the point group.

The point group can just perform rendering, but is not often suitable for various three-dimensional processing as the data form. Therefore I convert data into a mask type and often treat it as a polygon, mesh of the irregular triangulation, the non-same Yuri B spline (NURBS) curved surface, a CAD model. I convert it into ドロネー triangulation, technique to generate an aspect from the position of the existing point including the alpha shape method and the point group three dimensions distance ground (British: volumetric distance field), and, in conversion technique, there is technique to convert into the surface (British: implicit surface) of the shade.

Applied

There is industrial inspection in the application field of the point group. I compare the differences between point group data and CAD model in the design of made parts and inspect it. I can display the difference of both for a difference of the colors visually. I can measure size and the clearance from the point group, too.

The three-dimensional data obtained from the point group are used for medical imaging processing. The reduction of data is possible by using a point group.

In the geographical information system (GIS), I can make a numerical value altitude model (DEM) of the ground from a point group.

Various data form

Absolute coordinate

For the measurement with the laser, former data of the point group are measuring equipment and relative distance between the objects. When I express the position of products of the district in a geographical information system, I measure an absolute coordinate (latitude, longitude, altitude) of the measuring equipment by GPS and may display this coordinate at the absolute coordinate which I added. At this chance I add the point group acquisition time with the GPS and express data form at (latitude, longitude, altitude, the time).

Coloring of the point

I express the surface color of the object at RGB coordinate and may express data form like (for latitude, longitude, altitude, time, R (red ingredient), G (green ingredient), B (Kiyoshige)). To this end, I point a camera to the direction of radiation of the laser and take the color data of the considerable position of the provided image [¹].

Allied item

• Point Cloud Library

References

1. ^ Mobil mapping system and true city space modeling & walk through system using three-dimensional space information management system (G-VIZ)

This item is an unfinished item in conjunction with the computers. I demand the cooperator who corrects it, and corrects this item (PJ: computer /P: computer).

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Hajime state county

Hajime state county
Position
Various notation
The Hangul Alphabet：	삭 주군
Kanji：	Hajime state county
Pronunciation：	サクチュ = Gun
Romaji transcription：	Sakchu kun
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Hajime state county (サクチュ ぐん) is a county of Democratic People's Republic of Korea P'yongan-pukto. There is Suiho dam.

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Geography

It is a county located in the bank of the Yalu Jiang, and the opposite bank is 中華人民共和国遼寧省寛甸満族自治県.

There is the bank body of the Suiho dam in the Suiho worker ward. By Suiho dam built for the rule era in Japan, the Hajime state county becomes the important base of industry, fishery, the traffic.

Adjacent administrative section

• East - 昌城郡
• South - Odate county、天摩郡
• West - justice state county

Governorate

I have jurisdiction over 1 邑 .6 worker ward .18 village.

朔州邑 (サクチュウプ) South company worker ward (ナムサロドンジャグ) 大垈労働者区 (テデロドンジャグ) Shaping worker ward (サピョンロドンジャグ) Suiho worker ward (スプンロドンジャグ) 清城労働者区 (チョンソンロドンジャグ) Blue water worker ward (チョンスロドンジャグ) Nine pieces of villages (クゴンリ) Tomisato (Qum yellowtail) Inner Tamasato (re-neon) 棠木里 (re-tongue mon) 都嶺里 (トリョンリ) Dragon rock village (リョンアムリ)

Fangshan village (re-the bread sun) Wealth tsubo village (プピョンリ) North company village (プクサリ) Upper Hirosato (サングァンリ) New Nishisato (Shin sled) New Toyosato (シンプンリ) Deferred three village (re-Yong Sam) Tamae village (オッカンリ) Sari (bicycle) Nakadai village (チュンデリ) Spring sweet village (re-jun gum) Board curtain village (re-a bread man)

History

Pre-modern

The ancient times, this ground of the Yalu Jiang coast were domains of Kokuryo. This ground called by the name of 寧朔県 in 1018 of Korai Era is renamed, and the place name of the State of Hajime appears.

Tortoise state and to the north was organized in the Hajime state county early in the Korea Heian period and was promoted to 朔州都護府 in 1413. It was demoted in the county in the 15th century, and there were Hajime River county and the time when it was, but I restored it soon in 都護府 and remained in the position that was important as a base of the dynasty north.

Modern

 

Suiho dam under construction

It was in justice provincial capital Hajime state county (23 prefectures system) and belonged to P'yongan-pukto by the reorganization of the jurisdiction performed in last years of Korea dynasty in 1895 in 1896 (13 ways system).

The Suiho dam to dam up Yalu Jiang, and to stop started construction in 1937 and completed it in 1943. For dam construction, iron Dodaira north line is built by 定州 and is inaugurated to Suiho in 1938.

The development around the dam was pushed forward, and a railway bridge (清城大橋) of the Yalu Jiang second which linked 寛甸県 (Manchurian country) of the opposite bank was built in 1943 by downstream 清城 (justice state county).

The blue water cavity located on the bank body down stream side of the Suiho dam was a part of the justice state county wide tsubo side, but, on May 10, 1944, as for blue water sinus and nine pieces of State of Hajime counties side Xinfeng sinus, Yongfeng sinus, it was in 青水邑 which belonged to the State of Hajime county.

World War II post

The P'yongan-pukto Hajime state county was comprised of 1 邑 (青水邑) .7 (Hajime state surface, nine pieces court, southwest side, outside southern aspect, Suiho side, both mountains side, water east side) as of August, 1945.

I isolated southeastern part of State of conventional Hajime county (southwest surface, outside southern aspect, both mountains side, water east side) as Odate county, and, in December, 1952, State of Hajime county consisting of State of blue surface of the water, Hajime side, nine pieces side, Suiho sides was reorganized by jurisdiction reorganization of North Korea (1 邑 19 village). In addition, in the justice state county of the west side, an eastern wide tsubo flush obi is divided then and is divided as 清城郡. In 1953, blue water worker wards were transferred by 清城郡.

Suiho dam became the target during the Korean War. 清城大橋 which links China to Korea catches the bombing and is destroyed (called "river mouth broken bridge" on the Chinese side).

In 1974, 清城郡 is abolished and is admitted into justice state county, the Hajime state county separately. 清城邑 (existing 清城労働者区) or Shaping worker ward, the south company worker ward that were the industrial area of the Yalu Jiang coast then were incorporated into the Hajime state county. 旧清城郡域 is an area constituting the western part of the current Hajime state county area.

I am comprised of 1 邑 (Hajime state) .10 worker ward .18 village.

Chronological table

The source [¹] of this knob

• The following aspects are established by - county surface merger in the P'yongan-pukto Hajime state county on April 1, 1914. (six)
  • County inside, nine pieces court, southwest surface, outside southern aspect, Suiho side, both mountains side
• - county inside is renamed to the Hajime state surface in 1918. (six)
• A part of the -9 curved surface merges with a part of the justice state county wide tsubo side on May 10, 1944, and 青水邑 starts. (1 邑 six)
• 1947 (eight)
  • 青水邑 is demoted on the blue surface of the water.
  • A part of the Suiho side is separated, and a water east side starts.
• I install State of Hajime county by - county surface village integration and abolition with a P'yongan-pukto Hajime state county blue surface of the water, Hajime state surface, nine pieces side, Suiho side in December, 1952. Following 邑, villages are established in the Hajime state county. (1 邑 17 village)
  • It is resurrection virtue village, 大垈里 nine pieces of villages, south company village, Shaping village, 新成里, wealth Toyosato, Xinfeng village, Suiho village, 仁豊里, board curtain village, deferred three village, hot spring village, Kanatomi village, dragon rock village, new Nishisato 朔州邑, blue Mizusato
• 1953 (1 邑 1 worker ward 12 village)
  • Suiho village is promoted to the Suiho worker ward.
  • 新成里, south company village, Shaping village, blue Mizusato is admitted into 清城郡.
• - wealth Toyosato incorporates new Toyosato into the Suiho worker ward separately in 1954. (1 邑 1 worker ward 11 village)
• 1958 (1 邑 3 worker ward 9 village)
  • 仁豊里 is promoted to 仁豊労働者区.
  • A board curtain village is promoted to the board curtain worker ward.
• 棠木里 admits north Corporation village, Nakadai village, Sari, wealth tsubo village, board curtain village, Uehiro village, Shaping worker ward, south Corporation worker ward, a blue water worker ward 都嶺里, Tamae village, Fangshan village, inner Tamasato a - 清城郡清城邑, spring sweet village in 1974. (1 邑 7 worker ward 21 village)
  • 清城邑 is demoted in 清城労働者区.
• 1978 (1 邑 6 worker ward 18 village)
  • A part of 大垈里, the hot spring village and the resurrection virtue village merges, and 大垈労働者区 starts.
  • 仁豊労働者区 is admitted into new Toyosato.
  • A board curtain worker ward is admitted into the deferred three village.
  • The residue of the resurrection virtue village is admitted into the dragon rock village.

清城郡

• It is still setting P'yongan-pukto justice state county Kayama aspect, ball by - county surface village integration and abolition in 清城郡 with an aspect, wide tsubo side in December, 1952. Following 邑, villages are established in 清城郡. (1 邑 14 village)
  • It is 棠木里, Nakadai village, north Corporation village, Sari, wealth tsubo village, board curtain village, Uehiro village 都嶺里, 楸里, Tamae village, Fangshan village, lowering the pitch of the third string village, inner Tamasato a 清城邑, spring sweet village
• I incorporate - Hajime state county south company village, 新成里, Shaping village, blue Mizusato in 1953. (1 邑 1 worker ward 17 village)
  • Blue Mizusato is promoted to the blue water worker ward.
• 1954 (1 邑 2 worker ward 15 village)
  • South company village is promoted to the south company worker ward.
  • 新成里 is admitted into the blue water worker ward.
  • Some 清城邑 are admitted into the Fangshan village.
  • A part of the Nakadai village is admitted into Sari.
• - Shaping village is promoted to the Shaping worker ward in 1972. (1 邑 3 worker ward 14 village)
• 1974 - 清城郡廃止.
  • 棠木里, north company village, Nakadai village, Sari, wealth tsubo village, board curtain village, Uehiro village, Shaping worker ward, blue water worker ward, south Corporation worker ward is admission in the State of Hajime county 都嶺里, Tamae village, Fangshan village, inner Tamasato a 清城邑, spring sweet village.
  • 楸里, a lowering the pitch of the third string village is admitted into the justice state county.

Traffic

• Flat north line
  • Banner year station - Western station - Board curtain station - Station full of wealth - Blue simple treatment
• Yalu Jiang line
  • Station - Yalu Jiang station full of wealth
• Suiho line
  • Station - Suiho station full of wealth

Outside link

• (Korean) P'yongan-pukto (north five worlds where people go according to their karma committee)
• (Korean) Joong-ang Daily News north Korea net, north Korea gazetteer Hajime state county
• (Korean) North Korea area information net, governorate information building Hajime state county

1. ^ 평안북도삭주군역사

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Super Kohler manifold

As a result of having compared it with the original, it becomes clear for this article that there is mistranslation a lot (more than at least five). Please be careful about the use of the information. I find the one that can change translation in a correct phrase.

References and the source which I can inspect are not shown at all, or this article is insufficient. You add the source, and please cooperate with the reliability improvement of the article. (September, 2015)

Super Kohler manifold (hyperkähler manifold) is Lehman manifold of the dimension 4k dimension and, in differential geometry, says the case that ホロノミー group (English version) (holonomy group) includes Sp(k) in (and Sp(k) expresses compact form of the シンプレクティック group here${\displaystyle k}$-) which is identified with a group of the 4 yuan number line model ユニタリ self associate same model of the number of dimensional 4 yuan L meat space. I can regard the super Kohler manifold as the number of 4 yuan of the Kohler manifold in the special class of the Kohler manifold. It is Kalla biヤウ manifold that all super Kohler manifolds are rich flatness and therefore understand it easily because Sp(k) is subgroup of SU(2k).

The super Kohler manifold was defined in エウジェニオ Kalla biにより 1978.

Table of contents

Number of 4 yuan structure

Super Kohler manifold M is a two-dimensional spherical surface with double bare structure than a measurement being Kohler (having 概複素構造 which, in other words, is integrability).

Particularly, such a manifold is 概四元数多様体, and three different double bare structure I, J, K exists; a 4 yuan numerical expression of relations

${\displaystyle I^{2}=J^{2}=K^{2}=IJK=-1\,}$ 

I satisfy を. Real number ${\displaystyle a,b,c}$  But

${\displaystyle a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}=1\,}$ 

Any linear combination when it was said that I satisfied を

${\displaystyle aI+bJ+cK\,}$ 

It is もまた, double bare structure on M. Particularly, 接空間 T_xM is a number of 4 yuan vector space in each point x. Sp(k) is linear about I, J, K ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{4k}=\mathbb {H} ^{k}}$  I can think with の orthogonality conversion group. From this, I understand that ホロノミー of the manifold is included in Sp(k). On the contrary, if ホロノミー group of Lehman manifold M is included in Sp(k), I choose double bare structure I_x, J_x, K_x in T_xM and can represent T_xM in a number of 4 yuan vector space. The translation of these double bare structure brings number of 4 yuan manifold structure on M finding.

The シンプレクティック form that is ホロノミック

Super Kohler manifold (M,I,J,K) is the シンプレクティック manifold which is Masanori when I think with double bare manifolds (M,I) (with non-degeneration 2 - form that is Masanori). In the case of a compact manifold, it was shown in proof of the Kalla biexpectation of ヤウ that the reverse was also right. When シンプレクティック manifold (M,I) which is Kohler is given with a compact, I always have super Kohler measurements with consistency. Such a measurement is one idea for given Kohler class. The compact Kohler manifold is expanded using technique from algebra geometry and is studied and may be called Masanori シンプレクティック geometry. In the ホロノミー group of Masanori シンプレクティック manifold M which is compact by ボゴモロフ (English version) (Bogomolov) resolution theorem (1974), it is the equivalent that a scalar increases twice as much the pair of the arbitrary Masanori シンプレクティック form on M by a single connection each other thing and M which just become Sp(k).

Example

By the resolution of Kodaira of double bare curved surfaces, any compact four-dimensional super Kohler manifold is K3 curved surface or a compact torus ${\displaystyle T^{4}}$  である. (because SU(2) is Sp(1) and the same model, all four-dimensional Kalla biヤウ manifolds are super Kohler manifolds.)

The Hilbert scheme of the point in the four-dimensional compact super Kohler manifold is super Kohler manifold. This brings two serieses for a compact example. With the Hilbert scheme of the point on the K3 curved surface [Hilbert scheme | generalization クンマー manifold]] である.

I express the number of 4 yuan in H, and G is known to four dimensions of super Kohler manifolds which is perfection for an asymptotic non-compact to H/G as asymptotic local site Euclidean space (English version) (asymptotically locally Euclidean) or ALE space as limited subgroup of Sp(1). Various generalization by the asymptotic behavior unlike these space is studied by a name of the gravity instanton in physics. Gibbons Hawking temporary construction (English version) (Gibbons–Hawking ansatz) brings the example unchangeable below for the sheathed rounded sword.

As for the example of many non-compact super Kohler manifolds, one of a solution of the gauge theory that there is to be provided from the dimension conciseness of the 自己双対 Jan Milnes equation occurs from the space in July. I include インスタントンモジュライ space, モノポールモジュライ space, the space of the solution of 自己双対方程式 in the Riemannian surface of ヒッチン, the space of the solution of the ナーム equation. As another example, there is very important 中島箙多様体 (English version) (Nakajima quiver varieties) for an expression theory.

Allied item

• Number of 4 yuan Kohler manifold (English version) (Quaternionic-Kähler manifold)
• Super double bare manifolds (English version) (Hypercomplex manifold)
• Kalla biヤウ manifold

Outside link

• Maciej Dunajski and Lionel J. Mason, (2000), "Hyper Kahler Hierarchies and their Twistor Theory"

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Digital radar

A digital radar (Digital Radar) is the radar which does not need mechanical swing movement in the thing with a large number of small antennas on the plane, and the signal of all antenna elements is processed by digital control.

It is the radar which composes an electric wave by controlling phase of the electric wave to emit from the small antenna of the majority who set it not moving an antenna in top and bottom right and left like a conventional radar physically into a plane and a curved surface form each by a digital circuit, and scans space.

Figure of main constitution of the digital radar
All radars wave from each emission device is controlled digitally individually. A reception wave from each antenna is handled digitally individually.

Table of contents

Good and bad points

Good point

• Mechanical driving means is not necessary
  • Reliability increases
  • Maintenance becomes relatively easy
• I am not bound by physical movement speed
  • I can scan space at high speed
  • I can scan plural aims, scanning level at the same time
• I can choose a variety of movement modes by software
• There is long-windedness to the unit of the antenna element unit
  • Can just use even several trouble without loud degradation; is reliable
  • The exchange repair by the unit unit is possible
• The unification with other digitized battle information appliances becomes easy (if for military affairs)
• Future development allows the placement of the antenna element to the curved surface
  • The placement place of the antenna part does not spoil = (by warplane) stealth bomber characteristics becoming relatively free (by plane)
  • Antenna placement to point to all 360-degree laps (by plane) including the rear becomes relatively easy (conformal array antenna)
  • A nose part becomes available for other uses (by plane)

Bad point

• A high development technology is necessary.
• It becomes high-priced, and the damage to an antenna extends to an active voice element and the passive element.
• I am at risk of the reliability drop due to the complexity including the bug of the software.

Classification of the array-type radar

The digital radar is a kind of the array-type radar and shows below the classification of those array-type radars.

• Phased-array radar
  • Passive expression
  • Active expression = active electronic scanning array (AESA, Active Electronically Scanned Array)
• Digital radar

The theory of the array-type radar is reference in Huygens principle.

Passive expression (phased-array radar)

Each backside of the small antenna is provided with the mechanism called the phase converter (Phase shifter) adjacent to the wave guide of the role to distribute an electric wave and moves phase of the thing that I put together to each antenna while these distribute the electric wave from only one electric wave transceiver. The reception of the passive expression only becomes the opposite direction of the transmission.

Active expression (phased-array radar, AESA)

Each of the small antenna possesses exclusive frequency changer or a transceiver. The individual digital control of the transceiver is not performed.

Digital radar and AESA separate a transmission wave and a reception wave by a circulator (Circulator). MMIC (Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit) is used in a digital radar and a high frequency generator and a high frequency receiving device of AESA and frequency-converts it. A digital radar possesses digital - analog and a converter of analog - digital every each unit [¹].

High function

You must receive it during uniformity during the reception time for electric wave reflection from the space targeted for exploration to detect it by one radar wave beam even if it is a phased-array radar. For example, you must maintain the reception state of the uniformity direction only at the time when a 200km electric wave goes ahead through the large in gas to receive a reflection wave to 0m - 100km ahead and cannot perform the reception from other directions during 200km ÷ 297,600km/sec = 0.672 msec. The transmission is possible the other day. By the digital radar, I make use of high flexibility by the digital control and am said to be it when I can realize a high function not to be able to perform in other phased-array radars.

Use of division

I divide the antenna element which there is a lot into the group of two and three by the digital radar and can let the different direction point to each, and reception, one of the emission signal from an enemy aim are appropriated to the use such as the instruction of plural friend missiles with wide area exploration, one with one at the same time. However, if the antenna number of elementses to create one radar wave beams decrease, only it opens without being able to narrow down a beam, and detection precision decreases.

Communication

I can perform the communication with friendly forces by submitting abnormality by the electronic intelligence to a radar wave.

Attack by the high output radar wave

It is said that I transmit a radar wave of the big electric wave output to the electric wave sensor of the enemy and sometimes the human body by controlling the transmission output and can give you an obstacle.

 

Antenna properties and gain of the conformal array antenna

Conformal array antenna

The conformal array antenna (Conformal array antenna) is an array antenna located along the curved surfaces such as the body shells of the plane.

The emission, reception properties of the antenna element are array antennas using plural antenna elements to vary according to an angle and they change the electric wave gain (gain) by the installation angle of each antenna element and must calculate.

Source

1. ^ military affairs study September, 2007 issue "U.S. air force "next-generation aerospace force" new model LRS bomber & pole super sonic speed weapon P.123-p.146 of the 21st century"

Allied item

• Phased-array radar
• Aegis system
• Synthetic aperture radar

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This article is taken from the Japanese Wikipedia Digital radar

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